Vegetative Growth

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Frédéric Normand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Deciphering the Costs of Reproduction in Mango – Vegetative Growth Matters
    Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mathilde Capelli, Pierre-eric Lauri, Frédéric Normand
    Abstract:

    Irregular fruit production across successive years is a major issue that limits the profitability of most temperate and tropical fruit crops. It is particularly affected by the reciprocal relationships between Vegetative and reproductive Growth. The concept of the costs of reproduction is defined in terms of losses in the potential future reproductive success caused by current investment in reproduction. This concept, developed in ecology and evolutionary biology, could provide a methodological framework to analyze irregular bearing in fruit crops, especially in relation to the spatial scale at which studies are done. The objective of this study was to investigate the direct effects of reproduction during a growing cycle on reproduction during the following growing cycle and the indirect effects through Vegetative Growth between these two reproductive events, for four mango cultivars and during two growing cycles. Two spatial scales were considered: the Growth unit and the scaffold branch. Costs of reproduction were detected between two successive reproductive events and between reproduction and Vegetative Growth. These costs were scale-dependent, generally detected at the Growth unit scale and infrequently at the scaffold branch scale, suggesting partial branch autonomy with respect to processes underlying the effects of reproduction on Vegetative Growth. In contrast, the relationships between Vegetative Growth and reproduction were positive at the Growth unit scale and at the scaffold branch scale in most cases, suggesting branch autonomy for the processes, mainly local, underlying flowering and fruiting. The negative effect of reproduction on Vegetative Growth prevailed over the positive effect of Vegetative Growth on the subsequent reproductive cycle. The costs of reproduction were also cultivar-dependent. Those revealed at the Growth unit scale were related to the bearing behavior of each cultivar. Our results put forward the crucial role of Vegetative Growth occurring between two reproductive events. They are discussed in the context of irregular bearing considering both the spatial scale and the various bearing habits of the mango cultivars, in order to formulate new hypotheses about this issue.

  • Deciphering the Costs of Reproduction in Mango – Vegetative Growth Matters
    Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mathilde Capelli, Pierre-eric Lauri, Frédéric Normand
    Abstract:

    Irregular fruit production across successive years is a major issue that limits the profitability of most temperate and tropical fruit crops. It is particularly affected by the reciprocal relationships between Vegetative and reproductive Growth. The concept of the costs of reproduction is defined in terms of losses in the potential future reproductive success caused by current investment in reproduction. This concept, developed in ecology and evolutionary biology, could provide a methodological framework to analyze irregular bearing in fruit crops, especially in relation to the spatial scale at which studies are done. The objective of this study was to investigate the direct effects of reproduction during a growing cycle on reproduction during the following growing cycle and the indirect effects through Vegetative Growth between these two reproductive events, for four mango cultivars and during two growing cycles. Two spatial scales were considered: the Growth unit (GU) and the scaffold branch. Costs of reproduction were detected between two successive reproductive events and between reproduction and Vegetative Growth. These costs were scale-dependent, generally detected at the GU scale and infrequently at the scaffold branch scale, suggesting partial branch autonomy with respect to processes underlying the effects of reproduction on Vegetative Growth. In contrast, the relationships between Vegetative Growth and reproduction were positive at the GU scale and at the scaffold branch scale in most cases, suggesting branch autonomy for the processes, mainly local, underlying flowering and fruiting. The negative effect of reproduction on Vegetative Growth prevailed over the positive effect of Vegetative Growth on the subsequent reproduction. The costs of reproduction were also cultivar-dependent. Those revealed at the GU scale were related to the bearing behavior of each cultivar. Our results put forward the crucial role of Vegetative Growth occurring between two reproductive events. They are discussed in the context of irregular bearing considering both the spatial scale and the various bearing habits of the mango cultivars, in order to formulate new hypotheses about this issue.

  • Effects of Vegetative Growth on flowering and fruiting at the tree, scaffold branch and Growth unit scales. Implications for irregular bearing studies in mango
    2015
    Co-Authors: Mathilde Capelli, Pierre-eric Lauri, Frédéric Normand
    Abstract:

    The productivity of most of tropical and temperate perennial fruit crops, in particular the mango tree, is limited by irregular bearing. Studies on irregular bearing generally tackle the effects of fruit production in one year on flowering and fruiting in the following year, and do not consider Vegetative Growth between fruiting seasons. However, strong reciprocal relationships between Vegetative and reproductive Growth have been evidenced in some fruit species, suggesting they are involved in irregular bearing. Four mango cultivars with contrasted fruit bearing pattern were investigated, Cogshall, Kensington Pride, Irwin and Jose. We studied the relationships between Vegetative Growth and reproduction at the tree, scaffold branch and terminal Growth unit scales. Vegetative Growth was quantified at those scales by the number of new Growth units set up du ring the Vegetative Growth season preceding flowering . Reproduction was assessed at those scales by the rate of flowering and the rate of fruiting. The relationships obtained were mostly cultivar-dependent and the following results are general trends. At the Growth unit scale, we observed positive relationships between Vegetative Growth and flowering, but no relationship between Vegetative Growth and fruiting. At the scaffold branch scale, we observed few positive relationships between Vegetative Growth and flowering. At the tree scale, we observed negative relationships between Vegetative Growth and fruiting. Relationships between flowering and fruiting were weak or absent for the different scales and cultivars. The effects of Vegetative Growth on mango reproduction are discussed in light of these results. (Texte integral)

Mathilde Capelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Deciphering the Costs of Reproduction in Mango – Vegetative Growth Matters
    Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mathilde Capelli, Pierre-eric Lauri, Frédéric Normand
    Abstract:

    Irregular fruit production across successive years is a major issue that limits the profitability of most temperate and tropical fruit crops. It is particularly affected by the reciprocal relationships between Vegetative and reproductive Growth. The concept of the costs of reproduction is defined in terms of losses in the potential future reproductive success caused by current investment in reproduction. This concept, developed in ecology and evolutionary biology, could provide a methodological framework to analyze irregular bearing in fruit crops, especially in relation to the spatial scale at which studies are done. The objective of this study was to investigate the direct effects of reproduction during a growing cycle on reproduction during the following growing cycle and the indirect effects through Vegetative Growth between these two reproductive events, for four mango cultivars and during two growing cycles. Two spatial scales were considered: the Growth unit and the scaffold branch. Costs of reproduction were detected between two successive reproductive events and between reproduction and Vegetative Growth. These costs were scale-dependent, generally detected at the Growth unit scale and infrequently at the scaffold branch scale, suggesting partial branch autonomy with respect to processes underlying the effects of reproduction on Vegetative Growth. In contrast, the relationships between Vegetative Growth and reproduction were positive at the Growth unit scale and at the scaffold branch scale in most cases, suggesting branch autonomy for the processes, mainly local, underlying flowering and fruiting. The negative effect of reproduction on Vegetative Growth prevailed over the positive effect of Vegetative Growth on the subsequent reproductive cycle. The costs of reproduction were also cultivar-dependent. Those revealed at the Growth unit scale were related to the bearing behavior of each cultivar. Our results put forward the crucial role of Vegetative Growth occurring between two reproductive events. They are discussed in the context of irregular bearing considering both the spatial scale and the various bearing habits of the mango cultivars, in order to formulate new hypotheses about this issue.

  • Deciphering the Costs of Reproduction in Mango – Vegetative Growth Matters
    Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mathilde Capelli, Pierre-eric Lauri, Frédéric Normand
    Abstract:

    Irregular fruit production across successive years is a major issue that limits the profitability of most temperate and tropical fruit crops. It is particularly affected by the reciprocal relationships between Vegetative and reproductive Growth. The concept of the costs of reproduction is defined in terms of losses in the potential future reproductive success caused by current investment in reproduction. This concept, developed in ecology and evolutionary biology, could provide a methodological framework to analyze irregular bearing in fruit crops, especially in relation to the spatial scale at which studies are done. The objective of this study was to investigate the direct effects of reproduction during a growing cycle on reproduction during the following growing cycle and the indirect effects through Vegetative Growth between these two reproductive events, for four mango cultivars and during two growing cycles. Two spatial scales were considered: the Growth unit (GU) and the scaffold branch. Costs of reproduction were detected between two successive reproductive events and between reproduction and Vegetative Growth. These costs were scale-dependent, generally detected at the GU scale and infrequently at the scaffold branch scale, suggesting partial branch autonomy with respect to processes underlying the effects of reproduction on Vegetative Growth. In contrast, the relationships between Vegetative Growth and reproduction were positive at the GU scale and at the scaffold branch scale in most cases, suggesting branch autonomy for the processes, mainly local, underlying flowering and fruiting. The negative effect of reproduction on Vegetative Growth prevailed over the positive effect of Vegetative Growth on the subsequent reproduction. The costs of reproduction were also cultivar-dependent. Those revealed at the GU scale were related to the bearing behavior of each cultivar. Our results put forward the crucial role of Vegetative Growth occurring between two reproductive events. They are discussed in the context of irregular bearing considering both the spatial scale and the various bearing habits of the mango cultivars, in order to formulate new hypotheses about this issue.

  • Effects of Vegetative Growth on flowering and fruiting at the tree, scaffold branch and Growth unit scales. Implications for irregular bearing studies in mango
    2015
    Co-Authors: Mathilde Capelli, Pierre-eric Lauri, Frédéric Normand
    Abstract:

    The productivity of most of tropical and temperate perennial fruit crops, in particular the mango tree, is limited by irregular bearing. Studies on irregular bearing generally tackle the effects of fruit production in one year on flowering and fruiting in the following year, and do not consider Vegetative Growth between fruiting seasons. However, strong reciprocal relationships between Vegetative and reproductive Growth have been evidenced in some fruit species, suggesting they are involved in irregular bearing. Four mango cultivars with contrasted fruit bearing pattern were investigated, Cogshall, Kensington Pride, Irwin and Jose. We studied the relationships between Vegetative Growth and reproduction at the tree, scaffold branch and terminal Growth unit scales. Vegetative Growth was quantified at those scales by the number of new Growth units set up du ring the Vegetative Growth season preceding flowering . Reproduction was assessed at those scales by the rate of flowering and the rate of fruiting. The relationships obtained were mostly cultivar-dependent and the following results are general trends. At the Growth unit scale, we observed positive relationships between Vegetative Growth and flowering, but no relationship between Vegetative Growth and fruiting. At the scaffold branch scale, we observed few positive relationships between Vegetative Growth and flowering. At the tree scale, we observed negative relationships between Vegetative Growth and fruiting. Relationships between flowering and fruiting were weak or absent for the different scales and cultivars. The effects of Vegetative Growth on mango reproduction are discussed in light of these results. (Texte integral)

Majid R. Foolad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationship between Cold Tolerance during Seed Germination and Vegetative Growth in Tomato: Germplasm Evaluation
    Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2000
    Co-Authors: Majid R. Foolad, G.y. Lin
    Abstract:

    Cold tolerance (CT) of 31 tomato accessions (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions) representing six Lycopersicon L. sp. was evaluated during seed germination and Vegetative Growth. Seed germination was evaluated under temperature regimes of 11 ± 0.5 °C (cold stress) and 20 ± 0.5 °C (control) in petri plates containing 0.8% agar medium and maintained in darkness. Cold tolerance during seed germination was defined as the inverse of the ratio of germination time under cold stress to germination time under control conditions and referred to as germination tolerance index (TI G). Across accessions, TIG ranged from 0.15 to 0.48 indicating the presence of genotypic variation for CT during germination. Vegetative Growth was evaluated in Growth chambers with 12 h days/12 h nights of 12/5 °C (cold stress) and 25/18 °C (control) with a 12 h photoperiod of 350 mmol.m -2 .s -1 (photosynthetic photon flux). Cold tolerance during Vegetative Growth was defined as the ratio of shoot dry weight (DW) under cold stress (DW S) to shoot DW under control (DWC) conditions and referred to as Vegetative Growth tolerance index (TI VG). Across accessions, TI VG ranged from 0.12 to 0.39 indicating the presence of genotypic variation for CT during Vegetative Growth. Cold tolerance during Vegetative Growth was independent of plant vigor, as judged by the absence of a significant correlation ( r = 0.14, P > 0.05) between TIVG and DWC. Furthermore, CT during Vegetative Growth was independent of CT during seed germination, as judged by the absence of a significant rank correlation (rR = 0.14, P > 0.05) between TIVG and TIG. A few accessions, however, were identified with CT during both seed germination and Vegetative Growth. Results indicate that for CT breeding in tomato, each stage of plant development may have to be evaluated and selected for separately.

  • Comparison of salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth in tomato by QTL mapping
    Genome, 1999
    Co-Authors: Majid R. Foolad
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic relationship between salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth in tomato by comparing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which confer salt tolerance at these two developmental stages. A salt-sensitive Lycopersicon esculentumline (NC84173; maternal and recurrent parent) was hybridized with a salt-tolerant accession (LA722) of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, and BC1 and BC1S1 populations were developed. The BC1 population was used for RFLP mapping and the BC1S1 population for evaluation of salt tolerance during germination and Vegetative Growth. The results indicated the presence of a small but significant correlation (r = -0.22, p < 0.05) between rate of seed germination and the percentage of plant survival under salt stress. Seven and five QTLs were identified for salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth, respectively. While in most cases the location of QTLs for germination was different from that for Vegetative Growth, there were some coincidences in QTL locations; this was consistent with the small phenotypic correlation observed between the two traits. The overall results indicated that, in these tomato genetic materials, salt tolerance during seed germination was independent of that during Vegetative Growth. However, simultaneous improvement of tolerance at the two developmental stages should be possible through marker-assisted selection and breeding.

  • Absence of a genetic relationship between salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth in tomato
    Plant Breeding, 1997
    Co-Authors: Majid R. Foolad, G.y. Lin
    Abstract:

    Two approaches were used to determine the relationship between salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth in tomato. First, F 4 progeny families of a cross between a breeding line, 'UCT5' (salt sensitive at all developmental stages), and a primitive cultivar, 'PI174263' (salt tolerant during germination and Vegetative Growth), were evaluated in separate experiments for salt tolerance during germination and Vegetative Growth. There were significant differences among the F4 families in both the rate of seed germination and the plant Growth (dry matter production) under salt stress. There was, however, no significant correlation between the ability of seeds to germinate rapidly and the ability of plants to grow under salt stress. In the second approach, selection was made for rapid germination under salt stress in an F2 population of the same cross and the selected progeny was evaluated for salt tolerance during both germination and Vegetative Growth. The results indicated that selection for salt tolerance during germination significantly improved germination performance under salt stress; a realized heritability estimate of 0.73 was obtained. Selection for salt tolerance during germination, however, did not affect plant salt tolerance during Vegetative Growth; there was no significant difference between the selected and unselected progeny based on either absolute or relative Growth under salt stress. Obviously, in these genetic materials, salt tolerance during germination and Vegetative Growth are controlled by different mechanisms. Thus, to develop tomato cultivars with improved salt tolerance, selection protocols that include all critical developmental stages would be desirable.

G.y. Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationship between Cold Tolerance during Seed Germination and Vegetative Growth in Tomato: Germplasm Evaluation
    Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2000
    Co-Authors: Majid R. Foolad, G.y. Lin
    Abstract:

    Cold tolerance (CT) of 31 tomato accessions (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions) representing six Lycopersicon L. sp. was evaluated during seed germination and Vegetative Growth. Seed germination was evaluated under temperature regimes of 11 ± 0.5 °C (cold stress) and 20 ± 0.5 °C (control) in petri plates containing 0.8% agar medium and maintained in darkness. Cold tolerance during seed germination was defined as the inverse of the ratio of germination time under cold stress to germination time under control conditions and referred to as germination tolerance index (TI G). Across accessions, TIG ranged from 0.15 to 0.48 indicating the presence of genotypic variation for CT during germination. Vegetative Growth was evaluated in Growth chambers with 12 h days/12 h nights of 12/5 °C (cold stress) and 25/18 °C (control) with a 12 h photoperiod of 350 mmol.m -2 .s -1 (photosynthetic photon flux). Cold tolerance during Vegetative Growth was defined as the ratio of shoot dry weight (DW) under cold stress (DW S) to shoot DW under control (DWC) conditions and referred to as Vegetative Growth tolerance index (TI VG). Across accessions, TI VG ranged from 0.12 to 0.39 indicating the presence of genotypic variation for CT during Vegetative Growth. Cold tolerance during Vegetative Growth was independent of plant vigor, as judged by the absence of a significant correlation ( r = 0.14, P > 0.05) between TIVG and DWC. Furthermore, CT during Vegetative Growth was independent of CT during seed germination, as judged by the absence of a significant rank correlation (rR = 0.14, P > 0.05) between TIVG and TIG. A few accessions, however, were identified with CT during both seed germination and Vegetative Growth. Results indicate that for CT breeding in tomato, each stage of plant development may have to be evaluated and selected for separately.

  • Absence of a genetic relationship between salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth in tomato
    Plant Breeding, 1997
    Co-Authors: Majid R. Foolad, G.y. Lin
    Abstract:

    Two approaches were used to determine the relationship between salt tolerance during seed germination and Vegetative Growth in tomato. First, F 4 progeny families of a cross between a breeding line, 'UCT5' (salt sensitive at all developmental stages), and a primitive cultivar, 'PI174263' (salt tolerant during germination and Vegetative Growth), were evaluated in separate experiments for salt tolerance during germination and Vegetative Growth. There were significant differences among the F4 families in both the rate of seed germination and the plant Growth (dry matter production) under salt stress. There was, however, no significant correlation between the ability of seeds to germinate rapidly and the ability of plants to grow under salt stress. In the second approach, selection was made for rapid germination under salt stress in an F2 population of the same cross and the selected progeny was evaluated for salt tolerance during both germination and Vegetative Growth. The results indicated that selection for salt tolerance during germination significantly improved germination performance under salt stress; a realized heritability estimate of 0.73 was obtained. Selection for salt tolerance during germination, however, did not affect plant salt tolerance during Vegetative Growth; there was no significant difference between the selected and unselected progeny based on either absolute or relative Growth under salt stress. Obviously, in these genetic materials, salt tolerance during germination and Vegetative Growth are controlled by different mechanisms. Thus, to develop tomato cultivars with improved salt tolerance, selection protocols that include all critical developmental stages would be desirable.

Olaf Schneewind - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • bacillus anthracis lcp genes support Vegetative Growth envelope assembly and spore formation
    Journal of Bacteriology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Megan Liszewski Zilla, Mark J Lunderberg, Olaf Schneewind, Dominique Missiakas
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen, replicates as chains of Vegetative cells by regulating the separation of septal peptidoglycan. Surface (S)-layer proteins and B. anthracis S-layer-associated proteins (BSLs) function as chain length determinants and are assembled in the envelope by binding to the secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP). B. anthracis expresses six different genes encoding LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) enzymes (lcpB1 to -4, lcpC, and lcpD), which when expressed in Staphylococcus aureus promote attachment of wall teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. Mutations in B. anthracislcpB3 and lcpD cause aberrations in cell size and chain length that can be explained as discrete defects in SCWP assembly; however, the function of the other lcp genes is not known. By deleting combinations of lcp genes from the B. anthracis genome, we generated variants with single lcp genes. B. anthracis expressing lcpB3 alone displayed physiological cell size, Vegetative Growth, spore formation, and S-layer assembly. Strains expressing lcpB1 or lcpB4 displayed defects in cell size and shape, S-layer assembly, and spore formation yet sustained Vegetative Growth. In contrast, the lcpB2 strain was unable to grow unless the gene was expressed from a multicopy plasmid (lcpB2++), and variants expressing lcpC or lcpD displayed severe defects in Growth and cell shape. The lcpB2++, lcpC, or lcpD strains supported neither S-layer assembly nor spore formation. We propose a model whereby LCP enzymes fulfill partially overlapping functions in transferring SCWP molecules to discrete sites within the bacterial envelope. IMPORTANCE Products of genes essential for bacterial envelope assembly represent targets for antibiotic development. The LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) enzymes tether bactoprenol-linked intermediates of secondary cell wall polymers to the C6 hydroxyl of N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan; however, the role of LCPs as a target for antibiotic therapy is not defined. We show here that LCP enzymes are essential for the cell cycle, Vegetative Growth, and spore formation of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease. Furthermore, we assign functions for each of the six LCP enzymes, including cell size and shape, Vegetative Growth and sporulation, and S-layer and S-layer-associated protein assembly.

  • bacillus anthracis tago is required for Vegetative Growth and secondary cell wall polysaccharide synthesis
    Journal of Bacteriology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Megan Liszewski Zilla, Mark J Lunderberg, Olaf Schneewind, Dominique Missiakas
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis elaborates a linear secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) that retains surface (S)-layer and associated proteins via their S-layer homology (SLH) domains. The SCWP is comprised of trisaccharide repeats [→4)-β-ManNAc-(1→4)-β-GlcNAc-(1→6)-α-GlcNAc-(1→] and tethered via acid-labile phosphodiester bonds to peptidoglycan. Earlier work identified UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerases GneY (BAS5048) and GneZ (BAS5117), which act as catalysts of ManNAc synthesis, as well as a polysaccharide deacetylase (BAS5051), as factors contributing to SCWP synthesis. Here, we show that tagO (BAS5050), which encodes a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:undecaprenyl-P N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-P transferase, the enzyme that initiates the synthesis of murein linkage units, is required for B. anthracis SCWP synthesis and S-layer assembly. Similar to gneY-gneZ mutants, B. anthracis strains lacking tagO cannot maintain cell shape or support Vegetative Growth. In contrast, mutations in BAS5051 do not affect B. anthracis cell shape, Vegetative Growth, SCWP synthesis, or S-layer assembly. These data suggest that TagO-mediated murein linkage unit assembly supports SCWP synthesis and attachment to the peptidoglycan via acid-labile phosphodiester bonds. Further, B. anthracis variants unable to synthesize SCWP trisaccharide repeats cannot sustain cell shape and Vegetative Growth. IMPORTANCEBacillus anthracis elaborates an SCWP to support Vegetative Growth and envelope assembly. Here, we show that some, but not all, SCWP synthesis is dependent on tagO-derived murein linkage units and subsequent attachment of SCWP to peptidoglycan. The data implicate secondary polymer modifications of peptidoglycan and subcellular distributions as a key feature of the cell cycle in Gram-positive bacteria and establish foundations for work on the molecular functions of the SCWP and on inhibitors with antibiotic attributes.