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David Lester - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is the Suicide Rate a Random Walk
Psychological reports, 2015Co-Authors: Bijou Yang, David Lester, Jennifer Lyke, Robert J. OlsenAbstract:The yearly Suicide Rates for the period 1933-2010 and the daily Suicide numbers for 1990 and 1991 were examined for whether the distribution of difference scores (from year to year and from day to day) fitted a normal distribution, a characteristic of stochastic processes that follow a random walk. If the Suicide Rate were a random walk, then any disturbance to the Suicide Rate would have a permanent effect and national Suicide prevention efforts would likely fail. The distribution of difference scores from day to day (but not the difference scores from year to year) fitted a normal distribution and, therefore, were consistent with a random walk. Language: en
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completed Suicide and marital status according to the italian region of origin
Psychiatric Quarterly, 2010Co-Authors: Maria Masocco, David Lester, Maurizio Pompili, Nicola Vanacore, Marco Innamorati, Paolo Girardi, Roberto Tatarelli, Monica VichiAbstract:Completed Suicide is associated with marital status; being unmarried is associated with a higher Suicide Rate as compared with being married or living with a partner. Moreover, the region of origin may be particularly important when trying to explain major inequalities in Suicide Rates across a country. Data were obtained from the Italian Database on Mortality, collected by the Italian Census Bureau (ISTAT) and processed by the Italian National Institute of Health-Statistics Unit. The Italian population in the last Italian census (October 2001) was used to estimate age-standardized mortality Rates from Suicide by marital status (ICD-9 revision: E950–959) and “natural” causes (ICD-9 revision: 0–280; 320–799). Rate Ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using married individuals as a reference. All analyses were conducted sepaRately for men and women for 2000–2002, the most recent years with data available. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare differences by marital status for Suicide versus death from natural causes. There are major inequalities in Suicide Rates in Italy. The North region has the highest Suicide Rates both for married and non-married individuals. Sardinia Island has the highest male Suicide Rate in Italy—23.07 per 100,000 per year—compared with the average national male Suicide Rate of 13.80, a difference which is significantly higher by 67% (RR: 1.67; 95%CI = 1.40–1.99). In contrast, Sardinia has one of the lowest female Suicide Rates among the Italian regions, close to that of the South and the Center regions. The North-East is the only region where the Suicide Rate among divorced men is significantly higher than that of married men. In the South, widowers have the highest Suicide Rate, with a Rate 6-times that of married men (RR = 5.66; 95%CI = 4.46–7.18). Major inequalities in Suicide Rates by region may derive from different socio-cultural backgrounds, confirming the notion that Suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon. The results of the present study indicate that Suicide prevention must take into account the social and cultural characteristics of different communities. Moreover, these findings support the notion that marital status may play a central role in influencing Suicide.
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Regional Suicide Rates in Scotland
Psychological reports, 2010Co-Authors: David LesterAbstract:The Suicide Rate in 1990 of the nine major regions in Scotland was not associated with marriage, birth, mortality, or infant mortality Rates.
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Is there a natural Suicide Rate
Applied Economics Letters, 2009Co-Authors: Bijou Yang, David LesterAbstract:In order to explore whether societies have a natural (nonzero) Suicide Rate, regression equations were derived predicting the Suicide Rate over the regions of 11 nations and over time in 13 nations from the divorce and unemployment Rates. All of the regression equations had positive constant terms, indicating a nonzero, positive natural Suicide when socio-economic conditions were set to minimize the Suicide Rate.
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Natural Suicide Rates in nations of the world.
Crisis, 2004Co-Authors: Bijou Yang, David LesterAbstract:Yang and Lester (1991) argued that the societal Suicide Rate could never be zero; that is, if the societal conditions were ideal with respect to Suicide, there would still be a proportion of the population who would commit Suicide. They examined several regression equations to predict the Suicide Rates of the states of America and found that, setting the predictor variables to zero, the resulting Suicide Rate was always positive. The present study explored the natural Suicide Rate in 10 nations. For these 10 nations, data were available for Suicide Rates by region (state, province, or county), and each nation also had data by region available for two predictor variables, divorce and unemployment Rates, which could be set to zero in the regression equations to examine what the natural Suicide Rate might be. A regression was obtained for each of the 10 nations, using divorce and unemployment Rates to predict the Suicide Rates of the different regions. Each regression equation has a constant term and, setting the divorce and unemployment Rates to zero, leaves the constant term as an estimate of the “natural Suicide Rate.” For example, the regression equation for the 19 counties of Norway was:
Paul S F Yip - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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quantifying the contributions of age sex methods and urbanicity to the changing Suicide Rate trends in south korea 2001 2016
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2020Co-Authors: Yingyeh Chen, Feng Sha, Chiting Yang, Eunshil Cha, Paul S F YipAbstract:PURPOSE Suicide Rates in South Korea have been one of the highest in the world. The aim of this study is to quantify the contributions of age, sex, method, and place of residence to the trends of the Suicide Rates between 2001 and 2016 in South Korea. METHODS Using the Suicide data obtained from the South Korean National Death Registration data set for the years 2001-2016, a Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to determine if there was a significant change in the trend of Suicide Rates. Next, a decomposition analysis method was used to quantify the contributions of age, sex, method, and places of residence to the changes in the Suicide Rates. RESULTS Suicide Rates increased between 2001 and 2010, and decreased between 2010 and 2016. Among all the age groups, the 65-79 age group contributed most to the rise (18% in men and 7% in women) and fall (- 15% in men and - 14% in women) of Suicide Rates. Men contributed much more than women to the increasing trend of Suicide Rate (63.0% vs. 37.0%). Hanging was the key method of Suicide, dominating the ups and downs of the Suicide Rates. The Rates of Suicide by pesticide poisoning have been decreasing since 2005 and Suicide by charcoal burning continued to increase against a decreasing trend of Suicide Rate during the period of 2010-2016. The gap of the metropolitan-city-rural Suicide Rates was narrowing during the period under study, although the rural areas remained to have the highest Suicide Rates. CONCLUSION The ups and downs of Suicide Rates in South Korea were not uniform across different sociodemographic groups. Age, sex, method, and place of residence contributed differently to the changes in Suicide Rates. Suicide prevention measures can be more focused on certain age-sex-method-region subgroups.
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decomposing change in china s Suicide Rate 1990 2010 ageing and urbanisation
Injury Prevention, 2017Co-Authors: Feng Sha, Paul S F Yip, Yik Wa LawAbstract:Objective The study empirically quantifies the contributions of age composition and urbanisation to changes in the Suicide Rate in China over the periods 1990–2000 and 2000–2010. Methods A decompositional method was used to quantify the absolute and relative contributions of the age structure; the age-specific proportion of the urban population and the Suicide Rate of each age-specific, gender-specific and urban/rural cohort to the overall Suicide Rates in the two 10-year intervals. Results In the period between 1990 and 2000, a significant decline in the Suicide Rate among younger age groups (especially young rural women) was identified as the main driving force of the downward trend in the overall Suicide Rate. In 2000–2010, the Rate of decline in Suicide was predominantly explained by the drop in the Suicide Rate among all age groups in rural areas, with the exception of those aged over 80. The positive impact of urbanisation on the decline of the Suicide Rate has gradually diminished relative to the earlier period. Conclusion As the positive impact of urbanisation on Suicide Rates is diminishing, further urbanisation and rapid change in society may induce stress and adjustment problems that are not conducive to the promotion of well-being. Furthermore, as China is facing the prospects of slower economic growth and a rapidly ageing population, Suicides among older adults may also be elevated, particularly among those in rural areas with insufficient healthcare and social support. In order to maintain the decreasing trend of Suicide in China, it is important for the Chinese government to pay more attention to the mental well-being of the population and to mitigate the stress of urban life and to provide timely support to older adults especially in rural areas.
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Suicide Rates in China from 2002 to 2011: an update
Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2013Co-Authors: Chong-wen Wang, Cecilia L. W. Chan, Paul S F YipAbstract:The aims of this study were: (1) to present the time trend of Suicide Rate among people aged 15 or above in China over the period 2002–2011 and (2) to examine the current profile of completed Suicides during 2009–2011. Data on Suicide Rate in 2002–2011 were provided by the Chinese Ministry of Health (MOH). The trends of region-, gender-, and age-specific Suicide Rates were examined using Poisson regression models. The mean number of completed Suicides for each cohort during 2009–2011 was calculated and a mean national Suicide Rate was estimated. The overall Suicide Rate decreased significantly over the past decade, but Rates in young males and rural older adults did not reduce and in fact increased among older adults in both urban and rural areas towards the end of the study period. For 2009–2011, 44 % of all Suicides occurred among those aged 65 or above and 79 % among rural residents. The estimated mean national Suicide Rate was 9.8 per 100,000 and was slightly higher for males than females. The benefits of economic growth, such as higher employment and more educational opportunities for the rural population in particular, may have contributed to the reduced Suicide Rate in China. However, the recent rapid changes in socioeconomic conditions could have increased stress levels and resulted in more Suicides, especially among the elderly. Despite the significant reduction reported here, the latest figures suggest the declining trend is reversing. It will be important to continue monitoring the situation and to examine how urbanization and economic changes affect the well-being of 1.3 billion Chinese.
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the impact of unemployment on Suicide Rate in hong kong during the period of economic recovery 2003 2006
2012Co-Authors: C K Law, Paul S F Yip, Candi M C LeungAbstract:Literature has widely documented the positive association of unemployment with Suicide. Since 1997, the transition of Suicide Rate has been in line with the unemployment Rate in Hong Kong. We aim to examine the Suicide risk ratio between the unemployed and the employed during the period of 2003-2006 by age and gender, and explore such unknown Suicide-related socioeconomic factors as living arrangement and marital status among the unemployed. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square Test are employed. Results show that not every member in the community can benefit from economic recovery, for the unemployed individuals tend to face heightened risks of completing Suicide in times of economic recovery. For developing an effective stRategy for Suicide prevention, the government should put more effort to empower unemployed individuals.
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Urban/rural and gender differentials in Suicide Rates: east and west.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2000Co-Authors: Paul S F Yip, C Callanan, H P YuenAbstract:Abstract Background: Many epidemiological studies indicate Suicide Rates are higher for males than females and for urban than rural. Here we re-examine gender, urban and rural differentials in Suicide in Australia and Beijing (China). More specifically, to test the two hypotheses (i) that the male to female ratio is larger than one; (ii) that the urban Suicide Rate is higher than the rural in both places. Methods: Suicide data with information of gender, rural and urban regions for Australia and Beijing (China) for the period of 1991–1996 were used. Ratios between the gender-specific urban and rural Suicides Rates with the associated confidence intervals were constructed to examine gender, urban and rural differentials in Australia and Beijing. Results: The rural Suicide Rate in Beijing for both genders was higher than for their urban counterparts. Further, the elderly had the highest Suicide Rate followed by women aged 20–29. Also, the male to female ratio in China was less than one. In Australia, the rural male Suicide Rate was higher than the urban whereas the urban female Suicide Rate was higher than the rural. The male to female ratio was 4 to 1. The differences in rural to urban and male to female ratios between Australia and Beijing are statistically significant. Conclusions: In contrast to the west, male Suicide Rates are not higher than female Rates in China. Urban Rates are not necessarily higher than rural Rates – not even in a western setting. Cultural factors and regional differences in socio-economic situation are significant in explaining the low gender ratio and the relatively higher Suicide Rates in rural China. Limitations: The Suicide Rate in the Beijing region might not exactly reflect the same for the whole of China.
H P Yuen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban/rural and gender differentials in Suicide Rates: east and west.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2000Co-Authors: Paul S F Yip, C Callanan, H P YuenAbstract:Abstract Background: Many epidemiological studies indicate Suicide Rates are higher for males than females and for urban than rural. Here we re-examine gender, urban and rural differentials in Suicide in Australia and Beijing (China). More specifically, to test the two hypotheses (i) that the male to female ratio is larger than one; (ii) that the urban Suicide Rate is higher than the rural in both places. Methods: Suicide data with information of gender, rural and urban regions for Australia and Beijing (China) for the period of 1991–1996 were used. Ratios between the gender-specific urban and rural Suicides Rates with the associated confidence intervals were constructed to examine gender, urban and rural differentials in Australia and Beijing. Results: The rural Suicide Rate in Beijing for both genders was higher than for their urban counterparts. Further, the elderly had the highest Suicide Rate followed by women aged 20–29. Also, the male to female ratio in China was less than one. In Australia, the rural male Suicide Rate was higher than the urban whereas the urban female Suicide Rate was higher than the rural. The male to female ratio was 4 to 1. The differences in rural to urban and male to female ratios between Australia and Beijing are statistically significant. Conclusions: In contrast to the west, male Suicide Rates are not higher than female Rates in China. Urban Rates are not necessarily higher than rural Rates – not even in a western setting. Cultural factors and regional differences in socio-economic situation are significant in explaining the low gender ratio and the relatively higher Suicide Rates in rural China. Limitations: The Suicide Rate in the Beijing region might not exactly reflect the same for the whole of China.
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Urban/rural and gender differentials in Suicide Rates: east and west.
Journal of affective disorders, 2000Co-Authors: P S Yip, C Callanan, H P YuenAbstract:Many epidemiological studies indicate Suicide Rates are higher for males than females and for urban than rural. Here we re-examine gender, urban and rural differentials in Suicide in Australia and Beijing (China). More specifically, to test the two hypotheses (i) that the male to female ratio is larger than one; (ii) that the urban Suicide Rate is higher than the rural in both places. Suicide data with information of gender, rural and urban regions for Australia and Beijing (China) for the period of 1991-1996 were used. Ratios between the gender-specific urban and rural Suicides Rates with the associated confidence intervals were constructed to examine gender, urban and rural differentials in Australia and Beijing. The rural Suicide Rate in Beijing for both genders was higher than for their urban counterparts. Further, the elderly had the highest Suicide Rate followed by women aged 20-29. Also, the male to female ratio in China was less than one. In Australia, the rural male Suicide Rate was higher than the urban whereas the urban female Suicide Rate was higher than the rural. The male to female ratio was 4 to 1. The differences in rural to urban and male to female ratios between Australia and Beijing are statistically significant. In contrast to the west, male Suicide Rates are not higher than female Rates in China. Urban Rates are not necessarily higher than rural Rates --not even in a western setting. Cultural factors and regional differences in socio-economic situation are significant in explaining the low gender ratio and the relatively higher Suicide Rates in rural China. The Suicide Rate in the Beijing region might not exactly reflect the same for the whole of China.
Heeran J. Cho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Regional Suicide Rate Change Patterns in Korea.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Byung-sun You, Kyu-hyoung Jeong, Heeran J. ChoAbstract:Background: Korea had the highest Suicide Rate among OECD countries for the 10 years leading up to 2016; however, the Suicide Rate in Korea has declined since 2010, after policy-driven interventions were implemented. Methods: Suicide Rates from all of the 229 cities, counties, and districts in Korea were reliably estimated from the period 2010 to 2017, and data were examined by Stata 14.0 and M-plus to identify regional Suicide Rate change patterns by latent growth modeling. The dependent variable is the Suicide Rate, and independent variables as characteristics of the various districts are the region (cities, counties, and autonomous districts), proportion of elderly residents, financial independence Rate, establishment of mental health and welfare centers, and number of social welfare facilities. Results: Three Suicide Rate change patterns were identified: 'average', 'precipitous drop', and 'high level'. Two of the three patterns exhibit features that are markedly different to the national data as a whole, and the three patterns appear across the 229 cities, counties, and districts of Korea. Some of the determinant factors have been postulated here. While a high proportion of elderly residents in a given area is a significant indicator that the Suicide Rate will increase, having a large elderly population in combination with an increased number of social welfare facilities centers appeared to show a discrete pattern of Suicide Rate reduction when compared with average national data. Conclusions: Policy-driven interventions should be planned and implemented by central and local governments in conjunction, by considering regional characteristics to decrease local Suicide Rates more effectively.
Zoltan Rihmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tobacco consumption and antidepressant use are associated with the Rate of completed Suicide in hungary an ecological study
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2011Co-Authors: Peter Dome, Balazs Kapitany, Gyorgyi Ignits, Lajos Porkolab, Zoltan RihmerAbstract:Abstract The Suicide Rate of Hungary is the highest in the world averaged over the last century but it has shown a very pronounced decrease since 1987. To explore the background of this decrease we investigated the associations between some known Suicide-related factors (i.e. tobacco use, antidepressant use and alcohol consumption at the population level) and the Suicide Rate between 1985 and 2008. The total number of man-hours worked per year by psychiatrists in the outpatient service system and real GDP growth were also monitored in our study. A time series analysis model was constructed to investigate the associations between the above variables and the Suicide Rate. In the unadjusted model annual tobacco consumption was significantly associated with the Suicide Rate in a positive manner, while antidepressant use and man-hours were significantly associated with the Suicide Rate in a negative manner. After adjustment, the associations remained significant only for tobacco consumption and antidepressant use. Neither alcohol consumption nor real GDP growth was associated with the Suicide Rate in any models. Our results from group-level data confirmed the role of smoking in suicidal behavior previously suggested mainly by studies using individual-level data and also corroboRated the results of previous ecological studies concerning the inverse association between antidepressant use and Suicide Rate. These findings and the results of previous studies – investigating the relationship between smoking and the risk of suicidal behavior at the individual-level – may suggest that programs to prevent tobacco use or to address the widespread recognition and treatment of depression may also prevent suicidality.
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Antidepressant prescription and Suicide Rates: effect of age and gender.
Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Sandor Kalmar, Zoltan Rihmer, Katalin Szanto, Sati Mazumdar, Katrin E. Harrison, J. John MannAbstract:To determine whether the effect of antidepressant exposure on Suicide Rate is modified by age and gender in Hungary, annual antidepressant prescription Rates and Suicide Rates of about 10 million inhabitants between 1999-2005 were analyzed by age and gender groups. The Suicide Rate was inversely related to the increased use of antidepressants in both genders. The strongest association was found in the oldest age groups, where the increase in antidepressant use was highest, while there was no association in the under 20 or 50-69 age groups in either gender. Antidepressant prescription Rate was related to Suicide Rate after controlling for divorce Rate or unemployment Rate, but not after controlling for alcohol consumption Rate.
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a Suicide prevention program in a region with a very high Suicide Rate
Archives of General Psychiatry, 2007Co-Authors: Katalin Szanto, Zoltan Rihmer, Sandor Kalmar, Herbert Hendin, John J MannAbstract:Context Suicide is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Rates vary widely within and between countries. A Suicide prevention program has never been tested in a region with a very high Suicide Rate in comparison with control regions without such intervention over the same period. Objective To determine the effectiveness of a depression-management educational program for general practitioners (GPs) on the Suicide Rate in a region with a high Suicide Rate in Hungary. Design Effects were compared with a control region, the larger surrounding county, and Hungary. Setting Southwest Hungary. Participants Twenty-eight GPs servicing 73 000 inhabitants participated in the educational program. Intervention A 5-year depression-management educational program for GPs and their nurses was implemented together with establishment of a Depression Treatment Clinic and psychiatrist telephone consultation service in the intervention region. Main Outcome Measures The primary study outcome measure was annual Suicide Rate. The secondary outcome measure was antidepressant prescription use. Results The annual Suicide Rate in the intervention region decreased from the 5-year preintervention average of 59.7 in 100 000 to 49.9 in 100 000. The decrease was comparable with the control region but greater than both the county and Hungary ( P P P P Conclusions A GP-based intervention produced a greater decline in Suicide Rates compared with the surrounding county and national Rates. Increases in patients with depression treated and of dosing were modest and may require additional measures such as depression-care managers. The importance of alcoholism in local Suicides was unanticipated and not addressed. Optimal Suicide prevention plans must consider major local risk factors.
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Suicide Rate prevalence of diagnosed depression and prevalence of working physicians in hungary
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1993Co-Authors: Zoltan Rihmer, Wolfgang Rutz, Judit BarsiAbstract:Based on the well-known relationship between depression and Suicide, we investigated the regional distribution of the Suicide Rate, Rate of diagnosed depression and prevalence of working physicians in Hungary. A strong significant positive correlation was found between the Rate of working physicians and Rate of diagnosed depression, and both parameters showed a strong significant negative correlation with the Suicide Rate. The more physicians per 100,000 inhabitants, the better is the recognition of depression and the lower is the Suicide Rate in the given region. The Rate of working doctors was significantly higher in the counties located in western Hungary, which may have a role in the lower Suicide mortality in this area of the country.
