The Experts below are selected from a list of 7197 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mary Rudner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity as an index of listening effort
Ear & Hearing, 2016Co-Authors: Mary RudnerAbstract:Everyday listening may be experienced as effortful, especially by individuals with hearing loss. This may be due to internal factors, such as cognitive load, and external factors, such as noise. Even when speech is audible, internal and external factors may combine to reduce cognitive Spare Capacity, or the ability to engage in cognitive processing of spoken information. A better understanding of cognitive Spare Capacity and how it can be optimally allocated may guide new approaches to rehabilitation and ultimately improve outcomes. This article presents results of three tests of cognitive Spare Capacity:1. Sentence-final Word Identification and Recall (SWIR) test2. Cognitive Spare Capacity Test (CSCT)3. Auditory Inference Span Test (AIST)Results show that noise reduces cognitive Spare Capacity even when speech intelligibility is retained. In addition, SWIR results show that hearing aid signal processing can increase cognitive Spare Capacity, and CSCT and AIST results show that increasing load reduces cognitive Spare Capacity. Correlational evidence suggests that while the effect of noise on cognitive Spare Capacity is related to working memory Capacity, the effect of load is related to executive function. Future studies should continue to investigate how hearing aid signal processing can mitigate the effect of load on cognitive Spare Capacity, and whether such effects can be enhanced by developing executive skills through training. The mechanisms modulating cognitive Spare Capacity should be investigated by studying their neural correlates, and tests of cognitive Spare Capacity should be developed for clinical use in conjunction with developing new approaches to rehabilitation.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity and speech communication: a narrative overview.
BioMed research international, 2014Co-Authors: Mary Rudner, Thomas LunnerAbstract:Background noise can make speech communication tiring and cognitively taxing, especially for individuals with hearing impairment. It is now well established that better working memory Capacity is associated with better ability to understand speech under adverse conditions as well as better ability to benefit from the advanced signal processing in modern hearing aids. Recent work has shown that although such processing cannot overcome hearing handicap, it can increase cognitive Spare Capacity, that is, the ability to engage in higher level processing of speech. This paper surveys recent work on cognitive Spare Capacity and suggests new avenues of investigation.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity in older adults with hearing loss
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Sushmit Mishra, Jerker Rönnberg, Thomas Lunner, Stefan Stenfelt, Mary RudnerAbstract:Individual differences in working memory Capacity are associated with speech recognition in adverse conditions, reflecting the need to maintain and process speech fragments until lexical access can be achieved. When working memory resources are engaged in unlocking the lexicon, there is less Cognitive Spare Capacity (CSC) available for higher level processing of speech. CSC is essential for interpreting the linguistic content of speech input and preparing an appropriate response, that is, engaging in conversation. Previously, we showed, using a Cognitive Spare Capacity Test (CSCT) that in young adults with normal hearing, CSC was not generally related to working memory Capacity (WMC) and that when CSC decreased in noise it could be restored by visual cues. In the present study, we investigated CSC in 24 older adults with age-related hearing loss, by administering the CSC Test (CSCT) and a battery of cognitive tests. We found generally reduced CSC in older adults with hearing loss compared to the younger group in our previous study, probably because they had poorer cognitive skills and deployed them differently. Importantly, CSC was not reduced in the older group when listening conditions were optimal. Visual cues improved CSC more for this group than for the younger group in our previous study. CSC of older adults with hearing loss was not generally related to WMC but it was consistently related to episodic long term memory, suggesting that the efficiency of this processing bottleneck is important for executive processing of speech in this group.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity as a Window on Hearing Aid Benefit
Seminars in Hearing, 2013Co-Authors: Mary Rudner, Thomas LunnerAbstract:It is well established that successful listening with advanced signal processing in digital hearing aids is associated with individual working memory Capacity, which is the cognitive ability to keep information in mind and process it. Different types of cognitive processing may be required in different situations. For example, when listening in noise it may be necessary to inhibit irrelevant information and update misheard information. There is evidence that simply hearing a spoken utterance consumes cognitive resources and may do so to different degrees for different individuals. To determine just how useful different kinds of signal processing are, it is important to determine to what extent they help individual hearing aid users cope with the kind of cognitive demands that may arise in everyday listening situations. This article explores the role of cognition in hearing aid use and describes recent work aimed at determining individual cognitive Spare Capacity or the ability to process speech heard in noise in ways that may be relevant for communication.
-
Age-related individual differences in working memory Capacity and executive ability influence cognitive Spare Capacity
2013Co-Authors: Mary Rudner, Sushmit Mishra, Thomas Lunner, Stefan Stenfelt, Jerker RönnbergAbstract:Age-related individual differences in working memory Capacity and executive ability influence cognitive Spare Capacity
Hussein T. Mouftah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Spare Capacity reprovisioning for high availability shared backup path protection connections
Computer Communications, 2010Co-Authors: Qi Guo, Janos Tapolcai, Hussein T. MouftahAbstract:Shared backup path protection (SBPP) has been widely studied in the Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) networks due to its efficient Spare Capacity sharing as well as simplicity and flexibility in service provisioning. This paper presents a novel availability evaluation strategy for the end-to-end (E2E) availability of an SBPP connection by considering up to two simultaneous failures, where the sequence of failures in a failure pattern is considered. To minimize the redundancy while meeting the E2E availability requirement, partial restoration is defined and embedded in the developed model, by which a novel parameter, called a protection level, is manipulated. Based on the proposed availability model, two Linear Program (LP) formulations are introduced, which aim to perform Spare Capacity reprovisioning along each link for dynamic allocation of SBPP connections under either failure-dependent or failure-independent policies. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed availability model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the Spare Capacity reprovisioning architecture. The proposed availability-aware Spare Capacity reprovisioning approaches are then implemented on top of a well known survivable routing scheme - Successive Survivable Routing (SSR), where the Spare Capacity saving ratio is taken as the performance measure. We will show that the proposed Spare Capacity reprovisioning framework is an effective approach for achieving the GMPLS-based recovery in packet-switched networks.
-
availability constrained shared backup path protection sbpp for gmpls based Spare Capacity reprovisioning
International Conference on Communications, 2007Co-Authors: Qi Guo, Anwar Haque, Hussein T. MouftahAbstract:Shared-backup path protection (SBPP) has been widely studied in the GMPLS networks due to its efficient Spare Capacity sharing and flexibility in service provisioning. This paper presents a model for evaluating the end-to-end (E2E) availability of an SBPP connection by assuming that no more than two simultaneous failures could possibly occur in the network. To minimize the redundancy while meeting the E2E availability requirement, a framework of partial restoration from any unexpected failure is created. Based on the proposed availability model, a novel Linear Program (LP) formulation is introduced, which aims to perform the Spare Capacity allocation for SBPP connections. A new availability-aware Spare Capacity reprovisioning (SCR) architecture is then introduced for dynamic provisioning of SBPP connections. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed availability model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the SCR architecture.
-
ICC - Availability-Constrained Shared Backup Path Protection (SBPP) for GMPLS-Based Spare Capacity Reprovisioning
2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2007Co-Authors: Qi Guo, Anwar Haque, Hussein T. MouftahAbstract:Shared-backup path protection (SBPP) has been widely studied in the GMPLS networks due to its efficient Spare Capacity sharing and flexibility in service provisioning. This paper presents a model for evaluating the end-to-end (E2E) availability of an SBPP connection by assuming that no more than two simultaneous failures could possibly occur in the network. To minimize the redundancy while meeting the E2E availability requirement, a framework of partial restoration from any unexpected failure is created. Based on the proposed availability model, a novel Linear Program (LP) formulation is introduced, which aims to perform the Spare Capacity allocation for SBPP connections. A new availability-aware Spare Capacity reprovisioning (SCR) architecture is then introduced for dynamic provisioning of SBPP connections. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed availability model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the SCR architecture.
-
Spare Capacity Allocation
Optical Networks, 2003Co-Authors: Hussein T. MouftahAbstract:This chapter introduces Spare Capacity allocation schemes performed either off-line for a static deployment, or on-line during a time interval between two consecutive network events (i.e., a connection setup or tear-down). As survivability becomes one of the most important issues in the design of control and management of WDM networks, development of protection and restoration schemes became critical to network applicability and/or revenue-making capability. As mentioned in Chapter 6, pre-planning or pre-configuration of Spare Capacity for some working paths with stringent quality-of-service requirements, are the most commonly seen approaches for achieving this goal. However, if the allocation of Spare Capacity cannot be both Capacity- and computation-efficient, the applicability of the algorithms may be limited, and the network cost for control and management increased. Therefore, we need to develop a Spare Capacity allocation scheme which meets the requirements of computation-efficiency, Capacity-efficiency, class of service, and adaptability to traffic variation.
-
Spare Capacity planning using survivable alternate routing for long haul wdm networks
International Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2002Co-Authors: Bin Zhou, Hussein T. MouftahAbstract:Spare Capacity planning is designed to find the minimum amount of Spare Capacity to be allocated throughout a network so that the network can survive from network component failures. In this paper, the Spare Capacity planning problem is investigated for long-haul wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. A three-step method is developed for solving the problem. First, heuristic approaches are used to select both candidate working routes and protection routes in order to achieve approximate optimal performance while maintaining a computational feasibility. Second, traffic requests are distributed on the obtained candidate working and protection routes optimally using genetic algorithms (GA). Finally wavelengths are assigned to working lightpaths and shared protection lightpaths. The major advantage of the new approach is the ability to incorporate nonlinear constraints and nonlinear cost functions into the GA, which are introduced by sharing protection links between shared risk link groups (SRLG). Moreover, by considering SRLG constraints in the Spare Capacity planning phase, wavelengths can be allocated to each shared protection route before failures happen, so that shorter restoration latency can be achieved. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed approach is more cost-effective than the single-path protection method.
Cynthia R. Hunter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Tracking Cognitive Spare Capacity During Speech Perception With EEG/ERP: Effects of Cognitive Load and Sentence Predictability
Ear and hearing, 2020Co-Authors: Cynthia R. HunterAbstract:OBJECTIVES Listening to speech in adverse listening conditions is effortful. Objective assessment of cognitive Spare Capacity during listening can serve as an index of the effort needed to understand speech. Cognitive Spare Capacity is influenced both by signal-driven demands posed by listening conditions and top-down demands intrinsic to spoken language processing, such as memory use and semantic processing. Previous research indicates that electrophysiological responses, particularly alpha oscillatory power, may index listening effort. However, it is not known how these indices respond to memory and semantic processing demands during spoken language processing in adverse listening conditions. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to assess the impact of memory demands on electrophysiological responses during recognition of degraded, spoken sentences, and second, to examine whether predictable sentence contexts increase or decrease cognitive Spare Capacity during listening. DESIGN Cognitive demand was varied in a memory load task in which young adult participants (n = 20) viewed either low-load (one digit) or high-load (seven digits) sequences of digits, then listened to noise-vocoded spoken sentences that were either predictable or unpredictable, and then reported the final word of the sentence and the digits. Alpha oscillations in the frequency domain and event-related potentials in the time domain of the electrophysiological data were analyzed, as was behavioral accuracy for both words and digits. RESULTS Measured during sentence processing, event-related desynchronization of alpha power was greater (more negative) under high load than low load and was also greater for unpredictable than predictable sentences. A complementary pattern was observed for the P300/late positive complex (LPC) to sentence-final words, such that P300/LPC amplitude was reduced under high load compared with low load and for unpredictable compared with predictable sentences. Both words and digits were identified more quickly and accurately on trials in which spoken sentences were predictable. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that during a sentence-recognition task, both cognitive load and sentence predictability modulate electrophysiological indices of cognitive Spare Capacity, namely alpha oscillatory power and P300/LPC amplitude. Both electrophysiological and behavioral results indicate that a predictive sentence context reduces cognitive demands during listening. Findings contribute to a growing literature on objective measures of cognitive demand during listening and indicate predictable sentence context as a top-down factor that can support ease of listening.
-
tracking cognitive Spare Capacity during speech perception with eeg erp effects of cognitive load and sentence predictability
Ear and Hearing, 2020Co-Authors: Cynthia R. HunterAbstract:OBJECTIVES Listening to speech in adverse listening conditions is effortful. Objective assessment of cognitive Spare Capacity during listening can serve as an index of the effort needed to understand speech. Cognitive Spare Capacity is influenced both by signal-driven demands posed by listening conditions and top-down demands intrinsic to spoken language processing, such as memory use and semantic processing. Previous research indicates that electrophysiological responses, particularly alpha oscillatory power, may index listening effort. However, it is not known how these indices respond to memory and semantic processing demands during spoken language processing in adverse listening conditions. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to assess the impact of memory demands on electrophysiological responses during recognition of degraded, spoken sentences, and second, to examine whether predictable sentence contexts increase or decrease cognitive Spare Capacity during listening. DESIGN Cognitive demand was varied in a memory load task in which young adult participants (n = 20) viewed either low-load (one digit) or high-load (seven digits) sequences of digits, then listened to noise-vocoded spoken sentences that were either predictable or unpredictable, and then reported the final word of the sentence and the digits. Alpha oscillations in the frequency domain and event-related potentials in the time domain of the electrophysiological data were analyzed, as was behavioral accuracy for both words and digits. RESULTS Measured during sentence processing, event-related desynchronization of alpha power was greater (more negative) under high load than low load and was also greater for unpredictable than predictable sentences. A complementary pattern was observed for the P300/late positive complex (LPC) to sentence-final words, such that P300/LPC amplitude was reduced under high load compared with low load and for unpredictable compared with predictable sentences. Both words and digits were identified more quickly and accurately on trials in which spoken sentences were predictable. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that during a sentence-recognition task, both cognitive load and sentence predictability modulate electrophysiological indices of cognitive Spare Capacity, namely alpha oscillatory power and P300/LPC amplitude. Both electrophysiological and behavioral results indicate that a predictive sentence context reduces cognitive demands during listening. Findings contribute to a growing literature on objective measures of cognitive demand during listening and indicate predictable sentence context as a top-down factor that can support ease of listening.
Thomas Lunner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity and speech communication: a narrative overview.
BioMed research international, 2014Co-Authors: Mary Rudner, Thomas LunnerAbstract:Background noise can make speech communication tiring and cognitively taxing, especially for individuals with hearing impairment. It is now well established that better working memory Capacity is associated with better ability to understand speech under adverse conditions as well as better ability to benefit from the advanced signal processing in modern hearing aids. Recent work has shown that although such processing cannot overcome hearing handicap, it can increase cognitive Spare Capacity, that is, the ability to engage in higher level processing of speech. This paper surveys recent work on cognitive Spare Capacity and suggests new avenues of investigation.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity in older adults with hearing loss
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Sushmit Mishra, Jerker Rönnberg, Thomas Lunner, Stefan Stenfelt, Mary RudnerAbstract:Individual differences in working memory Capacity are associated with speech recognition in adverse conditions, reflecting the need to maintain and process speech fragments until lexical access can be achieved. When working memory resources are engaged in unlocking the lexicon, there is less Cognitive Spare Capacity (CSC) available for higher level processing of speech. CSC is essential for interpreting the linguistic content of speech input and preparing an appropriate response, that is, engaging in conversation. Previously, we showed, using a Cognitive Spare Capacity Test (CSCT) that in young adults with normal hearing, CSC was not generally related to working memory Capacity (WMC) and that when CSC decreased in noise it could be restored by visual cues. In the present study, we investigated CSC in 24 older adults with age-related hearing loss, by administering the CSC Test (CSCT) and a battery of cognitive tests. We found generally reduced CSC in older adults with hearing loss compared to the younger group in our previous study, probably because they had poorer cognitive skills and deployed them differently. Importantly, CSC was not reduced in the older group when listening conditions were optimal. Visual cues improved CSC more for this group than for the younger group in our previous study. CSC of older adults with hearing loss was not generally related to WMC but it was consistently related to episodic long term memory, suggesting that the efficiency of this processing bottleneck is important for executive processing of speech in this group.
-
Cognitive Spare Capacity as a Window on Hearing Aid Benefit
Seminars in Hearing, 2013Co-Authors: Mary Rudner, Thomas LunnerAbstract:It is well established that successful listening with advanced signal processing in digital hearing aids is associated with individual working memory Capacity, which is the cognitive ability to keep information in mind and process it. Different types of cognitive processing may be required in different situations. For example, when listening in noise it may be necessary to inhibit irrelevant information and update misheard information. There is evidence that simply hearing a spoken utterance consumes cognitive resources and may do so to different degrees for different individuals. To determine just how useful different kinds of signal processing are, it is important to determine to what extent they help individual hearing aid users cope with the kind of cognitive demands that may arise in everyday listening situations. This article explores the role of cognition in hearing aid use and describes recent work aimed at determining individual cognitive Spare Capacity or the ability to process speech heard in noise in ways that may be relevant for communication.
-
Age-related individual differences in working memory Capacity and executive ability influence cognitive Spare Capacity
2013Co-Authors: Mary Rudner, Sushmit Mishra, Thomas Lunner, Stefan Stenfelt, Jerker RönnbergAbstract:Age-related individual differences in working memory Capacity and executive ability influence cognitive Spare Capacity
-
Speech understanding and cognitive Spare Capacity
2009Co-Authors: Sushmit Mishra, Thomas Lunner, Stefan Stenfelt, Mary Rudner, Jerker RönnbergAbstract:Tests used in the audiological clinic for assessment of the outcome of rehabilitation with hearing aids do not take the individuals’ cognitive abilities into account. Listening in effortful conditions has been related to working memory Capacity. The complex relationship between working memory and language understanding can be understood in terms of the working memory model for Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) [Ronnberg et al., Int J Audiol 47, S99-S105 (2008)]. The ELU model predicts that in challenging listening conditions, high explicit processing Capacity is associated with better language understanding. In this study, we investigate the cognitive Spare Capacity, that is, residual cognitive Capacity after successful listening has been achieved, and its relationship to working memory Capacity. We achieve this by administering a battery of cognitive tests for assessing working memory Capacity, including reading span, lexical access, phonological and inference- making tasks and a new test for assessing cognitive Spare Capacity (CSCT). Four factors are manipulated in the CSCT: memory load, executive function, presentation modality and noise level. We predict higher performance in CSCT with better working memory Capacity, better inference making skills and easier listening conditions. This study will further our understanding of the role of cognition in listening and thus inform audiological rehabilitation.
Yu Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Spare Capacity Allocation in Two-Layer Networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2007Co-Authors: Yu Liu, David Tipper, K. VajanapoomAbstract:In this paper we consider the problem of provisioning Spare Capacity in two-layer backbone networks using shared backup path protection. First, two Spare Capacity allocation (SCA) optimization problems are formulated as integer linear programming (ILP) models for the cases of protection at the top layer against failures at the bottom layer. The first model captures failure propagation using overlay information between two layers for backup paths to meet diversity requirements. The second model improves bandwidth efficiency by moving Spare Capacity sharing from the top layer to the bottom layer. This exposes a tradeoff between bandwidth efficiency and extra cross-layer operation. Next, the SCA model for common pool protection is developed to allow Spare Capacity sharing between two layers. Our previous SCA heuristic technique, successive survivable routing (SSR) is extended for these optimization problems. Numerical results for a variety of networks indicate that the common pool protection is attractive to enhance bandwidth efficiency without loss of survivability and that the SSR heuristic quickly results in near optimal solutions
-
approximating optimal Spare Capacity allocation by successive survivable routing
IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking, 2005Co-Authors: Yu Liu, David Tipper, Peerapon SiripongwutikornAbstract:The design of survivable mesh based communication networks has received considerable attention in recent years. One task is to route backup paths and allocate Spare Capacity in the network to guarantee seamless communications services survivable to a set of failure scenarios. This is a complex multi-constraint optimization problem, called the Spare Capacity allocation (SCA) problem. This paper unravels the SCA problem structure using a matrix-based model, and develops a fast and efficient approximation algorithm, termed successive survivable routing (SSR). First, per-flow Spare Capacity sharing is captured by a Spare provision matrix (SPM) method. The SPM matrix has a dimension the number of failure scenarios by the number of links. It is used by each demand to route the backup path and share Spare Capacity with other backup paths. Next, based on a special link metric calculated from SPM, SSR iteratively routes/updates backup paths in order to minimize the cost of total Spare Capacity. A backup path can be further updated as long as it is not carrying any traffic. Furthermore, the SPM method and SSR algorithm are generalized from protecting all single link failures to any arbitrary link failures such as those generated by Shared Risk Link Groups or all single node failures. Numerical results comparing several SCA algorithms show that SSR has the best trade-off between solution optimality and computation speed.
-
approximating optimal Spare Capacity allocation by successive survivable routing
International Conference on Computer Communications, 2001Co-Authors: Yu Liu, David Tipper, Peerapon SiripongwutikornAbstract:Spare Capacity allocation (SCA) is an important part of a fault tolerant network design. In the Spare Capacity allocation problem one seeks to determine where to place Spare Capacity in the network and how much Spare Capacity must be allocated to guarantee seamless communications services survivable to a set of failure scenarios (e.g., any single link failure). Formulated as a multi-commodity flow integer programming problem, SCA is known to be NP-hard. We provide a two-pronged attack to approximate the optimal SCA solution: unravel the SCA structure and find an effective algorithm. First, a literature review on the SCA problem and its algorithms is provided. Second, a integer programming model for SCA is provided. Third, a simulated annealing algorithm using the above INP model is introduced. Next, the structure of SCA is modeled by a matrix method. The per-flow based backup path information are aggregated into a square matrix, called the Spare provision matrix (SPM). The size of the SPM is the number of links. Using the SPM as the state information, a new adaptive algorithm is then developed to approximate the optimal SCA solution termed successive survivable routing (SSR). SSR routes link-disjoint backup paths for each traffic flow one at a time. Each flow keeps updating its backup path according to the current network state as long as the backup path is not carrying any traffic. In this way, SSR can be implemented by shortest path algorithms using advertised state information with complexity of O( Link/sup 2/). The analysis also shows that SSR is using a necessary condition of the optimal solution. The numerical results show that SSR has near optimal Spare Capacity allocation with substantial advantages in computation speed.
-
Spare Capacity Allocation for Non-Linear Link Cost and Failure-Dependent Path Restoration
2001Co-Authors: Yu Liu, David TipperAbstract:The design of survivable mesh based communication networks has received considerable attention in recent years. One task is to route backup paths and allocate Spare Capacity in the network to guarantee seamless communications services survivable to a set of failure scenarios. This is a complex multi-constraint optimization problem, called Spare Capacity allocation (SCA). This paper presents a matrix based model for the NP-complete SCA problem on directed networks and develops an approximation algorithm, termed successive survivable routing (SSR) to include non-linear Capacity cost and failure-dependent path restoration. The SCA problem using a modular link cost function is studied using SSR. Numerical results of total Spare Capacity and total cost are compared showing that SSR finds solutions with lower total costs when a non-linear cost function is considered. Moreover, the SCA problem using failure-dependent path restoration, which finds multiple backup paths for each working path, is discussed. A numerical comparison among different path restoration schemes using SSR is given showing the tradeoffs. Keywords—Spare Capacity allocation, protection and restoration algorithms, network survivability, survivable routing
-
Spare Capacity planning for survivable mesh networks
NETWORKING '00 Proceedings of the IFIP-TC6 European Commission International Conference on Broadband Communications High Performance Networking and Pe, 2000Co-Authors: Adel Alrumaih, David Tipper, Yu Liu, Bryan A NormanAbstract:The design of survivable mesh based STM networks has received considerable attention in recent years and is a complex multiconstraint optimization problem. In this paper, a new Spare Capacity planning methodology is proposed utilizing genetic algorithms. The method is based on forcing flows/traffic which are on paths that are disjoint to share backup Spare Capacity. The major advantages of the new approach are a polynomial time complexity and the capability of incorporating nonlinear variables such as nonlinear cost functions into the solution algorithm. Numerical results illustrating the form of the genetic algorithm solution and comparing the proposed methodology to existing techniques from the literature are presented.
