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Faiza Qureshi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Thirty Years of Police Stops: Findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales:
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2013Co-Authors: Faiza Qureshi, Louise E. GroveAbstract:Trends in police Stop and Search of pedestrians and motor vehicles are examined using data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) from 1982 to 2010. The average number of Stops per survey year stood at 215.7 (SD = 62.3) compared with 26.7 (SD = 8.5) for Searches per 1,000 of the population. From the late 1980s onwards, the distribution of police Stops and Searches decreased. There were steep declines in the number of Stops after 1997 (following the Stephen Lawrence enquiry), but some increases in pedestrian Stops have been evident since 2001 (possibly owing to new terrorist concerns). The likelihood of a Search resulting from a Stop decreased from 28 to 23 per cent from the 1990s to the 2000s for pedestrians, but remained stable at around 10 per cent for motor vehicles. The arrest yield of police Stops and Searches was low, but it was evident that pedestrian encounters were more investigative in nature than motor vehicle encounters, as it appeared that police officers were more inclined to ask...
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A Comparison of the British Crime Survey and Police Statistics for a Southern English County
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2010Co-Authors: Faiza QureshiAbstract:The purpose of this reSearch was to examine whether it was possible to use the British Crime Survey (BCS) data on Stop and Search for a southern English police force area (PFA) and to compare the findings from the BCS with those from police records. The local-level analysis of the BCS by PFA and recorded police statistics was an attempt to identify the similarities and differences, if any, between the two data sources. The reSearch compares recorded police and BCS statistics for the same geographical police force area of a southern English county, for the period 2003 to 2006. The analysis looks at the number of Stops and Searches in each data source and presents a comparison of the ratio of persons arrested following a Stop and Search. The distribution of vehicle and pedestrian Stops and Searches in the two data sources is examined, as well as the demographic characteristics of suspects. The findings show that the BCS is a more accurate measure of Stops than police statistics, although both data sources p...
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Police Stop and Search in a Southern English County
The Police Journal: Theory Practice and Principles, 2009Co-Authors: Faiza QureshiAbstract:This article looks at recorded Stop and Search activity in a southern English county from April 2003 to March 2006. The discussion explores the distribution of Stops and Searches and arrests made by police officers in the county, followed by an analysis of the demographic characteristics. The analysis of police recorded statistics offers the opportunity to identify patterns and trends in the police tactic which can influence and inform policing policy. It can identify whether the power falls unequally against certain sections of the population and/or whether the patterns are because of the deployment of resources based on the crime control strategy of the southern English police service area. These factors have implications for the service delivery role of police officers in the southern English county.
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Patterns and trends in Stop and Search: findings from the British Crime Survey and police statistics
2008Co-Authors: Faiza QureshiAbstract:The British Crime Survey (BCS) and police statistics are used to analyse problems and trends in Stop and Search on a national, regional and local level. The thesis presents the first analysis of the BCS relating to Stop and Search covering a twenty-five year period. Qualitative information is also presented in support of the statistical findings. The information is from the reSearcher's contacts and experience with practitioners. The BCS was analysed with the intention of commenting on: the patterns and trends in the police tactic over time; the demographic variables of Stop and Search suspects; and the extent to which the same suspects are involved in repeated Stop incidents (repeat suspects). Police statistics from a Southern County are analysed and compared to the BCS at the regional level. This is in addition to offering an analysis on: the distribution of Stop and Search activity over three years at the regional level; and looking at the policy implications of extended police Stop and Search powers under Part One of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 in a selected Southern English Town. This reSearch identifies a number of substantive and methodological findings. Methodological changes made to the BCS have impacted upon the number of Stops and Searches over time. The Survey also shows that age and gender discrimination in the application of the police tactic is more consistent over time than racial discrimination. Repeat Stops have become increasingly concentrated upon the same suspects (repeat Stops). Here, a majority of repeat Stops were experienced by a small number of Blacks and Asians. The comparative analysis of police records and the BCS highlighted the vacuum that existed between the two data sources. The reSearch identifies the limitations in using to the BCS.to look at the distribution of Stops and Searches by police service area. The use of the police tactic in a Southern English Police Service Area shows its inequitable implementation against certain groups. Looking at the specific cultural background of persons Stopped and Searched does not show a clear pattern of discrimination. That, is until the persons broad ethnic background is considered. The legislative impact of the CJA 2003 led to an increase in the number of encounters between the police and the public. Its crime reductive effect was through increasing arrests for criminal damage offences. The reSearch has a number of implications for policing policy at the national scale. Suggestions for police strategies and management at the regional and local levels are also presented.
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The impact of extended police Stop and Search powers under the UK Criminal Justice Act 2003
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 2007Co-Authors: Faiza QureshiAbstract:Purpose – The introduction of the UK's Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 extended police Stop and Search powers. It allowed officers to Stop and Search for articles concerning the commission of the offence of criminal damage. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the act produced a change in the extent and nature of Stop/Searches.Design/methodology/approach – Data from police‐recorded Stops in a southern town are compared for periods before and after the act came into force on January 20, 2004. The same time periods in the previous year are used as comparison groups.Findings – The four key findings are that there was: a large increase in observed compared to expected Stop/Searches, an increase in the likelihood of individuals of an Asian or Asian British Pakistani origin and Black and Black British of African origin being Stopped and Searched relative to others. A decrease in the proportion of Stop/Searches resulting in arrest; and the distribution of arrests being patterned by the ethnicity of a ...
Genevieve Lennon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stop and Search powers in UK terrorism investigations: a limited judicial oversight?†
The International Journal of Human Rights, 2016Co-Authors: Genevieve LennonAbstract:At the pre-trial stage of counter-terrorist investigations, an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ indulgence towards street-level policing powers has been brought to task by European human rights norms, especially privacy, which are exerting new forms of control over policing discretion and opening judicial oversight over traditional policing activity. This article examines these trends in relation to suspicionless counter-terrorist Stop and Search. While the European Court of Human Rights applied robust scrutiny in the case of Gillan v. United Kingdom, in stark contrast to the approach by the House of Lords, there exists a number of challenges which are threatening to weaken judicial scrutiny in this area. First, more recent European Court of Human Rights cases show a more indulgent stance being taken towards policing powers. Second, the precautionary nature of suspicionless counter-terrorist Stop and Search raises a number of difficulties in relation to effective oversight. In addition, it is a counter-terrorist measure of ...
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Under-regulated and unaccountable? Explaining variation in Stop and Search rates in Scotland, England and Wales
Policing and Society, 2016Co-Authors: Genevieve Lennon, Kath MurrayAbstract:ABSTRACTFrom a position of near parity in 2005/2006, by 2012/2013 recorded Search rates in Scotland exceeded those in England/Wales seven times over. This divergence is intriguing given the demands placed on the police, and the legal capacity to deal with these are broadly similar across the two jurisdictions. The aim of this paper is to unpack this variation. Using a comparative case-study approach, the paper examines the role of structural ‘top-down’ determinants of policing: substantive powers of Search, rules and regulations, and scrutiny. Two arguments are presented. First, we argue that the rise of Stop and Search in Scotland was facilitated by weak regulation and safeguards. Second, we argue that divergence between the two jurisdictions may also be attributed to varying levels of political and public scrutiny, caused, in part, by scrutinising Stop and Search almost exclusively through the prism of ‘race’. In Scotland, the significance of these factors has been made evident by dint of organisational...
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Searching for change : Scottish Stop and Search powers
Edinburgh Law Review, 2016Co-Authors: Genevieve LennonAbstract:Dr Lennon examines the existing Scottish law relating to police Stop and Search powers, and offers a critique of their compatibility with the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. She argues that two of the three categories of powers – non-statutory and suspicionless statutory – are likely to be in breach of the ECHR, with the final category evidencing poor practice that provides insufficient protection to the public and insufficient guidance to officers. While she argues that the non-statutory power should be prohibited, the other categories can be amended to ensure they comply the requirements of the ECHR and best practice. There is an urgent need for law reform in this area.
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Precautionary tales: Suspicionless counter-terrorism Stop and Search
Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2013Co-Authors: Genevieve LennonAbstract:In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the use of the precautionary principle within counter-terrorism. To date much of the literature has focused on ‘high’ level executive measures. This article examines the use of the precautionary measures within counter-terrorism street policing, taking suspicionless counter-terrorism Stop and Search as an exemplar. The analysis highlights how the logic of precaution necessitates vague statutory drafting and extensive police discretion and how these factors detrimentally impact upon police legitimacy and compliance to human rights law. It also considers how such measures fit within the current literature on pre-crime.
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Suspicionless Stop and Search: lessons from the Netherlands
2013Co-Authors: Genevieve LennonAbstract:Compares the European Court of Human Rights judgments in Gillan v United Kingdom (4158/05) and Colon v Netherlands (49458/06) which both considered whether police Searches conducted in authorised areas for articles connected with terrorist attacks or violent crime, but without specific suspicions against the persons being Searched, breached the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 art.8 or were prescribed by law. Considers the implications of the Colon ruling for the validity of the suspicionless Stop and Search power provided by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 s.60.
Michael Shiner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stop and Search: the police must not revive this discredited tactic
2015Co-Authors: Michael ShinerAbstract:From Brixton 1981 to Tottenham 2011, all section 60 has done is cause riots and fail to Stop knife crime. It will be a tragedy if police chiefs turn back now
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Stop and Search the anatomy of a police power
2015Co-Authors: Rebekah Delsol, Michael ShinerAbstract:Foreword Robert Reiner 1. Introduction Rebekah Delsol and Michael Shiner 2. The Legal Powers and Their Limits Lee Bridges 3. The Politics Of The Powers Michael Shiner and Rebekah Delsol 4. Race Disproportionality and Officer Decision Making Paul Quinton 5. Effectiveness Rebekah Delsol 6. Unintended Consequences Ben Bradford 7. Counter-Terrorism Policing Tara Lai Quinlan and Zin Derfoufi 8. Regulation and Reform Michael Shiner 9. Towards A Transnational and Comparative Perspective Ben Bowling and Estelle Marks 10. Conclusion Rebekah Delsol and Michael Shiner
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Regulation and Reform
Stop and Search, 2015Co-Authors: Michael ShinerAbstract:The general democratic principle that police can intervene in the lives of citizens only under limited and carefully controlled circumstances (Marx, 2001) has significant implications for Stop and Search. As a coercive power, Stop and Search impinges on what the late Bernie Grant, former member of parliament for Haringey, described as the ‘fundamental right’ to ‘walk the streets’, raising important questions of liberty, fairness and equality (see NACRO, 1997: 3). Concerns about procedural justice focus on the quality of such encounters and the way negative experiences serve to undermine people’s trust and confidence in the police, potentially fuelling a more general sense of alienation (see Chapter 6). Distributive justice, on the other hand, concentrates on who it is that is Stopped and Searched, raising particular concerns about the disproportionate focus on black and minority ethnic groups and the potential for discrimination. Although Stop and Search operates at the shallow end of the criminal justice system, it has important knock-on effects, helping to define who gets caught in the net, driving ethnic disparities at later stages of the process (May et al., 2010; Eastwood et al., 2013). Potential inequalities and injustices in the use of Stop and Search, therefore, are important not just in and of themselves, but because of the way they reverberate throughout the system.
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The Politics of the Powers
Stop and Search, 2015Co-Authors: Michael Shiner, Rebekah DelsolAbstract:Stop and Search is a prominent feature of policing, but has not always been so. When the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure reported in 1981, the law on Stop and Search was ‘confused and incoherent, having developed in an ad hoc manner’ based on a patchwork of local and national legislation (Sanders et al., 2010: 72). That there was little transparency about how these powers were deployed is evident from a report that appeared in The Times newspaper during the early 1970s, which noted that: ‘The Metropolitan Police… stated last week that no statistics were kept on Searches because none were requested by the home secretary and the commissioner of police did not feel that they were of sufficient interest or importance’ (16 April 1973, quoted by Whitfield, 2009). As well as bringing some much-needed order to police powers of Stop and Search, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 requires officers to make a record of such encounters, providing the basis for some level of monitoring and scrutiny. Drawing largely on official statistics, this chapter charts the rise of Stop and Search under PACE and considers fluctuations in the use of some of the different powers. Attention is also given to what the powers are used for and on whom they are used, with a detailed discussion of debates surrounding the disproportionately high rate at which people from black and minority ethnic groups are Stopped and Searched.
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police Stop and Search has had a toxic effect on britain s ethnic minorities
2013Co-Authors: Michael ShinerAbstract:A reduction in the number of Searches is welcome, but a sense of injustice remains and reconciliation is required
Ben Bradford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Now you see it, now you don't: on the (in)visibility of police Stop and Search in Northern Ireland
Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2018Co-Authors: John Topping, Ben BradfordAbstract:Police Stop and Search practices have been subject to voluminous debate for over 40 years in the United Kingdom. Yet critical debate related to the use of ‘everyday’ Stop and Search powers by the P...
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Now you see it, now you don’t: On the (in)visibility of police Stop and Search in Northern Ireland
2018Co-Authors: John Topping, Ben BradfordAbstract:Police Stop and Search practices have been subject to voluminous debate for over forty years in the United Kingdom. Yet critical debate related to the use of ‘everyday’ Stop and Search powers by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) has, despite the hyper-accountable policing system of Northern Ireland, been marked by its absence. This paper presents the first ever analysis of PSNI’s use of PACE-type powers - currently used at a higher rate and with poorer outcomes compared to the rest of the U.K. While it can only be considered as an elusive power, about which detailed reSearch evidence is markedly lacking, Stop and Search in Northern Ireland seems to serve as a classificatory tool for PSNI to control mainly young, socio-economically marginal male populations. The paper provides new theoretical insight into Stop and Search as a simultaneous overt and covert practice, and speaks to wider issues of mundane police power – and practice – within highly contested and politically fractured contexts.Keywords: Stop and Search; Police Service of Northern Ireland; police powers; social control
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college of policing Stop and Search training experiment process evaluation
2016Co-Authors: Chris Giacomantonio, Ben Bradford, Yael Limanovitz, Matthew Davies, Lucy Strang, Tal Jonathanzamir, Alex SutherlandAbstract:Rand Europe, in partnership with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Oxford, was commissioned in July 2015 to support the College of Policing in a process evaluation of the Stop and Search Training Pilot that was delivered across six police forces in England from August 2015 through October 2015. This report presents findings from the process evaluation.
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College of Policing Stop and Search Training Experiment: Process Evaluation - College of Policing Stop and Search Training Experiment: Process Evaluation
2016Co-Authors: Chris Giacomantonio, Ben Bradford, Tal Jonathan-zamir, Yael Limanovitz, Matthew Davies, Lucy Strang, Alex SutherlandAbstract:Rand Europe, in partnership with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Oxford, was commissioned in July 2015 to support the College of Policing in a process evaluation of the Stop and Search Training Pilot that was delivered across six police forces in England from August 2015 through October 2015. This report presents findings from the process evaluation.
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enabling and constraining police power on the moral regulation of policing
2015Co-Authors: Ben Bradford, Jonathan JacksonAbstract:In this chapter we consider some of the ethical challenges inherent in the regulation of discretionary police power. Discretion is central to police policy and practice, but it also provides a level of freedom that opens up the space for injustice and inequity, and this is seen most vividly in recent debates about unfairness and racial profiling in the distribution and experience police Stops in the US and UK. How to regulate discretionary power is a challenging question, and this is especially so in the context of practices like Stop-and-Search/Stop-and-frisk. The ability to Stop people in the street and question them is central to policing as it is understood in many liberal democracies, but under conditions of unfairness and questionable efficacy – when the application of this particular police power appears unethical as well as ineffective – one can reasonably ask whether the power should be dropped or curtailed, and if curtailed, how this would work in practice.
Simon Flacks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Stop and Search of minors a vital police tool
Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2018Co-Authors: Simon FlacksAbstract:Police Stop and Search powers have been widely criticized for the disproportionate manner in which members of black and ethnic minority communities are targeted. However, the use of such powers on minors in England and Wales has largely escaped comment, despite good evidence that such practices are harmful and counter-productive. Whilst data on the Stop and Search of under-10s and even toddlers has been reasonably widely reported by the mass media, there has been little interest in the welfare of older children who are subject to such police powers. Drawing on police data, qualitative reSearch and information obtained through Freedom of Information requests, this article considers the relationship between potentially corrosive Stop and Search practices, young people’s use of public space and the question of vulnerability. It is concluded that policy and practice around the use of such powers should be amended to take account of the specific needs of individuals under the age of 18, and that children’s welfare should be a central consideration.
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The Stop and Search of minors: a 'vital police tool'?
Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2017Co-Authors: Simon FlacksAbstract:Police Stop and Search powers have been widely criticized for the disproportionate manner in which members of black and ethnic minority communities are targeted. However, the use of such powers on minors in England and Wales has largely escaped comment, despite good evidence that such practices are harmful and counter-productive. Whilst data on the Stop and Search of under-10s and even toddlers has been reasonably widely reported by the mass media, there has been little interest in the welfare of older children who are subject to such police powers. Drawing on police data, qualitative reSearch and information obtained through Freedom of Information requests, this article considers the relationship between potentially corrosive Stop and Search practices, young people’s use of public space and the question of vulnerability. It is concluded that policy and practice around the use of such powers should be amended to take account of the specific needs of individuals under the age of 18, and that children’s welfare should be a central consideration.
