Spinning Apparatus

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Sebastian Büsse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • three dimensional reconstruction on cell level case study elucidates the ultrastructure of the Spinning Apparatus of embia sp insecta embioptera
    Royal Society Open Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Christian Fischer
    Abstract:

    Spinning is a phenomenon not only present in spiders, but also in many other arthropods. The functional morphology and complexity of Spinning organs is often poorly understood. Their elements are m...

  • Supplement 1 - SBFSEM step-by-step protocol from Three-dimensional reconstruction on cell level: case study elucidates the ultrastructure of the Spinning Apparatus of Embia sp. (Insecta: Embioptera)
    2016
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Christian Fischer
    Abstract:

    Spinning is a phenomenon not only present in spiders, but also in many other arthropods. The functional morphology and complexity of Spinning organs is often poorly understood. Their elements are minute and studying them poses substantial methodological difficulties. This study presents a three-dimensional reconstruction of a silk gland of Embia sp. on cellular level, based on serial sections acquired with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) to showcase the power of this method. Previous studies achieved either high resolution to elucidate the ultrastructure or satisfying three-dimensional representations. The high-resolution achieved by SBFSEM can be easily used to reconstruct the three-dimensional ultrastructural organization of cellular structures. The herein investigated Spinning Apparatus of Embioptera can be taken as an example demonstrating the potential of this method. It was possible to reconstruct a multinucleated silk gland containing 63 nuclei. We focused on the applicability of this method in the field of morphological research and provide a step-by-step guide to the methodology. This will help applying the method to other arthropod taxa and will help significantly in adapting the method to other animals, animal parts and tissues

  • The Spinning Apparatus of webspinners – functional-morphology, morphometrics and Spinning behaviour
    Scientific Reports, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, David Mcmillan, Kyle Hohu, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Janice S. Edgerly
    Abstract:

    Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) have a distinctly unique behaviour with related morphological characteristics. Producing silk with the basitarsomeres of their forelegs plays a crucial role in the lives of these insects – providing shelter and protection. The correlation between body size, morphology and morphometrics of the Spinning Apparatus and the Spinning behaviour of Embioptera was investigated for seven species using state-of-the-art methodology for behavioural as well as for morphological approaches. Independent contrast analysis revealed correlations between morphometric characters and body size. Larger webspinners in this study have glands with greater reservoir volume, but in proportionally smaller tarsi relative to body size than in the smaller species. Furthermore, we present a detailed description and review of the Spinning Apparatus in Embioptera in comparison to other arthropods and substantiate the possible homology of the embiopteran silk glands to class III dermal silk glands of insects.

  • the Spinning Apparatus of webspinners functional morphology morphometrics and Spinning behaviour
    Scientific Reports, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, David Mcmillan, Kyle Hohu, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Janice S. Edgerly
    Abstract:

    Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) have a distinctly unique behaviour with related morphological characteristics. Producing silk with the basitarsomeres of their forelegs plays a crucial role in the lives of these insects – providing shelter and protection. The correlation between body size, morphology and morphometrics of the Spinning Apparatus and the Spinning behaviour of Embioptera was investigated for seven species using state-of-the-art methodology for behavioural as well as for morphological approaches. Independent contrast analysis revealed correlations between morphometric characters and body size. Larger webspinners in this study have glands with greater reservoir volume, but in proportionally smaller tarsi relative to body size than in the smaller species. Furthermore, we present a detailed description and review of the Spinning Apparatus in Embioptera in comparison to other arthropods and substantiate the possible homology of the embiopteran silk glands to class III dermal silk glands of insects.

  • Spinning behaviour and morphology of the Spinning glands in male and female aposthonia ceylonica enderlein 1912 embioptera oligotomidae
    Zoologischer Anzeiger – A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Janice S. Edgerly, Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer
    Abstract:

    Abstract Embioptera (webspinners) are unique among insects in that juvenile and adults of both sexes spin silk. They possess Spinning Apparatuses in the basitarsomeres of their prothoracic legs, which they use to build galleries as habitat and protection. Embioptera are primitively social and cooperate in building the galleries. They also show sexual dimorphism that comprises modifications of the mandibles in males, the winglessness of the females and differences in the morphology of the forelegs. In the present investigation we address the correlation of Spinning behaviour and sexual dimorphism in the Spinning Apparatus of Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein, 1912). To analyse Spinning behaviour we conducted video observations of Ap. ceylonica in artificial habitats. We observed females and males alone as well as female–male pairs to cover possible effects of interactions between sexes. The morphology of the Spinning Apparatus was analysed and reconstructed using high resolution X-ray computed tomography (SRμCT). The observations show that during trials of 24 h adult males and females produce similar amounts of silk per body weight, despite the fact that adult males do not feed, perhaps due to modifications of their mandibles related to courtship that interfere with feeding. Spinning glands in males are distinctly smaller than in females in absolute values, which reflect the general size difference in females and males. Despite their smaller body size, the volumes of reservoirs of Spinning glands are larger in males in relative as well as in absolute values. Together with Spinning behaviour and the amount of silk production, this indicates that males produce and store gland secretions in the large reservoirs prior to their final moult for later use.

Janice S. Edgerly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Spinning Apparatus of webspinners – functional-morphology, morphometrics and Spinning behaviour
    Scientific Reports, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, David Mcmillan, Kyle Hohu, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Janice S. Edgerly
    Abstract:

    Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) have a distinctly unique behaviour with related morphological characteristics. Producing silk with the basitarsomeres of their forelegs plays a crucial role in the lives of these insects – providing shelter and protection. The correlation between body size, morphology and morphometrics of the Spinning Apparatus and the Spinning behaviour of Embioptera was investigated for seven species using state-of-the-art methodology for behavioural as well as for morphological approaches. Independent contrast analysis revealed correlations between morphometric characters and body size. Larger webspinners in this study have glands with greater reservoir volume, but in proportionally smaller tarsi relative to body size than in the smaller species. Furthermore, we present a detailed description and review of the Spinning Apparatus in Embioptera in comparison to other arthropods and substantiate the possible homology of the embiopteran silk glands to class III dermal silk glands of insects.

  • the Spinning Apparatus of webspinners functional morphology morphometrics and Spinning behaviour
    Scientific Reports, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, David Mcmillan, Kyle Hohu, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Janice S. Edgerly
    Abstract:

    Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) have a distinctly unique behaviour with related morphological characteristics. Producing silk with the basitarsomeres of their forelegs plays a crucial role in the lives of these insects – providing shelter and protection. The correlation between body size, morphology and morphometrics of the Spinning Apparatus and the Spinning behaviour of Embioptera was investigated for seven species using state-of-the-art methodology for behavioural as well as for morphological approaches. Independent contrast analysis revealed correlations between morphometric characters and body size. Larger webspinners in this study have glands with greater reservoir volume, but in proportionally smaller tarsi relative to body size than in the smaller species. Furthermore, we present a detailed description and review of the Spinning Apparatus in Embioptera in comparison to other arthropods and substantiate the possible homology of the embiopteran silk glands to class III dermal silk glands of insects.

  • Spinning behaviour and morphology of the Spinning glands in male and female aposthonia ceylonica enderlein 1912 embioptera oligotomidae
    Zoologischer Anzeiger – A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Janice S. Edgerly, Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer
    Abstract:

    Abstract Embioptera (webspinners) are unique among insects in that juvenile and adults of both sexes spin silk. They possess Spinning Apparatuses in the basitarsomeres of their prothoracic legs, which they use to build galleries as habitat and protection. Embioptera are primitively social and cooperate in building the galleries. They also show sexual dimorphism that comprises modifications of the mandibles in males, the winglessness of the females and differences in the morphology of the forelegs. In the present investigation we address the correlation of Spinning behaviour and sexual dimorphism in the Spinning Apparatus of Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein, 1912). To analyse Spinning behaviour we conducted video observations of Ap. ceylonica in artificial habitats. We observed females and males alone as well as female–male pairs to cover possible effects of interactions between sexes. The morphology of the Spinning Apparatus was analysed and reconstructed using high resolution X-ray computed tomography (SRμCT). The observations show that during trials of 24 h adult males and females produce similar amounts of silk per body weight, despite the fact that adult males do not feed, perhaps due to modifications of their mandibles related to courtship that interfere with feeding. Spinning glands in males are distinctly smaller than in females in absolute values, which reflect the general size difference in females and males. Despite their smaller body size, the volumes of reservoirs of Spinning glands are larger in males in relative as well as in absolute values. Together with Spinning behaviour and the amount of silk production, this indicates that males produce and store gland secretions in the large reservoirs prior to their final moult for later use.

Thomas Hornschemeyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • three dimensional reconstruction on cell level case study elucidates the ultrastructure of the Spinning Apparatus of embia sp insecta embioptera
    Royal Society Open Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Christian Fischer
    Abstract:

    Spinning is a phenomenon not only present in spiders, but also in many other arthropods. The functional morphology and complexity of Spinning organs is often poorly understood. Their elements are m...

  • Supplement 1 - SBFSEM step-by-step protocol from Three-dimensional reconstruction on cell level: case study elucidates the ultrastructure of the Spinning Apparatus of Embia sp. (Insecta: Embioptera)
    2016
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Christian Fischer
    Abstract:

    Spinning is a phenomenon not only present in spiders, but also in many other arthropods. The functional morphology and complexity of Spinning organs is often poorly understood. Their elements are minute and studying them poses substantial methodological difficulties. This study presents a three-dimensional reconstruction of a silk gland of Embia sp. on cellular level, based on serial sections acquired with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) to showcase the power of this method. Previous studies achieved either high resolution to elucidate the ultrastructure or satisfying three-dimensional representations. The high-resolution achieved by SBFSEM can be easily used to reconstruct the three-dimensional ultrastructural organization of cellular structures. The herein investigated Spinning Apparatus of Embioptera can be taken as an example demonstrating the potential of this method. It was possible to reconstruct a multinucleated silk gland containing 63 nuclei. We focused on the applicability of this method in the field of morphological research and provide a step-by-step guide to the methodology. This will help applying the method to other arthropod taxa and will help significantly in adapting the method to other animals, animal parts and tissues

  • The Spinning Apparatus of webspinners – functional-morphology, morphometrics and Spinning behaviour
    Scientific Reports, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, David Mcmillan, Kyle Hohu, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Janice S. Edgerly
    Abstract:

    Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) have a distinctly unique behaviour with related morphological characteristics. Producing silk with the basitarsomeres of their forelegs plays a crucial role in the lives of these insects – providing shelter and protection. The correlation between body size, morphology and morphometrics of the Spinning Apparatus and the Spinning behaviour of Embioptera was investigated for seven species using state-of-the-art methodology for behavioural as well as for morphological approaches. Independent contrast analysis revealed correlations between morphometric characters and body size. Larger webspinners in this study have glands with greater reservoir volume, but in proportionally smaller tarsi relative to body size than in the smaller species. Furthermore, we present a detailed description and review of the Spinning Apparatus in Embioptera in comparison to other arthropods and substantiate the possible homology of the embiopteran silk glands to class III dermal silk glands of insects.

  • the Spinning Apparatus of webspinners functional morphology morphometrics and Spinning behaviour
    Scientific Reports, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sebastian Büsse, David Mcmillan, Kyle Hohu, Thomas Hornschemeyer, Janice S. Edgerly
    Abstract:

    Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) have a distinctly unique behaviour with related morphological characteristics. Producing silk with the basitarsomeres of their forelegs plays a crucial role in the lives of these insects – providing shelter and protection. The correlation between body size, morphology and morphometrics of the Spinning Apparatus and the Spinning behaviour of Embioptera was investigated for seven species using state-of-the-art methodology for behavioural as well as for morphological approaches. Independent contrast analysis revealed correlations between morphometric characters and body size. Larger webspinners in this study have glands with greater reservoir volume, but in proportionally smaller tarsi relative to body size than in the smaller species. Furthermore, we present a detailed description and review of the Spinning Apparatus in Embioptera in comparison to other arthropods and substantiate the possible homology of the embiopteran silk glands to class III dermal silk glands of insects.

  • Spinning behaviour and morphology of the Spinning glands in male and female aposthonia ceylonica enderlein 1912 embioptera oligotomidae
    Zoologischer Anzeiger – A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Janice S. Edgerly, Sebastian Büsse, Thomas Hornschemeyer
    Abstract:

    Abstract Embioptera (webspinners) are unique among insects in that juvenile and adults of both sexes spin silk. They possess Spinning Apparatuses in the basitarsomeres of their prothoracic legs, which they use to build galleries as habitat and protection. Embioptera are primitively social and cooperate in building the galleries. They also show sexual dimorphism that comprises modifications of the mandibles in males, the winglessness of the females and differences in the morphology of the forelegs. In the present investigation we address the correlation of Spinning behaviour and sexual dimorphism in the Spinning Apparatus of Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein, 1912). To analyse Spinning behaviour we conducted video observations of Ap. ceylonica in artificial habitats. We observed females and males alone as well as female–male pairs to cover possible effects of interactions between sexes. The morphology of the Spinning Apparatus was analysed and reconstructed using high resolution X-ray computed tomography (SRμCT). The observations show that during trials of 24 h adult males and females produce similar amounts of silk per body weight, despite the fact that adult males do not feed, perhaps due to modifications of their mandibles related to courtship that interfere with feeding. Spinning glands in males are distinctly smaller than in females in absolute values, which reflect the general size difference in females and males. Despite their smaller body size, the volumes of reservoirs of Spinning glands are larger in males in relative as well as in absolute values. Together with Spinning behaviour and the amount of silk production, this indicates that males produce and store gland secretions in the large reservoirs prior to their final moult for later use.

Randolph V Lewis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • crispr cas9 initiated transgenic silkworms as a natural spinner of spider silk
    Biomacromolecules, 2019
    Co-Authors: Xiaoli Zhang, Lijin Xia, Breton A. Day, Thomas I. Harris, Chelsea Knittel, Ana Laura Licon, Chengliang Gong, Paula F Oliveira, Genevieve Dion, Randolph V Lewis
    Abstract:

    Using transgenic silkworms with their natural Spinning Apparatus has proven to be a promising way to spin spider silk-like fibers. The challenges are incorporating native-size spider silk proteins and achieving an inheritable transgenic silkworm strain. In this study, a CRISPR/Cas9 initiated fixed-point strategy was used to successfully incorporate spider silk protein genes into the Bombyx mori genome. Native-size spider silk genes (up to 10 kb) were inserted into an intron of the fibroin heavy or light chain (FibH or FibL) ensuring that any sequence changes induced by the CRISPR/Cas9 would not impact protein production. The resulting fibers are as strong as native spider silks (1.2 GPa tensile strength). The transgenic silkworms have been tracked for several generations with normal inheritance of the transgenes. This strategy demonstrates the feasibility of using silkworms as a natural spider silk spinner for industrial production of high-performance fibers.

  • CRISPR/Cas9 Initiated Transgenic Silkworms as a Natural Spinner of Spider Silk
    2019
    Co-Authors: Xiaoli Zhang, Lijin Xia, Breton A. Day, Thomas I. Harris, Paula Oliveira, Chelsea Knittel, Ana Laura Licon, Chengliang Gong, Geneviève Dion, Randolph V Lewis
    Abstract:

    Using transgenic silkworms with their natural Spinning Apparatus has proven to be a promising way to spin spider silk-like fibers. The challenges are incorporating native-size spider silk proteins and achieving an inheritable transgenic silkworm strain. In this study, a CRISPR/Cas9 initiated fixed-point strategy was used to successfully incorporate spider silk protein genes into the Bombyx mori genome. Native-size spider silk genes (up to 10 kb) were inserted into an intron of the fibroin heavy or light chain (FibH or FibL) ensuring that any sequence changes induced by the CRISPR/Cas9 would not impact protein production. The resulting fibers are as strong as native spider silks (1.2 GPa tensile strength). The transgenic silkworms have been tracked for several generations with normal inheritance of the transgenes. This strategy demonstrates the feasibility of using silkworms as a natural spider silk spinner for industrial production of high-performance fibers

Christian Fischer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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