The Experts below are selected from a list of 24627 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Steve Leach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
assessment of the public health threats posed by Vector Borne Disease in the united kingdom uk
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Jolyon M Medlock, Kayleigh M Hansford, Alexander G C Vaux, Ben Cull, Emma L Gillingham, Steve LeachAbstract:In recent years, the known distribution of Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe has changed, with much new information also available now on the status of Vectors in the United Kingdom (UK). For example, in 2016, the UK reported their first detection of the non-native mosquito Aedes albopictus, which is a known Vector for dengue and chikungunya virus. In 2010, Culex modestus, a principal mosquito Vector for West Nile virus was detected in large numbers in the Thames estuary. For tick-Borne Diseases, data on the changing distribution of the Lyme borreliosis tick Vector, Ixodes ricinus, has recently been published, at a time when there has been an increase in the numbers of reported human cases of Lyme Disease. This paper brings together the latest surveillance data and pertinent research on Vector-Borne Disease in the UK, and its relevance to public health. It highlights the need for continued Vector surveillance systems to monitor our native mosquito and tick fauna, as well as the need to expand surveillance for invasive species. It illustrates the importance of maintaining surveillance capacity that is sufficient to ensure accurate and timely Disease risk assessment to help mitigate the UK’s changing emerging infectious Disease risks, especially in a time of climatic and environmental change and increasing global connectivity.
-
effect of climate change on Vector Borne Disease risk in the uk
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Jolyon M Medlock, Steve LeachAbstract:During the early part of the 21st century, an unprecedented change in the status of Vector-Borne Disease in Europe has occurred. Invasive mosquitoes have become widely established across Europe, with subsequent transmission and outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus. Malaria has re-emerged in Greece, and West Nile virus has emerged throughout parts of eastern Europe. Tick-Borne Diseases, such as Lyme Disease, continue to increase, or, in the case of tick-Borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses, have changed their geographical distribution. From a veterinary perspective, the emergence of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses show that northern Europe is equally susceptible to transmission of Vector-Borne Disease. These changes are in part due to increased globalisation, with intercontinental air travel and global shipping transport creating new opportunities for invasive Vectors and pathogens. However, changes in Vector distributions are being driven by climatic changes and changes in land use, infrastructure, and the environment. In this Review, we summarise the risks posed by Vector-Borne Diseases in the present and the future from a UK perspective, and assess the likely effects of climate change and, where appropriate, climate-change adaptation strategies on Vector-Borne Disease risk in the UK. Lessons from the outbreaks of West Nile virus in North America and chikungunya in the Caribbean emphasise the need to assess future Vector-Borne Disease risks and prepare contingencies for future outbreaks. Ensuring that adaptation strategies for climate change do not inadvertently exacerbate risks should be a primary focus for decision makers.
Jolyon M Medlock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
assessment of the public health threats posed by Vector Borne Disease in the united kingdom uk
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Jolyon M Medlock, Kayleigh M Hansford, Alexander G C Vaux, Ben Cull, Emma L Gillingham, Steve LeachAbstract:In recent years, the known distribution of Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe has changed, with much new information also available now on the status of Vectors in the United Kingdom (UK). For example, in 2016, the UK reported their first detection of the non-native mosquito Aedes albopictus, which is a known Vector for dengue and chikungunya virus. In 2010, Culex modestus, a principal mosquito Vector for West Nile virus was detected in large numbers in the Thames estuary. For tick-Borne Diseases, data on the changing distribution of the Lyme borreliosis tick Vector, Ixodes ricinus, has recently been published, at a time when there has been an increase in the numbers of reported human cases of Lyme Disease. This paper brings together the latest surveillance data and pertinent research on Vector-Borne Disease in the UK, and its relevance to public health. It highlights the need for continued Vector surveillance systems to monitor our native mosquito and tick fauna, as well as the need to expand surveillance for invasive species. It illustrates the importance of maintaining surveillance capacity that is sufficient to ensure accurate and timely Disease risk assessment to help mitigate the UK’s changing emerging infectious Disease risks, especially in a time of climatic and environmental change and increasing global connectivity.
-
effect of climate change on Vector Borne Disease risk in the uk
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Jolyon M Medlock, Steve LeachAbstract:During the early part of the 21st century, an unprecedented change in the status of Vector-Borne Disease in Europe has occurred. Invasive mosquitoes have become widely established across Europe, with subsequent transmission and outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus. Malaria has re-emerged in Greece, and West Nile virus has emerged throughout parts of eastern Europe. Tick-Borne Diseases, such as Lyme Disease, continue to increase, or, in the case of tick-Borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses, have changed their geographical distribution. From a veterinary perspective, the emergence of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses show that northern Europe is equally susceptible to transmission of Vector-Borne Disease. These changes are in part due to increased globalisation, with intercontinental air travel and global shipping transport creating new opportunities for invasive Vectors and pathogens. However, changes in Vector distributions are being driven by climatic changes and changes in land use, infrastructure, and the environment. In this Review, we summarise the risks posed by Vector-Borne Diseases in the present and the future from a UK perspective, and assess the likely effects of climate change and, where appropriate, climate-change adaptation strategies on Vector-Borne Disease risk in the UK. Lessons from the outbreaks of West Nile virus in North America and chikungunya in the Caribbean emphasise the need to assess future Vector-Borne Disease risks and prepare contingencies for future outbreaks. Ensuring that adaptation strategies for climate change do not inadvertently exacerbate risks should be a primary focus for decision makers.
Marm A Kilpatrick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
predicted and observed mortality from Vector Borne Disease in wildlife west nile virus and small songbirds
Biological Conservation, 2013Co-Authors: Marm A Kilpatrick, Ryan J Peters, Alan P Dupuis, Matthew J Jones, Peter Daszak, Peter P Marra, Laura D KramerAbstract:Numerous Diseases of wildlife have recently emerged due to trade and travel. However, the impact of Disease on wild animal populations has been notoriously difficult to detect and demonstrate, due to problems of attribution and the rapid disappearance of bodies after death. Determining the magnitude of avian mortality from West Nile virus (WNV) is emblematic of these challenges. Although correlational analyses have shown population declines coincident with the arrival of the virus, strong inference of WNV as a cause of mortality or a population decline requires additional evidence. We show how integrating field data on mosquito feeding patterns, avian abundance, and seroprevalence can be used to predict relative mortality from Vector-Borne pathogens. We illustrate the method with a case study on WNV in three species of small songbirds, tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), Carolina wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus), and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). We then determined mortality, infectiousness, and behavioral response of wrens and titmouse following infection with WNV in laboratory experiments and compared them to a previous study on WNV mortality in cardinals. In agreement with predictions, we found titmouse had the highest mortality from WNV infection, with 100% of 11 birds perishing within 7 days after infection. Mortality in wrens was significantly lower at 27% (3/11), but still substantial. Viremia profiles indicated that both species were highly infectious for WNV and could play roles in WNV amplification. These findings suggest that WNV may be killing many small-bodied birds, despite the absence of large numbers of dead birds being observed and testing positive for WNV. More broadly, they illustrate the utility of a framework for predicting relative mortality in hosts from Vector-Borne Disease.
Javier Pizarro-cerdá - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination, and diagnostics
Genes and Immunity, 2019Co-Authors: Christian Demeure, Olivier Dussurget, Guillem Mas Fiol, Anne-sophie Le Guern, Cyril Savin, Javier Pizarro-cerdáAbstract:Plague is a Vector-Borne Disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged
Jeffrey D Brawn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
host group formation decreases exposure to Vector Borne Disease a field experiment in a hotspot of west nile virus transmission
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Bethany L Krebs, Gabriel L. Hamer, Tavis K Anderson, Tony L Goldberg, Uriel Kitron, Christina M Newman, Marilyn O Ruiz, Edward D Walker, Jeffrey D BrawnAbstract:Animals can decrease their individual risk of predation by forming groups. The encounter-dilution hypothesis extends the potential benefits of gregariousness to biting insects and Vector-Borne Disease by predicting that the per capita number of insect bites should decrease within larger host groups. Although Vector-Borne Diseases are common and can exert strong selective pressures on hosts, there have been few tests of the encounter-dilution effect in natural systems. We conducted an experimental test of the encounter-dilution hypothesis using the American robin (Turdus migratorius), a common host species for the West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-Borne pathogen. By using sentinel hosts (house sparrows, Passer domesticus) caged in naturally occurring communal roosts in the suburbs of Chicago, we assessed sentinel host risk of WNV exposure inside and outside of roosts. We also estimated per capita host exposure to infected Vectors inside roosts and outside of roosts. Sentinel birds caged inside roosts seroconverted to WNV more slowly than those outside of roosts, suggesting that social groups decrease per capita exposure to infected mosquitoes. These results therefore support the encounter-dilution hypothesis in a Vector-Borne Disease system. Our results suggest that Disease-related selective pressures on sociality may depend on the mode of Disease transmission.
