The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Angela D. Friederici - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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adult age differences in the benefit of syntactic and semantic constraints for Sentence Processing
Psychology and Aging, 2019Co-Authors: Caroline Beese, Angela D. Friederici, Markus Werklebergner, Ulmann Lindenberger, Lars MeyerAbstract:: Verbal working memory-intensive Sentence Processing declines with age. This might reflect older adults' difficulties with reducing the memory load by grouping single words into multiword chunks. Here we used a serial order task emphasizing syntactic and semantic relations. We evaluated the extent to which older compared with younger adults may differentially use linguistic constraints during Sentence Processing to cope with verbal working memory limitations. Probing syntactic-semantic interactions, age differences were hypothesized to be confined to the use of syntactic constraints and to be accompanied by an increased reliance on semantic information. Two experiments varying in verbal working memory demands were conducted: the sequence length was increased from eight items in Experiment 1 to 11 items in Experiment 2. We found the use of syntactic constraints to be compromised with aging, while the benefit of semantic information for Sentence Processing was comparable across age groups. Hence, we suggest that semantic information Processing may become relatively more important for successful Sentence Processing with advancing adult age, possibly inducing a syntactic-to-semantic-Processing strategy shift. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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oscillatory eeg dynamics underlying automatic chunking during Sentence Processing
NeuroImage, 2017Co-Authors: Corinna E Bonhage, Angela D. Friederici, Lars Meyer, T Gruber, Jutta L MuellerAbstract:Sentences are easier to remember than random word sequences, likely because linguistic regularities facilitate chunking of words into meaningful groups. The present electroencephalography study investigated the neural oscillations modulated by this so-called Sentence superiority effect during the encoding and maintenance of Sentence fragments versus word lists. We hypothesized a chunking-related modulation of neural Processing during the encoding and retention of Sentences (i.e., Sentence fragments) as compared to word lists. Time-frequency analysis revealed a two-fold oscillatory pattern for the memorization of Sentences: Sentence encoding was accompanied by higher delta amplitude (4Hz), originating both from regions Processing syntax as well as semantics (bilateral superior/middle temporal regions and fusiform gyrus). Subsequent Sentence retention was reflected in decreased theta (6Hz) and beta/gamma (27-32Hz) amplitude instead. Notably, whether participants simply read or properly memorized the Sentences did not impact chunking-related activity during encoding. Therefore, we argue that the Sentence superiority effect is grounded in highly automatized language Processing mechanisms, which generate meaningful memory chunks irrespective of task demands.
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how the brain attunes to Sentence Processing relating behavior structure and function
NeuroImage, 2016Co-Authors: Anja Fengler, Lars Meyer, Angela D. FriedericiAbstract:Unlike other aspects of language comprehension, the ability to process complex Sentences develops rather late in life. Brain maturation as well as verbal working memory (vWM) expansion have been discussed as possible reasons. To determine the factors contributing to this functional development, we assessed three aspects in different age-groups (5–6 years, 7–8 years, and adults): first, functional brain activity during the Processing of increasingly complex Sentences; second, brain structure in language-related ROIs; and third, the behavioral comprehension performance on complex Sentences and the performance on an independent vWM test. At the whole-brain level, brain functional data revealed a qualitatively similar neural network in children and adults including the left pars opercularis (PO), the left inferior parietal lobe together with the posterior superior temporal gyrus (IPL/pSTG), the supplementary motor area, and the cerebellum. While functional activation of the language-related ROIs PO and IPL/pSTG predicted Sentence comprehension performance for all age-groups, only adults showed a functional selectivity in these brain regions with increased activation for more complex Sentences. The attunement of both the PO and IPL/pSTG toward a functional selectivity for complex Sentences is predicted by region-specific gray matter reduction while that of the IPL/pSTG is additionally predicted by vWM span. Thus, both structural brain maturation and vWM expansion provide the basis for the emergence of functional selectivity in language-related brain regions leading to more efficient Sentence Processing during development.
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left parietal alpha enhancement during working memory intensive Sentence Processing
Cortex, 2013Co-Authors: Lars Meyer, Jonas Obleser, Angela D. FriedericiAbstract:Abstract Both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies have shown that verbal working memory plays an important role during Sentence Processing. There is growing evidence from outside of Sentence Processing that human alpha oscillations (7–13 Hz) play a critical role in working memory. This study aims to link this to the Sentence Processing domain. Time-frequency analyses and source localization were performed on electroencephalography (EEG) data that were recorded during the Processing of auditorily presented Sentences involving either a short or a long distance between an argument (subject or object) and the respective Sentence-final verb. We reasoned that oscillatory activity in the alpha band should increase during Sentences with longer argument-verb distances, since decreased temporal proximity should result in increased memory demands. When verbal working memory-intensive long-dependency Sentences were compared to short-dependency Sentences, a sustained oscillatory enhancement at 10 Hz was found during storage prior to the Sentence-final verb, turning into a transient power increase in the beta band (13–20 Hz) at the Sentence-final verb. The sources of the alpha oscillations were localized to bilaterally occipital and left parietal cortices. Only the source activity in the left parietal cortex was negatively correlated with verbal working memory abilities. These findings indicate that the parsimonious role of alpha oscillations in domain-general working memory can be extended to language, that is, Sentence Processing. We suggest that the function of left parietal cortex underlying verbal working memory storage during Sentence Processing is to inhibit the premature release of verbal information that will subsequently be integrated.
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linking ordering in broca s area to storage in left temporo parietal regions the case of Sentence Processing
NeuroImage, 2012Co-Authors: Lars Meyer, Jonas Obleser, Alfred Anwander, Angela D. FriedericiAbstract:Abstract In Sentence Processing, storage and ordering of the verb and its arguments (subject and object) are core tasks. Their cortical representation is a matter of ongoing debate, and it is unclear whether prefrontal activations in neuroimaging studies on Sentence Processing reflect the storage of arguments or their ordering. Moreover, it is unclear how storage during Sentence Processing relates to the neuroanatomy of storage outside the Sentence Processing domain. To tackle these questions, we crossed the factor “ordering” (subject-first vs. object-first German Sentences) with the factor “storage” (one vs. four phrases intervene between the critical argument and the verb) in an auditory fMRI study. Ordering focally activated the left pars opercularis in Broca's area, while storage activated deep left temporo-parietal (TP) regions. Notably, left TP activation correlated with listener's digit span, while Broca's area activation did not. Furthermore, fractional anisotropy of listeners' left arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus (AF/SLF) is shown to covary with the functional effect of increased storage demands at sites along the tract. Functionally, the results suggest that storage during Sentence Processing relies on TP regions, likely shared between Sentence Processing and other working memory-related tasks, while Broca's area appears as a distinct neural correlate of ordering. We conclude that the abstract notion of Sentence Processing can be captured by the interplay of concrete cognitive concepts such as ordering and storage.
Lars Meyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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adult age differences in the benefit of syntactic and semantic constraints for Sentence Processing
Psychology and Aging, 2019Co-Authors: Caroline Beese, Angela D. Friederici, Markus Werklebergner, Ulmann Lindenberger, Lars MeyerAbstract:: Verbal working memory-intensive Sentence Processing declines with age. This might reflect older adults' difficulties with reducing the memory load by grouping single words into multiword chunks. Here we used a serial order task emphasizing syntactic and semantic relations. We evaluated the extent to which older compared with younger adults may differentially use linguistic constraints during Sentence Processing to cope with verbal working memory limitations. Probing syntactic-semantic interactions, age differences were hypothesized to be confined to the use of syntactic constraints and to be accompanied by an increased reliance on semantic information. Two experiments varying in verbal working memory demands were conducted: the sequence length was increased from eight items in Experiment 1 to 11 items in Experiment 2. We found the use of syntactic constraints to be compromised with aging, while the benefit of semantic information for Sentence Processing was comparable across age groups. Hence, we suggest that semantic information Processing may become relatively more important for successful Sentence Processing with advancing adult age, possibly inducing a syntactic-to-semantic-Processing strategy shift. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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oscillatory eeg dynamics underlying automatic chunking during Sentence Processing
NeuroImage, 2017Co-Authors: Corinna E Bonhage, Angela D. Friederici, Lars Meyer, T Gruber, Jutta L MuellerAbstract:Sentences are easier to remember than random word sequences, likely because linguistic regularities facilitate chunking of words into meaningful groups. The present electroencephalography study investigated the neural oscillations modulated by this so-called Sentence superiority effect during the encoding and maintenance of Sentence fragments versus word lists. We hypothesized a chunking-related modulation of neural Processing during the encoding and retention of Sentences (i.e., Sentence fragments) as compared to word lists. Time-frequency analysis revealed a two-fold oscillatory pattern for the memorization of Sentences: Sentence encoding was accompanied by higher delta amplitude (4Hz), originating both from regions Processing syntax as well as semantics (bilateral superior/middle temporal regions and fusiform gyrus). Subsequent Sentence retention was reflected in decreased theta (6Hz) and beta/gamma (27-32Hz) amplitude instead. Notably, whether participants simply read or properly memorized the Sentences did not impact chunking-related activity during encoding. Therefore, we argue that the Sentence superiority effect is grounded in highly automatized language Processing mechanisms, which generate meaningful memory chunks irrespective of task demands.
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how the brain attunes to Sentence Processing relating behavior structure and function
NeuroImage, 2016Co-Authors: Anja Fengler, Lars Meyer, Angela D. FriedericiAbstract:Unlike other aspects of language comprehension, the ability to process complex Sentences develops rather late in life. Brain maturation as well as verbal working memory (vWM) expansion have been discussed as possible reasons. To determine the factors contributing to this functional development, we assessed three aspects in different age-groups (5–6 years, 7–8 years, and adults): first, functional brain activity during the Processing of increasingly complex Sentences; second, brain structure in language-related ROIs; and third, the behavioral comprehension performance on complex Sentences and the performance on an independent vWM test. At the whole-brain level, brain functional data revealed a qualitatively similar neural network in children and adults including the left pars opercularis (PO), the left inferior parietal lobe together with the posterior superior temporal gyrus (IPL/pSTG), the supplementary motor area, and the cerebellum. While functional activation of the language-related ROIs PO and IPL/pSTG predicted Sentence comprehension performance for all age-groups, only adults showed a functional selectivity in these brain regions with increased activation for more complex Sentences. The attunement of both the PO and IPL/pSTG toward a functional selectivity for complex Sentences is predicted by region-specific gray matter reduction while that of the IPL/pSTG is additionally predicted by vWM span. Thus, both structural brain maturation and vWM expansion provide the basis for the emergence of functional selectivity in language-related brain regions leading to more efficient Sentence Processing during development.
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left parietal alpha enhancement during working memory intensive Sentence Processing
Cortex, 2013Co-Authors: Lars Meyer, Jonas Obleser, Angela D. FriedericiAbstract:Abstract Both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies have shown that verbal working memory plays an important role during Sentence Processing. There is growing evidence from outside of Sentence Processing that human alpha oscillations (7–13 Hz) play a critical role in working memory. This study aims to link this to the Sentence Processing domain. Time-frequency analyses and source localization were performed on electroencephalography (EEG) data that were recorded during the Processing of auditorily presented Sentences involving either a short or a long distance between an argument (subject or object) and the respective Sentence-final verb. We reasoned that oscillatory activity in the alpha band should increase during Sentences with longer argument-verb distances, since decreased temporal proximity should result in increased memory demands. When verbal working memory-intensive long-dependency Sentences were compared to short-dependency Sentences, a sustained oscillatory enhancement at 10 Hz was found during storage prior to the Sentence-final verb, turning into a transient power increase in the beta band (13–20 Hz) at the Sentence-final verb. The sources of the alpha oscillations were localized to bilaterally occipital and left parietal cortices. Only the source activity in the left parietal cortex was negatively correlated with verbal working memory abilities. These findings indicate that the parsimonious role of alpha oscillations in domain-general working memory can be extended to language, that is, Sentence Processing. We suggest that the function of left parietal cortex underlying verbal working memory storage during Sentence Processing is to inhibit the premature release of verbal information that will subsequently be integrated.
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linking ordering in broca s area to storage in left temporo parietal regions the case of Sentence Processing
NeuroImage, 2012Co-Authors: Lars Meyer, Jonas Obleser, Alfred Anwander, Angela D. FriedericiAbstract:Abstract In Sentence Processing, storage and ordering of the verb and its arguments (subject and object) are core tasks. Their cortical representation is a matter of ongoing debate, and it is unclear whether prefrontal activations in neuroimaging studies on Sentence Processing reflect the storage of arguments or their ordering. Moreover, it is unclear how storage during Sentence Processing relates to the neuroanatomy of storage outside the Sentence Processing domain. To tackle these questions, we crossed the factor “ordering” (subject-first vs. object-first German Sentences) with the factor “storage” (one vs. four phrases intervene between the critical argument and the verb) in an auditory fMRI study. Ordering focally activated the left pars opercularis in Broca's area, while storage activated deep left temporo-parietal (TP) regions. Notably, left TP activation correlated with listener's digit span, while Broca's area activation did not. Furthermore, fractional anisotropy of listeners' left arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus (AF/SLF) is shown to covary with the functional effect of increased storage demands at sites along the tract. Functionally, the results suggest that storage during Sentence Processing relies on TP regions, likely shared between Sentence Processing and other working memory-related tasks, while Broca's area appears as a distinct neural correlate of ordering. We conclude that the abstract notion of Sentence Processing can be captured by the interplay of concrete cognitive concepts such as ordering and storage.
Roger Levy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lossy context surprisal an information theoretic model of memory effects in Sentence Processing
Cognitive Science, 2020Co-Authors: Richard Futrell, Edward Gibson, Roger LevyAbstract:A key component of research on human Sentence Processing is to characterize the Processing difficulty associated with the comprehension of words in context. Models that explain and predict this difficulty can be broadly divided into two kinds, expectation-based and memory-based. In this work, we present a new model of incremental Sentence Processing difficulty that unifies and extends key features of both kinds of models. Our model, lossy-context surprisal, holds that the Processing difficulty at a word in context is proportional to the surprisal of the word given a lossy memory representation of the context-that is, a memory representation that does not contain complete information about previous words. We show that this model provides an intuitive explanation for an outstanding puzzle involving interactions of memory and expectations: language-dependent structural forgetting, where the effects of memory on Sentence Processing appear to be moderated by language statistics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dependency locality effects, a signature prediction of memory-based theories, can be derived from lossy-context surprisal as a special case of a novel, more general principle called information locality.
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noisy context surprisal as a human Sentence Processing cost model
Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017Co-Authors: Richard Futrell, Roger LevyAbstract:We use the noisy-channel theory of human Sentence comprehension to develop an incremental Processing cost model that unifies and extends key features of expectation-based and memory-based models. In this model, which we call noisy-context surprisal, the Processing cost of a word is the surprisal of the word given a noisy representation of the preceding context. We show that this model accounts for an outstanding puzzle in Sentence comprehension, language-dependent structural forgetting effects (Gibson and Thomas, 1999; Vasishth et al., 2010; Frank et al., 2016), which are previously not well modeled by either expectation-based or memory-based approaches. Additionally, we show that this model derives and generalizes locality effects (Gibson, 1998; Demberg and Keller, 2008), a signature prediction of memory-based models. We give corpus-based evidence for a key assumption in this derivation.
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sequential vs hierarchical syntactic models of human incremental Sentence Processing
North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2012Co-Authors: Victoria Fossum, Roger LevyAbstract:Experimental evidence demonstrates that syntactic structure influences human online Sentence Processing behavior. Despite this evidence, open questions remain: which type of syntactic structure best explains observed behavior--hierarchical or sequential, and lexicalized or unlexicalized? Recently, Frank and Bod (2011) find that unlexicalized sequential models predict reading times better than unlexicalized hierarchical models, relative to a baseline prediction model that takes word-level factors into account. They conclude that the human parser is insensitive to hierarchical syntactic structure. We investigate these claims and find a picture more complicated than the one they present. First, we show that incorporating additional lexical n-gram probabilities estimated from several different corpora into the baseline model of Frank and Bod (2011) eliminates all differences in accuracy between those unlexicalized sequential and hierarchical models. Second, we show that lexicalizing the hierarchical models used in Frank and Bod (2011) significantly improves prediction accuracy relative to the unlexicalized versions. Third, we show that using state-of-the-art lexicalized hierarchical models further improves prediction accuracy. Our results demonstrate that the claim of Frank and Bod (2011) that sequential models predict reading times better than hierarchical models is premature, and also that lexicalization matters for prediction accuracy.
John C. Trueswell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parametric effects of syntactic-semantic conflict in Broca's area during Sentence Processing.
Brain and language, 2012Co-Authors: Malathi Thothathiri, Albert Kim, John C. Trueswell, Sharon L. Thompson-schillAbstract:The hypothesized role of Broca’s area in Sentence Processing ranges from domain-general executive function to domain-specific computation that is specific to certain syntactic structures. We examined this issue by manipulating syntactic structure and conflict between syntactic and semantic cues in a Sentence Processing task. Functional neuroimaging revealed that activation within several Broca’s area regions of interest reflected the parametric variation in syntactic–semantic conflict. These results suggest that Broca’s area supports Sentence Processing by mediating between multiple incompatible constraints on Sentence interpretation, consistent with this area’s well-known role in conflict resolution in other linguistic and non-linguistic tasks.
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co localization of stroop and syntactic ambiguity resolution in broca s area implications for the neural basis of Sentence Processing
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2009Co-Authors: David January, John C. Trueswell, Sharon L ThompsonschillAbstract:For over a century, a link between left prefrontal cortex and language Processing has been accepted, yet the precise characterization of this link remains elusive. Recent advances in both the study of Sentence Processing and the neuroscientific study of frontal lobe function suggest an intriguing possibility: The demands to resolve competition between incompatible characterizations of a linguistic stimulus may recruit top-down cognitive control processes mediated by prefrontal cortex. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that individuals use shared prefrontal neural circuitry during two very different tasks-color identification under Stroop conflict and Sentence comprehension under conditions of syntactic ambiguity-both of which putatively rely on cognitive control processes. We report the first demonstration of within-subject overlap in neural responses to syntactic and nonsyntactic conflict. These findings serve to clarify the role of Broca's area in, and the neural and psychological organization of, the language Processing system.
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the developing constraints on parsing decisions the role of lexical biases and referential scenes in child and adult Sentence Processing
Cognitive Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Jesse Snedeker, John C. TrueswellAbstract:Two striking contrasts currently exist in the Sentence Processing literature. First, whereas adult readers rely heavily on lexical information in the generation of syntactic alternatives, adult listeners in world-situated eye-gaze studies appear to allow referential evidence to override strong countervailing lexical biases (Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995). Second, in contrast to adults, children in similar listening studies fail to use this referential information and appear to rely exclusively on verb biases or perhaps syntactically based parsing principles (Trueswell, Sekerina, Hill, & Logrip, 1999). We explore these contrasts by fully crossing verb bias and referential manipulations in a study using the eye-gaze listening technique with adults (Experiment 1) and five-year-olds (Experiment 2). Results indicate that adults combine lexical and referential information to determine syntactic choice. Children rely exclusively on verb bias in their ultimate interpretation. However, their eye movements reveal an emerging sensitivity to referential constraints. The observed changes in information use over ontogenetic time best support a constraint-based lexicalist account of parsing development, which posits that highly reliable cues to structure, like lexical biases, will emerge earlier during development and more robustly than less reliable cues.
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the kindergarten path effect studying on line Sentence Processing in young children
Cognition, 1999Co-Authors: John C. Trueswell, Irina A Sekerina, Nicole M Hill, Marian L LogripAbstract:A great deal of psycholinguistic research has focused on the question of how adults interpret language in real time. This work has revealed a complex and interactive language Processing system capable of rapidly coordinating linguistic properties of the message with information from the context or situation (e.g. Altmann & Steedman, 1988; Britt, 1994; Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard & Sedivy, 1995; Trueswell & Tanenhaus, 1991). In the study of language acquisition, however, surprisingly little is known about how children process language in real time and whether they coordinate multiple sources of information during interpretation. The lack of child research is due in part to the fact that most existing techniques for studying language Processing have relied upon the skill of reading, an ability that young children do not have or are only beginning to acquire. We present here results from a new method for studying children's moment-by-moment language Processing abilities, in which a head-mounted eye-tracking system was used to monitor eye movements as participants responded to spoken instructions. The results revealed systematic differences in how children and adults process spoken language: Five Year Olds did not take into account relevant discourse/pragmatic principles when resolving temporary syntactic ambiguities, and showed little or no ability to revise initial parsing commitments. Adults showed sensitivity to these discourse constraints at the earliest possible stages of Processing, and were capable of revising incorrect parsing commitments. Implications for current models of Sentence Processing are discussed.
Edward Gibson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lossy context surprisal an information theoretic model of memory effects in Sentence Processing
Cognitive Science, 2020Co-Authors: Richard Futrell, Edward Gibson, Roger LevyAbstract:A key component of research on human Sentence Processing is to characterize the Processing difficulty associated with the comprehension of words in context. Models that explain and predict this difficulty can be broadly divided into two kinds, expectation-based and memory-based. In this work, we present a new model of incremental Sentence Processing difficulty that unifies and extends key features of both kinds of models. Our model, lossy-context surprisal, holds that the Processing difficulty at a word in context is proportional to the surprisal of the word given a lossy memory representation of the context-that is, a memory representation that does not contain complete information about previous words. We show that this model provides an intuitive explanation for an outstanding puzzle involving interactions of memory and expectations: language-dependent structural forgetting, where the effects of memory on Sentence Processing appear to be moderated by language statistics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dependency locality effects, a signature prediction of memory-based theories, can be derived from lossy-context surprisal as a special case of a novel, more general principle called information locality.
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memory access during incremental Sentence Processing causes reading time latency
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2016Co-Authors: Cory Shain, Edward Gibson, Richard Futrell, Marten Van Schijndel, William SchulerAbstract:Studies on the role of memory as a predictor of reading time latencies (1) differ in their predictions about when memory effects should occur in Processing and (2) have had mixed results, with strong positive effects emerging from isolated constructed stimuli and weak or even negative effects emerging from naturally-occurring stimuli. Our study addresses these concerns by comparing several implementations of prominent Sentence Processing theories on an exploratory corpus and evaluating the most successful of these on a confirmatory corpus, using a new self-paced reading corpus of seemingly natural narratives constructed to contain an unusually high proportion of memory-intensive constructions. We show highly significant and complementary broad-coverage latency effects both for predictors based on the Dependency Locality Theory and for predictors based on a left-corner parsing model of Sentence Processing. Our results indicate that memory access during Sentence Processing does take time, but suggest that stimuli requiring many memory access events may be necessary in order to observe the effect.
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Recency Preference in the Human Sentence Processing Mechanism.
Cognition, 1996Co-Authors: Edward Gibson, Neal J. Pearlmutter, Enriqueta Canseco-gonzalez, Gregory HickokAbstract:Cuetos and Mitchell (1988) observed that in constructions in which a relative clause can attach to one of two possible sites, English speakers prefer the more recent attachment site, but Spanish speakers prefer the least recent attachment site, in violation of the proposed universal principle Late Closure (Recency Preference), which favors attachments to the most recent sites. Based on this evidence, Cuetos and Mitchell concluded that Late Closure is not a universal principle of the human Sentence Processing mechanism. In this paper, we provide new evidence from Spanish and English self-paced reading experiments on relative clause attachment ambiguities that involve three possible attachment sites. The results of our experiments suggest that a principle like Late Closure is in fact universally operative in the human parser, but that it is modulated by at least one other factor in the Processing of relative clause attachment ambiguities. We propose that the second factor involved in the Processing of these and related constructions is the principle of Predicate Proximity, according to which attachments are preferred to be as structurally close to the head of a predicate phrase as possible, and we further consider the origins and predictions of the theory combining these two factors.
