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Philippe Büscher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • systematic review and meta analysis on the global distribution host range and prevalence of trypanosoma evansi
    Parasites & Vectors, 2019
    Co-Authors: Weldegebrial G. Aregawi, Getahun E. Agga, Reta D. Abdi, Philippe Büscher
    Abstract:

    Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of Surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. A total of 272 references published between 1906–2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% (n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although Surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report Surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14–31%, 6–28% and 2–9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi, both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of Surra needs further investigation.

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi
    Parasites & Vectors, 2019
    Co-Authors: Weldegebrial G. Aregawi, Getahun E. Agga, Reta D. Abdi, Philippe Büscher
    Abstract:

    Background Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of Surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. Methods Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. Results A total of 272 references published between 1906–2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% ( n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although Surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report Surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14–31%, 6–28% and 2–9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. Conclusions This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi , both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of Surra needs further investigation.

  • Parasitological, serological and molecular survey of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan.
    Parasites & vectors, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sonia Tehseen, Marc Desquesnes, Nusrat Jahan, Mirza Imran Shahzad, Stijn Deborggraeve, Muahammad Fiaz Qamar, Philippe Büscher
    Abstract:

    Surra, a vector borne disease caused by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi, affects the health, productivity and working capacity of camels. Since clinical signs are not pathognomonic, diagnosis must be confirmed by laboratory methods. This is a first study on the prevalence of Surra in Cholistan Desert, Pakistan using a broad variety of diagnostic tests thereby emphasizing it as a risk for the dromedaries of Pakistan. In a cross sectional study, 1005 dromedary camels from three districts in the Cholistan Desert were sampled to assess the prevalence of trypanosomosis due to T. evansi by means of parasitological (Giemsa stained thin smear), serological (formol gel test, CATT/T. evansi, ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, immune trypanolysis) and molecular tests (TBR1/2 PCR and RoTat 1.2 PCR). Kappa was calculated to assess the degree of agreement between different tests whereas chi-square test along with odds ratios and their 95 % confidence intervals were used to study influence of breed, gender, age and locality on disease prevalence. Overall prevalence was 0.7 % with Giemsa stained thin smears (GST), 40.1 % with formol gel test (FGT), 47.7 % with CATT/T. evansi, 44.2 % with ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, 39.9 % with immune trypanolysis (TL), 31.9 % with TBR1/2 PCR and 30.5 % with RoTat1.2 PCR. Based on these results, the Cholistan Desert appears to be a high risk area for Surra. According to TL and TBR1/2 PCR, camels at Bahawalpur are approximately two times more likely to be infected than those in Bahawalnagar (OR = 1.8; 95 % CI: 1.38-2.42) and Rahim Yar Khan (OR = 1.9; 95 % CI: 1.30-2.75). Test agreement of TL was moderate with CATT/T. evansi (k = 0.43; 95 % CI: 0.378-0.489) and ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 (k = 0.54; 95 % CI: 0.489-0.594) and poor with the other tests. Test agreement between TBR1/2 PCR and RoTat1.2 PCR was almost perfect (k = 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.950-0.984). We didn't find evidence for the presence of T. evansi type B in the studied population. Our study supports using antibody detection tests, rather than parasitological and molecular examination, to assess Surra prevalence in camels. It also calls for implementation of measures to control Surra in the Cholistan Desert.

  • Surra sero k set a new immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infection in domestic animals
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hadush Birhanu, Stijn Roge, Thomas Simon, R Baelmans, Tadesse Gebrehiwot, Bruno Goddeeris, Philippe Büscher
    Abstract:

    Abstract Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of Surra, infects different domestic and wild animals and has a wide geographical distribution. It is mechanically transmitted mainly by haematophagous flies. Parasitological techniques are commonly used for the diagnosis of Surra but have limited sensitivity. Therefore, serodiagnosis based on the detection of T. evansi specific antibodies is recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Recently, we developed a new antibody detection test for the serodiagnosis of T. evansi infection, the Surra Sero K-SeT. Surra Sero K-SeT is an immunochromatographic test (ICT) that makes use of recombinant variant surface glycoprotein rVSG RoTat 1.2, produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris. In this study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of the Surra Sero K-SeT and the Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi Trypanosomososis (CATT/T. evansi) with immune trypanolysis (TL) as reference test on a total of 806 sera from camels, water buffaloes, horses, bovines, sheep, dogs and alpacas. Test agreement was highest between Surra Sero K-SeT and TL (κ = 0.91, 95% CI 0.841–0.979) and somewhat lower between CATT/T. evansi and TL (κ = 0.85, 95% CI 0.785–0.922) and Surra Sero K-SeT and CATT/T. evansi (κ = 0.81, 95% CI 0.742–0.878). The Surra Sero K-SeT displayed a somewhat lower overall specificity than CATT/T. evansi (94.8% versus 98.3%, χ2 = 13.37, p

Trócoli Gracia Sergi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Estudio de los elatéridos y escarabeidos (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea) del Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac
    2019
    Co-Authors: Trócoli Gracia Sergi
    Abstract:

    Se presenta una lista de elatéridos (19 especies) y escarabeidos (55 especies) del Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, a partir de capturas y verificaciones realizadas por el autor, así como de la recopilación de citas encontradas en la bibliografía. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea, Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, CatalunyaSant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac Parke Naturaleko elaterido eta eskarabeidoei buruzko ikerketa (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea) Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac Parke Naturaleko elateridoen (19 espezie) eta eskarabeidoen (55 espezie) zerrenda bat aurkezten da, egileak berak egindako harrapaketetan eta egiaztapenetan oinarrituta, bai eta bibliografian aurkitutako aipuen bilketaren bidez ere. Gako-hitzak: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea, Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac Parke Naturala, Katalunia.A study of the click beetles and scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea) from the Natural Park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac A cheklist of click beetles (19 species) and scarab beetles (55 species) from the Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac Natural Park is presented, based on captures and verifications made by the author and on records compiled from the bibliography. Key words: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea, Natural Park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, Catalonia

  • Estudio de los elatéridos y escarabeidos (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea) del Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac
    2019
    Co-Authors: Consorci Del Museu De Ciències Naturals De Barcelona, Trócoli Gracia Sergi
    Abstract:

    Se presenta una lista de elatéridos (19 especies) y escarabeidos (55 especies) del Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, a partir de capturas y verificaciones realizadas por el autor, así como de la recopilación de citas encontradas en la bibliografía. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea, Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, CatalunyaA study of the click beetles and scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea) from the Natural Park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac A cheklist of click beetles (19 species) and scarab beetles (55 species) from the Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac Natural Park is presented, based on captures and verifications made by the author and on records compiled from the bibliography. Key words: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea, Natural Park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, Catalonia.Se presenta una lista de elatéridos (19 especies) y escarabeidos (55 especies) del Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, a partir de capturas y verificaciones realizadas por el autor, así como de la recopilación de citas encontradas en la bibliografía. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Scarabaeoidea, Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l’Obac, Cataluny

Weldegebrial G. Aregawi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi
    Parasites & Vectors, 2019
    Co-Authors: Weldegebrial G. Aregawi, Getahun E. Agga, Reta D. Abdi, Philippe Büscher
    Abstract:

    Background Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of Surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. Methods Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. Results A total of 272 references published between 1906–2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% ( n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although Surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report Surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14–31%, 6–28% and 2–9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. Conclusions This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi , both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of Surra needs further investigation.

  • systematic review and meta analysis on the global distribution host range and prevalence of trypanosoma evansi
    Parasites & Vectors, 2019
    Co-Authors: Weldegebrial G. Aregawi, Getahun E. Agga, Reta D. Abdi, Philippe Büscher
    Abstract:

    Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of Surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. A total of 272 references published between 1906–2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% (n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although Surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report Surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14–31%, 6–28% and 2–9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi, both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of Surra needs further investigation.

Tedy Gumilang Sejati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • KLASIFIKASI SUARA BURUNG LOVEBIRD DENGAN ALGORITMA FUZZY LOGIC
    Universitas Telkom, 2015
    Co-Authors: Tedy Gumilang Sejati
    Abstract:

    Burung lovebird ialah salah satu burung primadona yang memiliki suara yang sangat khas yaitu dengan nyerecet panjangnya. Memelihara lovebird dalam delapan tahun terakhir menjadi trend yang paling diminati oleh kicau mania. Tujuan utama memilihara lovebird ialah mengikutsertakan lovebird tersebut ke kontes burung berkicau untuk menguji kualitas suara, mental , gaya dan performa burung di arena lomba. Lovebird yang berhasil menjuarai kontes memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi dan keturunannya banyak diminati oleh penghobi dan peternak. Pergelaran lomba burung berkicau dikelas lovebird belakangan ini tidak diikuti dengan pengetahuan tentang seni suara lovebird yang dilombakan. Hal ini berakibat terjadinya protes dari peserta lomba terhadap keputusan dewan juri. Faktor utama penyebabnya ialah kurangnya pemahaman dan pengetahuan peserta terhadap seni suara nyerecet lovebird yang bagus. Oleh karena itu, penulis berusaha membantu peserta agar dapat memilih lovebird yang layak untuk prospek lomba kedepannya. Disini penulis akan mengklasifikasikan kategori lovebird berdasarkan suara nyerecetnya serta beberapa parameter yang diperlukan untuk menentukan lovebird yang berkualitas lomba. Tugas Akhir ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan tujuan untuk membantu para kicau mania dan juri dalam melakukan keputusan dan menganalisis suara lovebird serta memberikan pengetahuan kepada kicau mania mengenai karakteristik suara lovebird yang bagus. Proses pengkasifikasian suara lovebird diperoleh dari ekstraksi ciri spektrogram yang dicari nilai magnitudenya serta thersholding dari tiap-tiap suara yang diolah. Dari nilai-nilai ekstraksi ciri suara lovebird tersebut, kemudian dilakukan klasifikasi menggunakan metode algoritma fuzzy logic. Hasil yang diperoleh dari Tugas Akhir ini adalah sistem mampu mengklasifikasikan lovebird yang memiliki suara kelas A, kelas B, dan kelas C. Proses klasifikasi menggunakan metode algoritma fuzzy logic, dengan 60 data yang terdiri dari 20 suara lovebird kelas A, 20 suara lovebird kelas B, dan 20 suara lovebird kelas C. Setelah dilakukan proses verifikasi dari juri burung berkicau dan pakar lovebird, untuk ciri menggunakan spektrogram memperoleh akurasi sebesar 92,16 %. Kata kunci : suara lovebird, nyerecet, kicau mania, spektrogram, algoritma fuzzy logic

  • klasifikasi suara burung lovebird dengan algoritma fuzzy logic
    eProceedings of Engineering, 2015
    Co-Authors: Tedy Gumilang Sejati
    Abstract:

    Abstrak Pada tugas akhir ini, dilakukan penelitian untuk mengklasifikasikan suara lovebird menjadi tiga kelas yaitu suara kelas A, suara kelas B, dan suara kelas C. Pengklasifikasiaan suara lovebird ini dilakukan melalui tahap audio processing. Tahapan yang dilakukan untuk proses klasifikasi suara lovebird, meliputi : pre- processing, ekstraksi ciri, dan klasifikasi. Metode ekstraksi ciri yang digunakan adalah STFT(Short Time Fourier Transform) dengan menganalisis spectrogram serta menggunakan klasifikasi Fuzzy Logic. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, spectrogram memberikan nilai ekstraksi ciri yang cukup akurat dengan waktu komputasi yang terhitung cepat. Hasil dari penelitian tugas akhir ini adalah mendapatkan tingkat akurasi mencapai 92,16% dengan waktu komputasi 0,1886 detik dan kategori MOS baik. Diharapkan dengan kemampuan sistem ini, dapat membantu para kicau mania dan juri burung berkicau sehingga dapat dijadikan standar akurasi yang tepat dalam mengkasifikasikan suara lovebird. Kata kunci : suara lovebird, kicau mania, spektrogram, algoritma fuzzy logic.

Desquesnes Marc - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Adaptation and evaluation of an ELISA for Trypanosoma evansi infection (Surra)in elephants and its application to a serological survey in Thaïland
    'Cambridge University Press (CUP)', 2018
    Co-Authors: Camoin Margot, Kocher Arthur, Chalermwong Piangjai, Yangtara Sarawut, Thongtip Nikorn, Jittapalapong Sathaporn, Desquesnes Marc
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of Surra, is widespread in domestic livestock and wildlife in South East Asia. Surra can affect cattle, buffaloes, horses and also Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Despite the 'threatened to extinction' CITES status of elephant, Surra's impact has not been thoroughly assessed yet in this species. This work offers to adapt an antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol, to detect Trypanosoma evansi antibodies in elephant serum. The test was validated with 365 negative-reference samples, which allowed the determination of a 16% positive threshold. The test was applied to a serological survey including 375 individuals. The estimated global seroprevalence was 2·1% (95% CI 1·1–4·2%). Therefore, Surra does not appear to be endemic in Thai domestic elephants, but occasional outbreaks were reported to our laboratory during the survey period. These outbreaks seemed to be linked to close proximity to cattle or buffaloes, and led to severe clinical signs in elephants. Frequent relapses were observed after treatment with diminazene aceturate, the only trypanocide drug currently available in Thailand. Therefore, care should be taken to keep elephants away from bovine reservoirs, and to monitor the disease in this endangered species. ELISA proved to be reliable for screening purposes as well as for post-treatment monitoring

  • Molecular identification of Trypanosomae evansi, species diversity and phenology of biting insects as potential vectors of Surra in camels, Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan
    'BSP Books Private Limited', 2017
    Co-Authors: Tehseen Sonia, Jahan Nusrat, Qamar, Muahammad Fiaz, Shahzad, Mirza Imran, Desquesnes Marc
    Abstract:

    Surra is a vector borne disease of animals with a worldwide distribution. Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent, is principally transmitted by hematophagous flies. It is associated with great economic losses, in link with working capacity and productivity of livestock. Cases of Surra in camels of Cholistan deserts, recently reported by our laboratory, suggested the need to investigate on vectors in selected areas. In the current study, field collection of vectors was done jointly with camel herds investigated for Surra. The collection was done twice a month from January 2012 to December 2013. Flies were identified morphologically by using taxonomic keys for Tabanidae and Stomoxyine flies. Random samples (n=100) of flies per species, collected from the field, where camels were diagnosed for Surra, were examined and selected for the signs of blood engorgements. Molecular identification of T. evansi was carried out on whole flies and fly body parts (mid-guts and mouthparts) using TBR1/2 PCR and RoTat 1.2 PCR. A total of 4517 flies (tabanids and Stomoxys) were collected during the study period comprising Tabanus rubidus (18.6%), Tabanus striatus (37.8%) and Stomoxys calcitrans (43.6%). The total fly catch of each species was non- significantly different from each other (p 0.05) while 100% collected population of T. rubidus and T. striatus comprised of females only. Seasonal variations in the abundance was variable from a species to another. The apparent and relative abundance of T. rubidus, T. striatus and S. calcitrans on camels is suggestive of their role as mechanical vectors of Surra in Punjab, Pakistan. The current study is a first and novel work related with recently reported study in our laboratory on the prevalence of Surra in camels of Cholistan desert, Pakistan

  • Conclusions of an episode of Surra in dromedary camels in Aveyron (France, 2006-2007/2013)
    'The Japan Society for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation', 2016
    Co-Authors: Thevenon Sophie, Bossard Géraldine, Touratier Louis, Desquesnes Marc
    Abstract:

    A short outbreak of Surra, due to Trypanosoma evansi, occurred in autumn 2006 shortly after the importation of dromedary camels from the Canary Islands into a farm of the Aveyron department (France), which already kept a small herd of camels for demonstrations and tourism. The Canary Islands were Surra-infected some years ago by unduly imported dromedary camels originating from West-Africa. A first case of Surra was suspected in a clinically sick imported animal after microscopic examination of Trypanozoon parasites on a blood smear. The whole herd was then investigated with parasitological (including mouse inoculation for parasite isolation), serological and molecular tests. Five animals were found positive by at least one test, among them some already living camels in the farm, which proved the local transmission of the parasite by biting insects acting as vectors (stomoxes were abundant on the farm). The control measures were based on the isolation of the farm, the treatment of all camels and the monthly monitoring with the set of internationally recommended specific diagnostic tests which all became progressively negative (in about 4 months). One animal presented a relapse 7 months after being negative to all tests. Following this event, all camels were treated with double doses of quinapyramine, and then melarsomine. The hypothesis of relapse was favored over a new infection from a reservoir, since no more case was noticed during the following monitoring which lasted four years, and a careful retrospective checking of the data indicated that this animal had received under dose of initial treatment. However, an animal, borderline for ELISA test and originating from the Canary Islands, was euthanized in 2013 following an administrative decision considering that the ELISA-VSG proceeded in an OIE Surra reference laboratory (Anvers, Belgium) being positive, even slightly, the French regulations had to be put in force to obtain the disease free status of the infected farm and of the country. This episode and associated control measures bring several lessons: (i) a lack of specific EU regulations regarding Surra control; (ii) the difficulty to evaluate the evolution of T. evansi within an infected animal which can be a model to other trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon; (iii) The use of a specific drug the dose of which has to be rigorously adapted to the animal weight; (iv) The quality of the various available ELISA and other tests to evaluate the actual status of an animal

  • Potential of the oriental house rat, Rattus tanezumi to act as a reservoir of Trypanosoma evansi in Thaïland
    'The Japan Society for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation', 2016
    Co-Authors: Desquesnes Marc, Kocher Arthur, Yangtara Sarawut, Morand Serge, Jittapalapong Sathaporn
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885) Balbiani, 1888, is a protozoan blood parasite and etiologic agent of “Surra,” a disease affecting a wide range of domestic and wild mammals, some identified as potential reservoirs. Although T. evansi has been detected in several small wild rodent species, their role in the epidemiology of Surra is unclear. There is molecular evidence of T. evansi in wild rodents in Asia, but it is not known whether they can carry the parasite for sufficient time to significantly contribute to the epidemiology of Surra. We assessed the receptivity and susceptibility of the Oriental house rat (OHR; Rattus tanezumi) to T. evansi infection. Five adult male OHRs trapped in Bangkhen district, Bangkok, Thailand, and five laboratory Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), as positive controls, were experimentally infected with a local strain of T. evansi. The five controls and three of the five OHRs were highly susceptible and rapidly exhibited high levels of parasitemia as usually observed in Wistar rats. They died or were euthanized just prior to expected death. Two OHRs presented fluctuating levels of parasitemia, without obvious clinical signs, throughout 40 days of monitoring. These results highlight the moderate susceptibility of some OHRs and their ability to carry the infection for a significant period of time. Along with the molecular evidence of T. evansi in captured OHRs (demonstrated elsewhere), our results bring new information on the potential role of OHRs in the complex epidemiology of Surra

  • Is the oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi) a potential reservoir for Trypanosoma evansi in Thailand?
    'Wildlife Disease Association', 2015
    Co-Authors: Kocher Arthur, Desquesnes Marc, Yangtara Sarawut, Morand Serge, Jittapalapong Sathaporn
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan blood parasite and etiologic agent of “Surra,” a disease affecting a wide range of domestic and wild mammals, some identified as potential reservoirs. Although T. evansi has been detected in several small wild rodent species, their role in the epidemiology of Surra is unclear. There is molecular evidence of T. evansi in wild rodents in Asia, but it is not known whether they can carry the parasite for sufficient time to significantly contribute to the epidemiology of Surra. We assessed the susceptibility of the Oriental house rat (OHR; Rattus tanezumi) to T. evansi infection. Five adult male OHRs trapped in Bangkhen district, Bangkok, Thailand, and five laboratory Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as positive controls, were experimentally infected with a local strain of T. evansi. The five controls and three of the five OHRs were highly susceptible and rapidly exhibited the high levels of parasitemia usually observed in Wistar rats. They died or were euthanized just prior to expected death. Two OHRs presented fluctuating levels of parasitemia, without obvious clinical signs, throughout 40 d of monitoring. These results highlight the moderate susceptibility of some OHRs and their ability to carry the infection over time. Along with the molecular evidence of T. evansi in captured OHRs (demonstrated elsewhere), our results bring new information on the potential role of OHRs in the complex epidemiology of Surra. (Résumé d'auteur