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Taizo Hogetsu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transfer of 14C-photosynthate to the Sporocarp of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina.
Mycorrhiza, 2011Co-Authors: Munemasa Teramoto, Taizo HogetsuAbstract:Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi are strong carbon sinks for the source in host trees, but the details of carbon transfer from the host to the Sporocarp are unknown. In this study, single seedlings of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) colonised by Laccaria amethystina were grown on floral foam plates fitted in rhizoboxes, resulting in fruiting on the substrate. The seedlings were photosynthetically labelled with 14CO2; 14C-labelled photosynthate transfer from leaves to Sporocarps was then chased using a time-course autoradiography technique. 14C was transferred to healthy, fresh Sporocarps in a purple colour ranging from primordial to elongate Sporocarps, but hardly to senesced ones that had faded to white or grey, or browned. This suggested that C is transferred only to physiologically active Sporocarps. Two seedlings associated with a growing Sporocarp were labelled again 7 and 16 days after the first labelling, respectively. 14C accumulation in the Sporocarps rose in a stepwise manner after the second labelling, indicating that Sporocarps mainly used recently rather than previously photosynthesised C.
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tricholoma matsutake in a natural pinus densiflora forest correspondence between above and below ground genets association with multiple host trees and alteration of existing ectomycorrhizal communities
New Phytologist, 2006Co-Authors: Chunlan Lian, Kazuhide Nara, Maki Narimatsu, Taizo HogetsuAbstract:Summary • Tricholoma matsutake (matsutake) is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus that produces economically important mushrooms in Japan. Here, we use microsatellite markers to identify genets of matsutake Sporocarps and below-ground ECM tips, as well as associated host genotypes of Pinus densiflora. • We also studied ECM fungal community structure inside, beneath and outside the matsutake fairy rings, using morphological and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) polymorphism analysis. • Based on Sporocarp samples, one to four genets were found within each fairy ring, and no genetic differentiation among six sites was detected. Matsutake ECM tips were only found beneath fairy rings and corresponded with the genotypes of the above-ground Sporocarps. We detected nine below-ground matsutake genets, all of which colonized multiple pine trees (three to seven trees per genet). The ECM fungal community beneath fairy rings was species-poor and significantly differed from those inside and outside the fairy rings. • We conclude that matsutake genets occasionally establish from basidiospores and expand on the root systems of multiple host trees. Although matsutake mycelia suppress other ECM fungi during expansion, most of them may recover after the passage of the fairy rings.
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subterranean community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi under suillus grevillei Sporocarps in a larix kaempferi forest
New Phytologist, 2002Co-Authors: Zhihua Zhou, Taizo HogetsuAbstract:Summary • Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) polymorphism analysis for identifying ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species was improved by applying sequencer electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). • The improved method employed polymorphism of ITS3−4 region and an ITS terminal-RFLP fragment digested with HinfI. This method enabled each ECM fungal species to be identified with more precision in a mixed-species sample and would accelerate studies on identification of ECM fungal species. • Up to 30 ECM fungal species were detected in narrow areas under Suillus grevillei Sporocarps. Compositions of subterranean ECM fungal species were much more abundant than aboveground ones, and varied from one location to another. Every ECM fungal species was not exclusively dominant over the others, and coexisted with other species. At locations where S. grevillei Sporocarps had developed in the previous year, only a few Larix kaempferi root tips developed and were colonized by fewer ECM fungal species. • Results indicate that the ECM fungal community under S. grevillei Sporocarps decayed as a whole within 1 yr after Sporocarp formation and was not re-established in the next growing season after Sporocarp formation.
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analysis of genetic structure of a suillus grevillei population in a larix kaempferi stand by polymorphism of inter simple sequence repeat issr
New Phytologist, 1999Co-Authors: Zhihua Zhou, Makoto Miwa, Taizo HogetsuAbstract:Clones of ectomycorrhizal fungi can colonize new areas through production of vegetative mycelium or spore dispersal, but the relative importance of these processes in nature is not known. In this study, Sporocarps of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus grevillei, were mapped and sampled from a Larix kaempferi stand at the foot of Mt Fuji. DNA was extracted directly from each Sporocarp, and DNA polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions primed by (GTG)5, (GCC)5 and (GACA)4. Different sensitivities to detect polymorphism were found among the three primers, with (GACA)4 showing the highest sensitivity. Forty seven Sporocarps were analysed by the three ISSR primers and divided into 34 genets based on combination of PCR fingerprints. In the population 28 genets were represented by individual Sporocarps. In most cases, Sporocarps grown in aggregation (within a circle of 50 cm diameter) showed some different ISSR band patterns. These results suggest that genets of S. grevillei at the test site are relatively small. The genetic similarities between the 34 genets were also calculated and similarity groups were determined by the criterion that all similarity F values of genets within a group were not <80%. In general, the genets within a similarity group located close to each other. The results of multiple different but highly related genets in a small area suggest that the population of S. grevillei in this stand is not spread and maintained by clonal mycelium extension but is reproduced by spore dispersal.
Matthew E Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ectomycorrhizal fungal Sporocarp diversity and discovery of new taxa in dicymbe monodominant forests of the guiana shield
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2012Co-Authors: Terry W Henkel, Catherine M Aime, Mimi M L Chin, Steven L Miller, Rytas Vilgalys, Matthew E SmithAbstract:Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi historically were considered poorly represented in Neotropical forests but in the central Guiana Shield substantial areas are dominated by leguminous ECM trees. In the Upper Potaro Basin of Western Guyana, ECM fungi were sampled for 7 years during the rainy seasons of 2000-2008 in three 1-ha plots in primary monodominant forests of the ECM canopy tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae). Over the plot sampling period Sporocarps of 126 species of putative or confirmed ECM fungi were recovered. These taxa represented 13 families and 25 genera of primarily Agaricomycetes, but also Ascomycota (Elaphomycetaceae), the majority of which are new to science. Russulaceae contained the most species (20 Russula ;9 Lactarius), followed by Boletaceae (8 genera, 25 spp.), Clavulinaceae (17 Clavulina), and Amanitaceae (16 Amanita). An additional 46 species of ECM fungi were collected in forests of the Upper Potaro Basin outside the study plots between 2000 and 2010, bringing the regional number of ECM species known from Sporocarps to 172. This is the first long- term ECM macrofungal dataset from an ECM-dominated Neotropical forest, and Sporocarp diversity is comparable to that recorded for ECM-diverse temperate and boreal forests. While a species accumulation curve indicated that ECM Sporocarp diversity was not fully recovered inside of the plots, *80% of the total species were recovered in the first year. Sequence data from ECM roots have confirmed the ECM status of 56 taxa represented by corresponding Sporocarp data. However, (50% of ECM fungal species from roots remain undiscovered as Sporocarps, leading to a conservative estimate of ( 250 ECM species at
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Intra-specific and intra-Sporocarp ITS variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi as assessed by rDNA sequencing of Sporocarps and pooled ectomycorrhizal roots from a Quercus woodland
Mycorrhiza, 2007Co-Authors: Matthew E Smith, Greg W Douhan, David M RizzoAbstract:The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA are widely used as markers for phylogenetic analyses and environmental sampling from a variety of organisms including fungi, plants, and animals. In theory, concerted evolution homogenizes multicopy genes so that little or no variation exists within populations or individuals. However, contrary to theory, ITS variation has been confirmed in populations and individuals from a diverse range of eukaryotes. The presence of intraspecific and intra-individual variation in multicopy genes has important implications for ecological and phylogenetic studies, yet relatively little is known about natural variation of these genes, particularly at the community level. In this study, we examined intraspecific and intra-Sporocarp ITS variation by DNA sequencing from Sporocarps and pooled roots from 68 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi collected at a single site in a Quercus woodland. We detected ITS variation in 27 species, roughly 40% of the taxa examined. Although intraspecific ITS variation was generally low (0.16–2.85%, mean = 0.74%), it was widespread within this fungal community. We detected ITS variation in both Sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal roots, and variation was present within species of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, two distantly related lineages within the Fungi. We discuss the implications of such widespread ITS variability with special reference to DNA-based environmental sampling from diverse fungal communities.
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ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric quercus woodland based on rdna sequence analysis of Sporocarps and pooled roots
New Phytologist, 2007Co-Authors: Matthew E Smith, Greg W Douhan, David M RizzoAbstract:Summary • Quercus woodlands are key components of California's wild landscapes, yet little is known about ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in these ecosystems. • We examined the EM community associated with Quercus douglasii using Sporocarp surveys and by pooling EM roots and subjecting them to DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening and DNA sequencing. • Ectomycorrhizal root symbionts were sampled four times in 2003–04. During this time, the below-ground community structure was relatively stable; we found no evidence of taxa adapted to winter or spring conditions and only one species varied widely in occurrence between years. • The EM community from Sporocarps and roots was diverse (161 species), rich in Ascomycota (46 species), and dominated by fungi with cryptic Sporocarps. This included a large number of resupinate and hypogeous taxa, many of which were detected both above- and below-ground.
David M Rizzo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intra-specific and intra-Sporocarp ITS variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi as assessed by rDNA sequencing of Sporocarps and pooled ectomycorrhizal roots from a Quercus woodland
Mycorrhiza, 2007Co-Authors: Matthew E Smith, Greg W Douhan, David M RizzoAbstract:The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA are widely used as markers for phylogenetic analyses and environmental sampling from a variety of organisms including fungi, plants, and animals. In theory, concerted evolution homogenizes multicopy genes so that little or no variation exists within populations or individuals. However, contrary to theory, ITS variation has been confirmed in populations and individuals from a diverse range of eukaryotes. The presence of intraspecific and intra-individual variation in multicopy genes has important implications for ecological and phylogenetic studies, yet relatively little is known about natural variation of these genes, particularly at the community level. In this study, we examined intraspecific and intra-Sporocarp ITS variation by DNA sequencing from Sporocarps and pooled roots from 68 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi collected at a single site in a Quercus woodland. We detected ITS variation in 27 species, roughly 40% of the taxa examined. Although intraspecific ITS variation was generally low (0.16–2.85%, mean = 0.74%), it was widespread within this fungal community. We detected ITS variation in both Sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal roots, and variation was present within species of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, two distantly related lineages within the Fungi. We discuss the implications of such widespread ITS variability with special reference to DNA-based environmental sampling from diverse fungal communities.
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ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric quercus woodland based on rdna sequence analysis of Sporocarps and pooled roots
New Phytologist, 2007Co-Authors: Matthew E Smith, Greg W Douhan, David M RizzoAbstract:Summary • Quercus woodlands are key components of California's wild landscapes, yet little is known about ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in these ecosystems. • We examined the EM community associated with Quercus douglasii using Sporocarp surveys and by pooling EM roots and subjecting them to DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening and DNA sequencing. • Ectomycorrhizal root symbionts were sampled four times in 2003–04. During this time, the below-ground community structure was relatively stable; we found no evidence of taxa adapted to winter or spring conditions and only one species varied widely in occurrence between years. • The EM community from Sporocarps and roots was diverse (161 species), rich in Ascomycota (46 species), and dominated by fungi with cryptic Sporocarps. This included a large number of resupinate and hypogeous taxa, many of which were detected both above- and below-ground.
Kazuyoshi Futai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genet distribution of Sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas of Suillus pictus in a Japanese white pine plantation
New Phytologist, 2004Co-Authors: Dai Hirose, Junichi Kikuchi, Natsumi Kanzaki, Kazuyoshi FutaiAbstract:Summary • Spatial distribution and biomass of genets of Sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas of Suillus pictus were studied in a plot of 20 × 24 m established in a Pinus pentaphylla var. himekomatsu plantation. • The biomass of S. pictus ectomycorrhizas was evaluated based on morphotypes, and genets were identified based on the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism analysis. • Suillus pictus was one of the dominant ectomycorrhizal fungal species in both the Sporocarp and ectomycorrhizal communities in the study plot. Four genets were identified from Sporocarps and these coincided with those identified from ectomycorrhizas. Sporocarps of each S. pictus genet occurred separately from those of other genets. Spatial distributions of ectomycorrhizas of each genet were wider than those of Sporocarps. The largest genet occupied c. 54% of the plot, and the area of each genet differed considerably. • Vegetative growth of mycelia is assumed to play a more important role in the propagation of S. pictus than colonization from spores because expansions of all the four genets ranged from 25 to 30 m and no small genets were found in this plot.
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spatial distribution of Sporocarps and the biomass of ectomycorrhizas of suillus pictus in a korean pine pinus koraiensis stand
Journal of Forest Research, 2003Co-Authors: Junichi Kikuchi, Kazuyoshi FutaiAbstract:Spatial distribution of Sporocarps of Suillus pictus A.H. Smith and Thiers was studied in a plot of 6 × 12 m in size established in a stand of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. in Kyoto, Japan for 4 years, and the biomass of mycorrhizas was examined in the last year. S. pictus was dominant in both Sporocarp and ectomycorrhizal community in the study plot. The number of S. pictus Sporocarps ranged from 0.94 to 1.26 m−2 (surface area) in the study plot and did not vary very much during the study period. Sporocarps of S. pictus occurred in clumps and the distributions of clumps were generally random. As the spots of Sporocarp occurrence changed gradually from year to year, the distributions of Sporocarps that occurred successively in 2-year periods overlapped, especially when analyzed in 9-m2 unit size using the m*–m method. Mycorrhizas of S. pictus were distributed in more subplots than its Sporocarps. Distribution of mycorrhizas and Sporocarps of S. pictus generally overlapped well. The biomass of mycorrhizas and mycelia in the mycorrhizas of S. pictus was estimated at 15.5 g DW m−2 and 6.2 g DW m−2 (surface area) in this plot, respectively. The biomass of mycorrhizas and mycelia in the mycorrhizas supporting the production of one Sporocarp (average dry weight was 0.86 g) of S. pictus was evaluated as about 16.4 and 7.3 g DW, respectively, in this plot.
Lumin Vaario - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of co colonising ectomycorrhizal fungi on mycorrhizal colonisation and Sporocarp formation in laccaria japonica colonising seedlings of pinus densiflora
Mycorrhiza, 2019Co-Authors: Shijie Zhang, Lumin Vaario, Yan Xia, Norihisa Matsushita, Qifang Geng, Momi Tsuruta, Hiroyuki Kurokochi, Chunlan LianAbstract:Forest trees are colonised by different species of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that interact competitively or mutualistically with one another. Most ECM fungi can produce Sporocarps. To date, the effects of co-colonising fungal species on Sporocarp formation in ECM fungi remain unknown. In this study, we examined host plant growth, mycorrhizal colonisation, and Sporocarp formation when roots of Pinus densiflora are colonised by Laccaria japonica and three other ECM fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum, Pisolithus sp., and Suillus luteus). Sporocarp numbers were recorded throughout the experimental period. The biomass, photosynthetic rate, and mycorrhizal colonisation rate of the seedlings were also measured at 45 days, 62 days, and 1 year after seedlings were transplanted. Results indicated that C. geophilum and S. luteus may negatively impact mycorrhizal colonisation and Sporocarp formation in L. japonica. Sporocarp formation in L. japonica was positively correlated with conspecific mycorrhizal colonisation but negatively correlated with the biomass of seedlings of P. densiflora. The co-occurring ECM fungi largely competed with L. japonica, resulting in various effects on mycorrhizal colonisation and Sporocarp formation in L. japonica. A variety of mechanisms may be involved in the competitive interactions among the different ECM fungal species, including abilities to more rapidly colonise root tips, acquire soil nutrients, or produce antibiotics. These mechanisms need to be confirmed in further studies.
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tricholoma matsutake may take more nitrogen in the organic form than other ectomycorrhizal fungi for its Sporocarp development the isotopic evidence
Mycorrhiza, 2019Co-Authors: Lumin Vaario, Maki Narimatsu, Mariko Norisada, Norihisa MatsushitaAbstract:Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus capable of in vitro saprotrophic growth, but the sources of C and N used to generate Sporocarps in vivo are not well understood. We examined natural abundance isotope data to investigate this phenomenon. For this purpose, C, N and their stable isotopes (13C, 15N) content of fungal Sporocarps and their potential nutrient sources (i.e., foliage, litter, fine roots, wood, and soil) were investigated from two well-studied sites in Finland and Japan. Our results show that δ13C values of T. matsutake and other fungal groups are consistent with those of most studies, but a very high δ15N value (16.8‰ ± 2.3) is observed in T. matsutake. Such isotopic pattern of fungal δ15N suggests that matsutake has a greater proteolytic potential to digest chemically complex 15N-enriched organic matter and hydrophobic hyphae. This assumption is further supported by a significant and positive correlation between δ13Ccap–stipe and δ15Ncap–stipe exclusively in T. matsutake, which suggests common C and N sources (protein) possible for isotopically enriched cap. The 13C increase of caps relative to stipe presumably reflects greater contents of 13C-enriched protein than 13C-depleted chitin. We conclude that T. matsutake is a typical ECM fungus which obtains for its Sporocarp development for both C and N from a common protein source (vs. photosynthetic carbon) present in soil organic matter.
