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Anibal Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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updating numerical models of Masonry arch bridges by operational modal analysis
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2015Co-Authors: Cristina Costa, Antonio Arede, Anibal Costa, E Caetano, A Cunha, Filipe MagalhaesAbstract:This article aims at presenting and discussing the strategies for updating the finite element numerical modeling of Stone Masonry arch bridges using operational modal analysis. The study comprehended three bridges: two old ones, the St. Lazaro and the Lagoncinha bridges, and a recently constructed bridge in Vila Fria, Portugal. Updating of the bridge models is performed by comparing the numerical and experimental modal parameters. Three-dimensional detailed numerical models are used to perform modal analysis of the bridges. Experimental modal identification of the bridges is based on the measurement of their acceleration responses during normal operation. The assigned material properties are also based on available results obtained from in situ and laboratory tests and on the results of visual inspection and historical research carried out for both old bridges.
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Experimental characterization of the out-of-plane performance of regular Stone Masonry walls, including test setups and axial load influence
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Tiago Miguel Ferreira, Antonio Arede, Alexandre A Costa, Ana Gomes, Anibal CostaAbstract:Stone Masonry is one of the oldest and most worldwide used building techniques. Nevertheless, the structural response of Masonry structures is complex and the effective knowledge about their mechanical behaviour is still limited. This fact is particularly notorious when dealing with the description of their out-of-plane behaviour under horizontal loadings, as is the case of the earthquake action. In this context, this paper describes an experimental program, conducted in laboratory environment, aiming at characterizing the out-of-plane behaviour of traditional unreinforced Stone Masonry walls. In the scope of this campaign, six full-scale sacco Stone Masonry specimens were fully characterised regarding their most important mechanic, geometric and dynamic features and were tested resorting to two different loading techniques under three distinct vertical pre-compression states; three of the specimens were subjected to an out-of-plane surface load by means of a system of airbags and the remaining were subjected to an out-of-plane horizontal line-load at the top. From the experiments it was possible to observe that both test setups were able to globally mobilize the out-of-plane response of the walls, which presented substantial displacement capacity, with ratios of ultimate displacement to the wall thickness ranging between 26 and 45 %, as well as good energy dissipation capacity. Finally, very interesting results were also obtained from a simple analytical model used herein to compute a set of experimental-based ratios, namely between the maximum stability displacement and the wall thickness for which a mean value of about 60 % was found.
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free rocking response of a regular Stone Masonry wall with equivalent block approach experimental and analytical evaluation
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandre A Costa, Antonio Arede, Andrea Penna, Anibal CostaAbstract:SUMMARY The evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of rocking elements is directly correlated to the energy dissipated because of the impacts at the base interface, which can be represented by means of a coefficient of restitution. This schematization is commonly accepted as representative of the out-of-plane response of Stone Masonry walls. An experimental campaign (in a lab environment) aiming at assessing the value of this coefficient for a sacco granite Masonry wall is presented in this work. The rocking motion at a predefined bed joint level was induced in the tested specimens in order to validate a novel test setup designed to assess the coefficient of restitution value by means of a realistic reproduction of the rocking behaviour of a single element, under the hypothesis of an infinitely stiff system above the bed joint level. As the main objective of the work was to assess the rocking behaviour of a Masonry wall that looses energy at the impacts at a certain joint level, the flexural behaviour was not desirable and had to be avoided. For this purpose, a test setup based on the equivalent block approach was developed. In the final section of this work, comparisons between experimental and numerical results are presented together with some preliminary conclusions on the appropriate modelling strategy and the values of the coefficient of restitution to be used for the seismic assessment of the out-of-plane rocking behaviour of this type of sacco Stone Masonry walls. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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physical characterization and compression tests of one leaf Stone Masonry walls
Construction and Building Materials, 2012Co-Authors: Celeste Almeida, Antonio Arede, J Paulo P Guedes, C Q Costa, Anibal CostaAbstract:Abstract Most of the ordinary buildings of Porto, Portugal, build up to early 20th century are made of one-leaf granite walls with large Stone blocks. The influence of Stones’ shape, internal voids and mortar on the mechanical characteristics has been studied. Aiming at assessing the behavior of these structures, a number of wall panels retrieved from a building were tested in laboratory. Compression tests were performed to evaluate the wall response, both in original state and after injection with lime mortar. The results show a relatively low stiffness, which increased about three times after injection.
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structural design modelling material testing and construction of a new Stone Masonry arch bridge in vila fria portugal
2007Co-Authors: Cristina Costa, Antonio Arede, Pedro Miguel Costa, Anibal CostaAbstract:This paper presents the main activities involved in the construction of a new Stone Masonry arch bridge, the Vila Fria Bridge located in the north of Portugal, as part of a wider multidisciplinary project. The paper briefly describes the main aspects related to the design, construction, the characterization of the adopted materials and the numerical simulations to support the undertaken choices from the construction to the beginning of the bridge service conditions. 562 ARCH’07 – 5th International Conference on Arch Bridges
Antonio Arede - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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experimental characterization of the mechanical behaviour of components and materials of Stone Masonry railway bridges
Construction and Building Materials, 2017Co-Authors: Antonio Arede, Ruben Silva, Cristina Costa, Antonio Topa Gomes, Jose Eduardo Menezes, Maria Jose Cruz Morais, Rui GoncalvesAbstract:Abstract This article focuses on the experimental characterization of constituent materials of Stone Masonry railway bridges. The study refers to two railway bridges, an overpass in Durraes (near Barcelos, Portugal) and a culvert in Sao Pedro da Torre (next to the north border Portugal-Spain), both included in the Portuguese railway network. The experimental campaign comprised core sampling and in situ tests using several techniques, namely Dynamic Probing Super Heavy (DPSH), georadar, Menard pressuremeter (PMT) and flat-jacks, as well as lab tests on constituent materials’ samples taken from the studied bridges. The main objective of this work is therefore to use these experimental results for calibrating numerical models for structural behaviour simulation of the two bridge cases.
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advances on the use of non destructive techniques for mechanical characterization of Stone Masonry gpr and sonic tests
Procedia structural integrity, 2017Co-Authors: Rachel Martini, Antonio Arede, Jorge Carvalho, Nuno Barraca, Humberto VarumAbstract:Abstract The main aim of the present work is to use NDT (non-destructive test) for characterization of Stone Masonry and obtaining information regarding the related mechanical parameters. Due to historical and cultural value that historic buildings embody the maintenance and rehabilitation work is important to preserve the appreciation of history. The preservation of buildings classified as historic and cultural heritage is of social interest, as they marked the history of society. Considering the object of research as a historic building, it is not recommended to use destructive investigative techniques. This paper focuses on the application of geophysical methods, namely Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and sonic tests for civil engineering purposes as NDT research options. The GPR comprises a generator of electromagnetic pulses, transmitting and receiving antennae and a control unit with signal displaying and recording facilities. The sonic tests are performed with an instrumented hammer and accelerometers for body and surface waves reception, namely, P, S and R. This work allowed understanding the behavior of two-leaf Stone Masonry walls by relating the NDT parameters with mechanical properties. To assist this analysis, the compression test results will be used. Simultaneously to the application of NDT's were carried on destructive tests on the Stone Masonry, like compression tests, to obtain compressive strength, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. These data will be correlated with the NDTs’ results. The use of other techniques in line with the GPR method is widely used in order to address limitations of the GPR. The GPR presented radargrams suitable for the structural constitutive type of the walls and the zones identified with the presence of more resistant structural elements validate the results obtained by the sonic tests. With the sonic test results it is possible to calculate values of Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus and shear modulus, to characterize the material. For sonic tests, the highest velocity points are in the header block, from the direct configuration test. The sonic test resulted in characteristic values of propagation velocities of the sonic waves in the analyzed walls, with these results obtained values of Young's modulus that supported the mechanical tests. In this way, it is highlighted that the synergy of the tests provides more coherent results for future correlations with the mechanical data. Both NDTs used presented coherent and related results, one technique corroborating the results of the others. The correlation between mechanical parameters and NDTs’ results will be investigated resorting to artificial neural networks’ techniques (ANN), which is the next step of this work.
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calibration of the numerical model of a Stone Masonry railway bridge based on experimentally identified modal parameters
Engineering Structures, 2016Co-Authors: Cristina Costa, Ruben Silva, Antonio Arede, Diogo Ribeiro, P A S Jorge, Rui CalcadaAbstract:This paper focuses on the calibration of a numerical model of a Stone Masonry arch railway bridge using dynamic modal parameters estimated from an ambient vibration test. The developed 3D numerical model is based on the finite element method, featuring a realistic representation of the bridge structural components and materials. The calibration methodology relied on a genetic algorithm strategy which allowed estimating and updating numerical model parameters, particularly the elastic properties of materials. The validation of the updated bridge material properties’ parameters was based on the results of material testing, on existing bridge design data and on observations resulting from in situ visual inspections.
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updating numerical models of Masonry arch bridges by operational modal analysis
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2015Co-Authors: Cristina Costa, Antonio Arede, Anibal Costa, E Caetano, A Cunha, Filipe MagalhaesAbstract:This article aims at presenting and discussing the strategies for updating the finite element numerical modeling of Stone Masonry arch bridges using operational modal analysis. The study comprehended three bridges: two old ones, the St. Lazaro and the Lagoncinha bridges, and a recently constructed bridge in Vila Fria, Portugal. Updating of the bridge models is performed by comparing the numerical and experimental modal parameters. Three-dimensional detailed numerical models are used to perform modal analysis of the bridges. Experimental modal identification of the bridges is based on the measurement of their acceleration responses during normal operation. The assigned material properties are also based on available results obtained from in situ and laboratory tests and on the results of visual inspection and historical research carried out for both old bridges.
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Experimental characterization of the out-of-plane performance of regular Stone Masonry walls, including test setups and axial load influence
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Tiago Miguel Ferreira, Antonio Arede, Alexandre A Costa, Ana Gomes, Anibal CostaAbstract:Stone Masonry is one of the oldest and most worldwide used building techniques. Nevertheless, the structural response of Masonry structures is complex and the effective knowledge about their mechanical behaviour is still limited. This fact is particularly notorious when dealing with the description of their out-of-plane behaviour under horizontal loadings, as is the case of the earthquake action. In this context, this paper describes an experimental program, conducted in laboratory environment, aiming at characterizing the out-of-plane behaviour of traditional unreinforced Stone Masonry walls. In the scope of this campaign, six full-scale sacco Stone Masonry specimens were fully characterised regarding their most important mechanic, geometric and dynamic features and were tested resorting to two different loading techniques under three distinct vertical pre-compression states; three of the specimens were subjected to an out-of-plane surface load by means of a system of airbags and the remaining were subjected to an out-of-plane horizontal line-load at the top. From the experiments it was possible to observe that both test setups were able to globally mobilize the out-of-plane response of the walls, which presented substantial displacement capacity, with ratios of ultimate displacement to the wall thickness ranging between 26 and 45 %, as well as good energy dissipation capacity. Finally, very interesting results were also obtained from a simple analytical model used herein to compute a set of experimental-based ratios, namely between the maximum stability displacement and the wall thickness for which a mean value of about 60 % was found.
Katrin Beyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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quasi static shear compression tests on Stone Masonry walls with plaster influence of load history and axial load ratio
Engineering Structures, 2019Co-Authors: Michele Godio, Shenghan Zhang, Francesco Vanin, Katrin BeyerAbstract:Abstract This paper describes quasi-static cyclic shear-compression tests on six plastered single-leaf Stone Masonry walls. Of the six walls, four are tested under different axial load ratios, performing a cyclic load history with two cycles per increasing drift demand. Three are tested under the same axial load ratio but are subjected to different load histories, namely, one monotonic loading, one cyclic loading with two cycles per drift level and one cyclic loading with one hundred cycles per drift level. Stiffness, force capacity and drift measures corresponding to six different limit states of the walls are extracted from each test and the effect of the axial load ratio and of the load history on these parameters is investigated. Changing the axial load ratio on the tested walls confirms findings from previous studies, according to which, with increasing axial load the wall stiffness and the force capacity increase while the ultimate drift decreases. Varying the number of cycles in the applied load history brings new findings, showing that all the drift measures of the walls, especially those corresponding to limit states attained in the post-peak regime, are very sensitive to the number of cycles applied while the stiffness and the force capacity are not. These trends are shown in the paper and compared against code and literature provisions for in-plane loaded walls. One face of each wall is plastered and the damage of the plaster is compared to the damage of the Stone and mortar. This information is required when assessing the non-structural damage of the walls.
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shake table test of a strengthened Stone Masonry building aggregate with flexible diaphragms
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019Co-Authors: Gabriele Guerrini, Ilaria E. Senaldi, Francesco Graziotti, Guido Magenes, Katrin Beyer, Andrea PennaAbstract:A unidirectional shake-table test was performed on the half-scale prototype of a natural Stone Masonry building aggregate, to investigate the seismic performance of this type of historical construc...
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Experimental seismic performance of a half-scale Stone Masonry building aggregate
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Ilaria E. Senaldi, Gabriele Guerrini, Paolo Comini, Francesco Graziotti, Andrea Penna, Katrin Beyer, Guido MagenesAbstract:This paper focuses on the unidirectional dynamic shake-table test performed on a prototype of a natural Stone Masonry building aggregate. The half-scale prototype was designed to reproduce the features of existing unreinforced Stone Masonry building aggregates, typical of the historical centres in many European cities, including the city of Basel, Switzerland. The three-storey-high aggregate prototype consisted of two weakly connected structural units, with double-leaf undressed Stone Masonry walls incorporating a limited percentage of river pebbles. The specimen included flexible timber floor diaphragms and side-gabled timber roofs with different heights above the two units. Scaling the material mechanical properties of the specimen was necessary to satisfy similitude relationships without altering accelerations and material densities. An incremental, unidirectional dynamic test was performed up to near-collapse conditions of the prototype, using input ground motions selected to be compatible with realistic seismic scenarios for the region of Basel. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of the specimen and illustrates the evolution of its dynamic response and damage mechanisms.
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Estimates for the stiffness, strength and drift capacity of Stone Masonry walls based on 123 quasi-static cyclic tests reported in the literature
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Francesco Vanin, Andrea Penna, Dario Zaganelli, Katrin BeyerAbstract:This paper summarises 123 existing quasi-static shear–compression tests on Stone Masonry walls and evaluates the results to provide the input required for the displacement-based assessment of Stone Masonry buildings. Based on the collected data, existing criteria for estimating lateral strength and stiffness of Stone Masonry walls are reviewed and improvements proposed. The drift capacity of Stone Masonry walls is evaluated at six different limit states that characterise the response from the onset of cracking to the collapse of the wall. To provide input data for probabilistic assessments of Stone Masonry buildings, not only median values but also the corresponding coefficients of variation are determined. In addition, analytical expressions that estimate the ultimate drift capacity either as a function of Masonry typology and failure mode or as a function of Masonry typology, shear span and axial load ratio are proposed. The paper provides also estimates of the uncertainty related to the natural variability of Stone Masonry by analysing repeated tests and investigates the effect of mortar injections and the effect of the loading history (monotonic vs cyclic) on stiffness, strength and drift capacities. The data set is made publicly available.
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micro mechanical finite element modeling of diagonal compression test for historical Stone Masonry structure
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2017Co-Authors: Shenghan Zhang, Seyedeh Mohadeseh Taheri Mousavi, Nicolas Richart, Jeanfrancois Molinari, Katrin BeyerAbstract:Simulating the force-deformation behavior of Stone Masonry is a challenging issue. This paper contributes to this topic by developing a detailed micro-modeling method using extrinsic cohesive elements. To consider contact and friction, a new node-to-node algorithm is implemented in a finite element library with a parallel framework, which allows for high performance computing. To illustrate the application of this model, we calibrate our model with a diagonal compression test of Stone Masonry panel. To highlight the capabilities of the modeling approach, a series of parametric studies are conducted, which illustrate the influence of mortar-interface strength ratio and the spatial variation of material properties on the force-deformation response and the failure mechanism. The challenges related with the proposed framework, i.e., suitable calibration of the material parameters and direct comparison with experiments, are also pointed out.
Andrea Penna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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shake table test of a strengthened Stone Masonry building aggregate with flexible diaphragms
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019Co-Authors: Gabriele Guerrini, Ilaria E. Senaldi, Francesco Graziotti, Guido Magenes, Katrin Beyer, Andrea PennaAbstract:A unidirectional shake-table test was performed on the half-scale prototype of a natural Stone Masonry building aggregate, to investigate the seismic performance of this type of historical construc...
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Experimental seismic performance of a half-scale Stone Masonry building aggregate
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Ilaria E. Senaldi, Gabriele Guerrini, Paolo Comini, Francesco Graziotti, Andrea Penna, Katrin Beyer, Guido MagenesAbstract:This paper focuses on the unidirectional dynamic shake-table test performed on a prototype of a natural Stone Masonry building aggregate. The half-scale prototype was designed to reproduce the features of existing unreinforced Stone Masonry building aggregates, typical of the historical centres in many European cities, including the city of Basel, Switzerland. The three-storey-high aggregate prototype consisted of two weakly connected structural units, with double-leaf undressed Stone Masonry walls incorporating a limited percentage of river pebbles. The specimen included flexible timber floor diaphragms and side-gabled timber roofs with different heights above the two units. Scaling the material mechanical properties of the specimen was necessary to satisfy similitude relationships without altering accelerations and material densities. An incremental, unidirectional dynamic test was performed up to near-collapse conditions of the prototype, using input ground motions selected to be compatible with realistic seismic scenarios for the region of Basel. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of the specimen and illustrates the evolution of its dynamic response and damage mechanisms.
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Estimates for the stiffness, strength and drift capacity of Stone Masonry walls based on 123 quasi-static cyclic tests reported in the literature
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Francesco Vanin, Andrea Penna, Dario Zaganelli, Katrin BeyerAbstract:This paper summarises 123 existing quasi-static shear–compression tests on Stone Masonry walls and evaluates the results to provide the input required for the displacement-based assessment of Stone Masonry buildings. Based on the collected data, existing criteria for estimating lateral strength and stiffness of Stone Masonry walls are reviewed and improvements proposed. The drift capacity of Stone Masonry walls is evaluated at six different limit states that characterise the response from the onset of cracking to the collapse of the wall. To provide input data for probabilistic assessments of Stone Masonry buildings, not only median values but also the corresponding coefficients of variation are determined. In addition, analytical expressions that estimate the ultimate drift capacity either as a function of Masonry typology and failure mode or as a function of Masonry typology, shear span and axial load ratio are proposed. The paper provides also estimates of the uncertainty related to the natural variability of Stone Masonry by analysing repeated tests and investigates the effect of mortar injections and the effect of the loading history (monotonic vs cyclic) on stiffness, strength and drift capacities. The data set is made publicly available.
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shaking table test of a strengthened full scale Stone Masonry building with flexible diaphragms
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2014Co-Authors: Guido Magenes, Ilaria E. Senaldi, Andrea Penna, Maria Rota, Alessandro GalascoAbstract:An extensive experimental campaign has been conducted at EUCENTRE to understand the dynamic behavior of historic Stone Masonry structures and evaluate the seismic performance of selected strengthening strategies, aimed at improving wall-to-floor connections and in-plane diaphragm stiffness. Shaking table tests were performed of full-scale two-storey buildings in undressed double-leaf Stone Masonry with timber floor and roof. A first prototype (Building 1), representing a vulnerable building without antiseismic detailing and devices, was tested showing a response characterized by in-plane distortion of the flexible diaphragms and local out-of-plane failure mechanisms. In Building 2 the wall-to-diaphragm connections were improved, providing only a moderate in-plane stiffening of the wooden diaphragms. When subjected to shake-table testing, the strengthened building showed a global type of structural response without the occurrence of out-of-plane mechanisms. In the present paper the strengthening interventi...
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free rocking response of a regular Stone Masonry wall with equivalent block approach experimental and analytical evaluation
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandre A Costa, Antonio Arede, Andrea Penna, Anibal CostaAbstract:SUMMARY The evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of rocking elements is directly correlated to the energy dissipated because of the impacts at the base interface, which can be represented by means of a coefficient of restitution. This schematization is commonly accepted as representative of the out-of-plane response of Stone Masonry walls. An experimental campaign (in a lab environment) aiming at assessing the value of this coefficient for a sacco granite Masonry wall is presented in this work. The rocking motion at a predefined bed joint level was induced in the tested specimens in order to validate a novel test setup designed to assess the coefficient of restitution value by means of a realistic reproduction of the rocking behaviour of a single element, under the hypothesis of an infinitely stiff system above the bed joint level. As the main objective of the work was to assess the rocking behaviour of a Masonry wall that looses energy at the impacts at a certain joint level, the flexural behaviour was not desirable and had to be avoided. For this purpose, a test setup based on the equivalent block approach was developed. In the final section of this work, comparisons between experimental and numerical results are presented together with some preliminary conclusions on the appropriate modelling strategy and the values of the coefficient of restitution to be used for the seismic assessment of the out-of-plane rocking behaviour of this type of sacco Stone Masonry walls. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guido Magenes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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shake table test of a strengthened Stone Masonry building aggregate with flexible diaphragms
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019Co-Authors: Gabriele Guerrini, Ilaria E. Senaldi, Francesco Graziotti, Guido Magenes, Katrin Beyer, Andrea PennaAbstract:A unidirectional shake-table test was performed on the half-scale prototype of a natural Stone Masonry building aggregate, to investigate the seismic performance of this type of historical construc...
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Experimental seismic performance of a half-scale Stone Masonry building aggregate
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Ilaria E. Senaldi, Gabriele Guerrini, Paolo Comini, Francesco Graziotti, Andrea Penna, Katrin Beyer, Guido MagenesAbstract:This paper focuses on the unidirectional dynamic shake-table test performed on a prototype of a natural Stone Masonry building aggregate. The half-scale prototype was designed to reproduce the features of existing unreinforced Stone Masonry building aggregates, typical of the historical centres in many European cities, including the city of Basel, Switzerland. The three-storey-high aggregate prototype consisted of two weakly connected structural units, with double-leaf undressed Stone Masonry walls incorporating a limited percentage of river pebbles. The specimen included flexible timber floor diaphragms and side-gabled timber roofs with different heights above the two units. Scaling the material mechanical properties of the specimen was necessary to satisfy similitude relationships without altering accelerations and material densities. An incremental, unidirectional dynamic test was performed up to near-collapse conditions of the prototype, using input ground motions selected to be compatible with realistic seismic scenarios for the region of Basel. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of the specimen and illustrates the evolution of its dynamic response and damage mechanisms.
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damage assessment of unreinforced Stone Masonry buildings after the 2010 2011 canterbury earthquakes
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2015Co-Authors: Ilaria E. Senaldi, Guido Magenes, Jason InghamAbstract:The sequence of earthquakes that has affected Christchurch and Canterbury since September 2010 has caused damage to a great number of buildings of all construction types. Following post-event damage surveys performed between April 2011 and June 2011, an inventory of the Stone Masonry buildings in Christchurch and surrounding areas was carried out in order to assemble a database containing the characteristic features of the building stock, as a basis for studying the vulnerability factors that might have influenced the seismic performance of the Stone Masonry building stock during the Canterbury earthquake sequence. The damage suffered by unreinforced Stone Masonry buildings is reported and different types of observed failures are described using a specific survey procedure currently in use in Italy. The observed performance of seismic retrofit interventions applied to Stone Masonry buildings is also described, as an understanding of the seismic response of these interventions is of fundamental importance ...
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shaking table test of a strengthened full scale Stone Masonry building with flexible diaphragms
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2014Co-Authors: Guido Magenes, Ilaria E. Senaldi, Andrea Penna, Maria Rota, Alessandro GalascoAbstract:An extensive experimental campaign has been conducted at EUCENTRE to understand the dynamic behavior of historic Stone Masonry structures and evaluate the seismic performance of selected strengthening strategies, aimed at improving wall-to-floor connections and in-plane diaphragm stiffness. Shaking table tests were performed of full-scale two-storey buildings in undressed double-leaf Stone Masonry with timber floor and roof. A first prototype (Building 1), representing a vulnerable building without antiseismic detailing and devices, was tested showing a response characterized by in-plane distortion of the flexible diaphragms and local out-of-plane failure mechanisms. In Building 2 the wall-to-diaphragm connections were improved, providing only a moderate in-plane stiffening of the wooden diaphragms. When subjected to shake-table testing, the strengthened building showed a global type of structural response without the occurrence of out-of-plane mechanisms. In the present paper the strengthening interventi...
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dry Stone Masonry walls in bending part i static tests
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2014Co-Authors: Luis Fernando Restrepo Velez, Guido Magenes, M C GriffithAbstract:A series of static 1:5-scale tests on dry Stone Masonry walls were performed with the main objective to verify existing analytical expressions for computation of resistance to horizontal loading proportional to the self-weight of Masonry. The resistance is expressed by means of a collapse load multiplier, and the experiments were conceived to reproduce various out-of-plane bending failure mechanisms using an inclined plane machine built with steel profiles and with an aluminum platform. The collapse multiplier was calculated from the inclination angle of the platform that caused collapse. Since the walls were constructed without mortar, the shear strength along the joints was given purely by friction. The “bricks” were cut from marble—the selection criteria being the accuracy for the cutting, the hardness and durability of the material, and an appropriate friction coefficient. In total, 42 configurations were tested, varying the length of the walls, the presence and position of openings, the staggering ra...