The Experts below are selected from a list of 234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Soren Nielsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nkcc1 and nhe1 are abundantly expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of secretory coil cells in rat mouse and human Sweat Glands
American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology, 2005Co-Authors: Lene N Nejsum, Jeppe Praetorius, Soren NielsenAbstract:In isolated Sweat Glands, bumetanide inhibits Sweat secretion. The mRNA encoding bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) isoform 1 (NKCC1) has been detected in Sweat Glands; however, t...
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functional requirement of aquaporin 5 in plasma membranes of Sweat Glands
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002Co-Authors: Lene N Nejsum, Taehwan Kwon, Uffe Birk Jensen, Ornella Fumagalli, Jorgen Frokiaer, Carissa M Krane, Anil G Menon, Landon S King, Peter Agre, Soren NielsenAbstract:The distribution and function of aquaporins (AQPs) have not previously been defined in Sweat Glands. In this study, AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 mRNA were demonstrated in rat paw by reverse transcription (RT)–PCR, but AQP2 and AQP4 were not. AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 protein were confirmed in these tissues by immunoblotting. AQP1 was identified in capillary endothelial cells by immunohistochemical labeling, but not in Sweat Glands or epidermis. Abundant AQP3 expression was seen in basal levels of epidermis, but not in Sweat Glands. AQP2 and AQP4 were not observed in either skin or Sweat Glands. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed abundant AQP5 in secretory parts of rat and mouse Sweat Glands, where immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated abundant AQP5 labeling in the apical plasma membrane. AQP5 immunolabeling of human Sweat Glands yielded a similar pattern. To establish the role of AQP5 in Sweat secretion, we tested the response of adult mice to s.c. injection of pilocarpine, as visualized by reaction of secreted amylase with iodine/starch. The number of active Sweat Glands was dramatically reduced in AQP5-null (−/−) mice compared with heterozygous (+/−) and wild-type (+/+) mice. We conclude that the presence of AQP5 in plasma membranes of Sweat Glands is essential for secretion, providing potential insight into mechanisms underlying mammalian thermoregulation, tactile sensitivity, and the pathophysiology of hyperhidrosis.
Kenji Saga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure and function of human Sweat Glands studied with histochemistry and cytochemistry
Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Kenji SagaAbstract:Abstracts The basic structure and the physiological function of human Sweat Glands were reviewed. Histochemical and cytochemical techniques greatly contributed the elucidation of the ionic mechanism of Sweat secretion. X-ray microanalysis using freeze-dried cryosections clarified the level of Na, K, and Cl in each secretory cell of the human Sweat gland. Enzyme cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography elucidated the localization of Na,K-ATPase. These data supported the idea that human eccrine Sweat is produced by the model of N-K-2Cl cotransport. Cationic colloidal gold localizes anionic sites on histological sections. Human eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands showed completely different localization and enzyme sensitivity of anionic sites studied with cationic gold. Human Sweat Glands have many immunohistochemical markers. Some of them are specific to apocrine Sweat Glands, although many of them stain both eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands. Histochemical techniques, especially immunohistochemistry using a confocal laser scanning microscope and in situ hybridization, will further clarify the relationship of the structure and function in human Sweat Glands.
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Structure and function of human Sweat Glands studied with histochemistry and cytochemistry.
Progress in histochemistry and cytochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Kenji SagaAbstract:Abstracts The basic structure and the physiological function of human Sweat Glands were reviewed. Histochemical and cytochemical techniques greatly contributed the elucidation of the ionic mechanism of Sweat secretion. X-ray microanalysis using freeze-dried cryosections clarified the level of Na, K, and Cl in each secretory cell of the human Sweat gland. Enzyme cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography elucidated the localization of Na,K-ATPase. These data supported the idea that human eccrine Sweat is produced by the model of N-K-2Cl cotransport. Cationic colloidal gold localizes anionic sites on histological sections. Human eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands showed completely different localization and enzyme sensitivity of anionic sites studied with cationic gold. Human Sweat Glands have many immunohistochemical markers. Some of them are specific to apocrine Sweat Glands, although many of them stain both eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands. Histochemical techniques, especially immunohistochemistry using a confocal laser scanning microscope and in situ hybridization, will further clarify the relationship of the structure and function in human Sweat Glands.
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histochemical and immunohistochemical markers for human eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands an aid for histopathologic differentiation of Sweat gland tumors
Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, 2001Co-Authors: Kenji SagaAbstract:Apocrine and eccrine Sweat Glands are distinct in function, although they are closely related to each other developmentally and morphologically. In certain Sweat gland tumors, it is difficult to differentiate between eccrine or apocrine Sweat Glands. There fore, this paper reviews histochemical and immunohistochemical markers to differentiate apocrine and eccrine Sweat Glands with the aim of better understanding the structural and functional characteristics of these Sweat Glands. Specific markers for apocrine Sweat Glands are as follows: neuraminidase sensitive anionic sites detected by cationic colloidal gold at pH 2.0, and mitochondrion-like secretory granules that have epidermal growth factor-like antigenicity. The following antibodies react with apocrine Sweat Glands but not with eccrine Sweat Glands; the antibodies raised against 70 kDa glycoprotein purified from human milk fat globule membranes, and HMFG-1 (1.10.F3) monoclonal antibody produced by immunizing mice with defatted human milk fat globule membranes. Markers for eccrine Sweat Glands are as follows: dark cell granules that have chondroitinase ABC sensitive anionic sites detected by cationic gold at pH 2.0 after pretreatment with EGTA, and intercellular canaliculi with high activity of alkaline phosphatase. CEA and GCDFP-15 are expressed in both eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands. Anti-EMA monoclonal antibody (E29) stains both eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands.
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Immunohistochemical Localization of Activated EGF Receptor in Human Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands
Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Kenji Saga, Kowichi JimbowAbstract:Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is secreted into Sweat from secretory cells of human Sweat Glands. The function of EGF in Sweat is poorly understood. The biological function of EGF is exerted by the binding of EGF to the receptor (EGFR) and its activation. Therefore, we immunohistochemically localized the activated form of EGFR in human eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands to assess the functional importance of the EGF–EGFR system in human Sweat Glands. Frozen sections of human skin were stained with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for tyrosine-phosphorylated (activated) EGFR and with an MAb that stains both activated and non-activated EGFR. In the secretory portion of eccrine Sweat Glands, nuclei of the secretory cells were stained with the anti-activated EGFR MAb. In coiled and straight portions of eccrine Sweat ducts, nuclei of luminal and peripheral cells were stained with the antibody specific for activated EGFR. Luminal cell membranes and luminal cytoplasm of inner ductal cells possessed non-activat...
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Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in human eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands.
Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 1995Co-Authors: Kenji Saga, Y MorimotoAbstract:: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic and organic monophosphate esters at alkaline pH. Although the functions of ALP are poorly understood, it is believed to be involved in membrane transport. Because little is known about the functions and distribution of ALP in the Sweat Glands, we studied the localization of ALP in human Sweat Glands with light and electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry. In eccrine Sweat Glands, ALP was restricted to the cell membranes of intercellular canaliculi. Luminal cell membranes of secretory cells that are in continuity with intercellular canaliculi did not show ALP activity. These results suggest that ALP participates in the production of primary Sweat at intercellular canaliculi. In apocrine Sweat Glands, basal cell membranes of secretory cells and myoepithelial cell membranes that were in apposition with each other showed ALP activity, where as no activity was seen in eccrine Sweat Glands. These differences in the distribution of ALP in myoepithelial cells between eccrine and apocrine Sweat Glands might be related to the functional differences of these Sweat Glands. ALP histochemistry could help to diagnose and to determine the direction of differentiation in Sweat gland tumors.
Zhiyong Sheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Potentiality of mesenchymal stem cells in regeneration of Sweat Glands.
The Journal of surgical research, 2006Co-Authors: Zhiyong ShengAbstract:Sweat Glands play some key roles in homeostasis maintenance and body temperature regulation. In full-thickness burn wounds, Sweat Glands cannot regenerate to form their three-dimensional organization via the division and terminal differentiation of Sweat gland cells. However, the plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may offer the hope and potentiality to regenerate Sweat Glands after severe burn injury.
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Morphological and distribution characteristics of Sweat Glands in hypertrophic scar and their possible effects on Sweat gland regeneration.
Chinese medical journal, 2005Co-Authors: Tong-zhu Sun, Zhiyong ShengAbstract:Background In hypertrophic scar tissue, no sweet gland and hair follicle exist usually because of the dermal and epidermal damage in extensive thermal skin injury, thus imparing regulation of body temperature. This study was designed to reveal the morphological and distributional characteristics of the Sweat Glands in normal skin and hypertrophic scar obtained from children and adults, and to study the possible interfering effects of the scar on regeneration of the Sweat gland after burn injury. Methods Biopsies of hypertrophic scar were taken from four children (4 - 10 years) and four adults (35 - 51 years). Normal, uninjured full-thickness skin adjacent to the scar of each patient was used as control. Keratin 19 ( K19) was used as the marker for epidermal stem cells and secretory portion of the Sweat Glands, and keratin 14 ( K14) for the tube portion, respectively. Immunohistochemical and histological evaluations were performed. Results Histological and immunohistochemical staining of skin tissue sections from both the children and adults showed K19 positive cells in the basement membrane of epidermis of normal skin. These cells were seen only single layer and arranged regularly. The secretory or duct portion of the eccrine Sweat Glands was situated in the dermis and epidermal layer. However, in the scar tissue, K19 positive cells were scant in the basal layer, and the anatomic location of the secretory portion of Sweat Glands changed. They were located between the border of the scar and reticular layer of the dermis. These secretory portions of Sweat Glands were expanded and were organized irregularly. But a few K14 positive cells were scattered in the scar tissues in cyclic form. Conclusions There are some residual Sweat Glands in scar tissues, in which the regeneration process of active Sweat Glands is present. Possibly the Sweat Glands could regenerate from adult epidermal stem cells or residual Sweat Glands in the wound bed after burn injury.
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epidermal stem cells are the source of Sweat Glands in human fetal skin evidence of synergetic development of stem cells Sweat Glands growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases
Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2005Co-Authors: Xiaoqing Sun, Tongzhou Sun, Zhiyong ShengAbstract:The development of Sweat Glands is a complex biological process, and the extent of cellular trafficking between epidermal stem cells and the development of Sweat Glands is uncertain. Therefore, we studied the synergetic development effects of stem cells, Sweat Glands, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human skin. Human fetal skin was obtained from spontaneously aborted fetuses at 11-31 weeks of gestation. Paraffin sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or immunostained with antibodies against beta(1) integrin, keratin (K)-19 and K7, MMP-2 and -7, and epidermal growth factor. In situ hybridization was used along with semiquantitative analysis of the positive expression of these proteins to analyze for mRNA expression of MMP-2 and -7. Histological studies revealed the fetal epidermis began to form a primary epidermal ridge at gestational age 13-14 weeks and these primordial basal cells became tightly packed to take the form of multiple hillocks between 14 and 16 weeks. Furthermore, these cells gave rise to chord-like columnar buds in the embryonic epidermis, and these buds gradually migrated downward into the dermis to form juvenile Sweat Glands at 18-20 weeks. Mature Sweat Glands were found in the fetal epidermis at the end of 24 weeks. beta(1) integrin and K19 immunoreactivities were first detected in those cells that gathered together to form primary epidermal ridges, including Sweat gland cords, buds, and immature Sweat gland cells. The positive immunostaining for K7 appeared in early Sweat gland buds at 14-16 weeks, and from then on K7 was concentrated in developing Sweat gland cords or cells. At 14-16 weeks, positive epidermal growth factor, MMP-2, and MMP-7 expression was first observed weakly in developing Sweat gland buds. The immunoreactivity of these proteins was then gradually increased in the developing Sweat gland buds and extracellular stroma from 14 to 20 weeks. The intensity of the positive signal peaked at 20-22 weeks of gestational age. After that, the intensity of immunostaining for MMP-2 and MMP-7 proteins was gradually weakened. However, the expression of epidermal growth factor did not show an apparent decrease. These results suggest that epidermal stem cells are the source of Sweat Glands. Epidermal growth factor is one of the main inducers in the development and maturity of Sweat gland buds or cells and the local activated MMPs may play an important role in cleaving the major matrix components in the basement membrane.
Lene N Nejsum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional requirement of ac membranes of Sweat Glands
2016Co-Authors: Lene N Nejsum, Taehwan Kwon, Uffe Birk Jensen, Anil G Menon, Landon S King, Ornella F, Peter C. Agrell, Soren NieAbstract:dermis, but not in Sweat Glands. AQP2 and AQP4 were not observed in either skin or Sweat Glands. Immunohistochemical IV labeling revealed abundant AQP5 in secretory parts of rat and E, mouse Sweat Glands, where immunoelectron microscopy demon- N strated abundant AQP5 labeling in the apical plasma membrane. L AQP5 immunolabeling of human Sweat Glands yielded a similar L pattern. To establish the role of AQP5 in Sweat secretion, we tested I the response of adult mice to s.c. injection of pilocarpine, as h visualized by reaction of secreted amylase with iodine/starch. The number of active Sweat Glands was dramatically reduced in AQP5- RI null (-/-) mice compared with heterozygous (+/-) and wild-type ti (+/+) mice. We conclude that the presence of AQP5 in plasma S membranes of Sweat Glands is essential for secretion, providing p potential insight into mechanisms underlying mammalian thermo- o regulation, tactile sensitivity, and the pathophysiology of G hyperhidrosis. A G
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nkcc1 and nhe1 are abundantly expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of secretory coil cells in rat mouse and human Sweat Glands
American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology, 2005Co-Authors: Lene N Nejsum, Jeppe Praetorius, Soren NielsenAbstract:In isolated Sweat Glands, bumetanide inhibits Sweat secretion. The mRNA encoding bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) isoform 1 (NKCC1) has been detected in Sweat Glands; however, t...
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functional requirement of aquaporin 5 in plasma membranes of Sweat Glands
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002Co-Authors: Lene N Nejsum, Taehwan Kwon, Uffe Birk Jensen, Ornella Fumagalli, Jorgen Frokiaer, Carissa M Krane, Anil G Menon, Landon S King, Peter Agre, Soren NielsenAbstract:The distribution and function of aquaporins (AQPs) have not previously been defined in Sweat Glands. In this study, AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 mRNA were demonstrated in rat paw by reverse transcription (RT)–PCR, but AQP2 and AQP4 were not. AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 protein were confirmed in these tissues by immunoblotting. AQP1 was identified in capillary endothelial cells by immunohistochemical labeling, but not in Sweat Glands or epidermis. Abundant AQP3 expression was seen in basal levels of epidermis, but not in Sweat Glands. AQP2 and AQP4 were not observed in either skin or Sweat Glands. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed abundant AQP5 in secretory parts of rat and mouse Sweat Glands, where immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated abundant AQP5 labeling in the apical plasma membrane. AQP5 immunolabeling of human Sweat Glands yielded a similar pattern. To establish the role of AQP5 in Sweat secretion, we tested the response of adult mice to s.c. injection of pilocarpine, as visualized by reaction of secreted amylase with iodine/starch. The number of active Sweat Glands was dramatically reduced in AQP5-null (−/−) mice compared with heterozygous (+/−) and wild-type (+/+) mice. We conclude that the presence of AQP5 in plasma membranes of Sweat Glands is essential for secretion, providing potential insight into mechanisms underlying mammalian thermoregulation, tactile sensitivity, and the pathophysiology of hyperhidrosis.
Mingjun Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differential antigen expression between human eccrine Sweat Glands and hair follicles/pilosebaceous units.
Journal of Molecular Histology, 2019Co-Authors: Leilei Cao, Liyun Chen, Zairong Wei, Sitian Xie, Mingjun Zhang, Yao Lin, Haihua HuangAbstract:Eccrine Sweat Glands and hair follicles are two primary skin appendages that serve different functions. Although the two appendages exhibit unique morphological patterns in adults, it is difficult to distinguish them morphologically in the early stages of development and regeneration. To research and compare the development, differentiation and regeneration between eccrine Sweat Glands and hair follicles/pilosebaceous units, specific antigen markers must be found first. Human skin samples were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and cut. The expression of K5, K7, K8, K14, K27, K31, K73, AE13, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Na+/K+-ATPase α and Na+–K+–2Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) in eccrine Sweat Glands, hair follicles and sebaceous Glands was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that eccrine Sweat Glands expressed K5, K7, K8, K14, K31, α-SMA, CEA, EMA, Na+/K+-ATPase α and NKCC1, but did not express K27, K73 or K31. Hair follicles expressed K5, K8, K14, K27, K31, K73, α-SMA and AE13, but did not express K7, CEA, Na+/K+-ATPase α or NKCC1. Sebaceous Glands expressed K5, K14, K73, and EMA, but did not express K7, K8, K31, α-SMA, CEA, EMA, Na+/K+-ATPase α or NKCC1. We concluded that K7, CEA, Na+/K+-ATPase and NKCC1 can be used as specific markers for eccrine Sweat Glands, K27 and AE13 can be used as specific markers for hair follicles, and K73 can be used as a specific marker for pilosebaceous unit. These specific markers may contribute to differentiate between eccrine Sweat Glands and hair follicle/pilosebaceous units.
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detection of fluid secretion of three dimensional reconstructed eccrine Sweat Glands by magnetic resonance imaging
Experimental Dermatology, 2019Co-Authors: Liyun Chen, Sitian Xie, Mingjun Zhang, Cuiping ZhangAbstract:We previously showed three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed eccrine Sweat Glands have similar structures as native eccrine Sweat Glands, but whether the 3D reconstructed Sweat Glands appropriately secrete fluid is still unknown. In this study, Matrigel-embedded human eccrine Sweat gland cells or Matrigel alone were implanted into the groin subcutis of the nude mice. Ten weeks post-implantation, images of the subcutaneously formed plugs, as well as footpads of rats, pre- and post-pilocarpine/normal saline (NS) injection were acquired using a fat-suppressed proton density-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence at 7.0 T, and the regions of interest (ROIs) in plugs and rat footpads were analysed and graphed. A significant increase in the ROI mean proton intensity occurred in both 3D reconstructed and native eccrine Sweat Glands after pilocarpine injection. The mean proton intensity had no noticeable changes in ROIs of Matrigel plugs between pre- and post-pilocarpine injection, and in ROIs of rat footpads between pre- and post-NS injection. In conclusion, the 3D reconstructed Sweat Glands possess fluid secretion, which is detectable by fat-suppressed proton density-weighted MRI.
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Differential Innervation of Secretory Coils and Ducts in Human Eccrine Sweat Glands
Wolters Kluwer, 2018Co-Authors: Zhan Ouyang, Sitian Xie, Mingjun Zhang, Liu-hang-hang ChengAbstract:Background: Previous studies demonstrate that eccrine Sweat Glands are innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic nerves. However, it is still unknown whether the secretory coils and ducts of eccrine Sweat Glands are equally innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers. To well understand the mechanisms on Sweat secretion and reabsorption, the differential innervation of secretory coils and ducts in human eccrine Sweat Glands was investigated in the study. Methods: From June 2016 to June 2017, six human skins were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and cut into 5 μm-thick sections, followed by costaining for nerve fiber markers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and eccrine Sweat gland markers K7, S100P, and K14 by combining standard immunofluorescence with tyramide signal amplification (IF-TSA). Stained sections were observed under the microscope, photographed, and analyzed. Results: The fluorescent signals of PGP 9.5, TH, and VIP were easily visualized, by IF-TSA, as circular patterns surrounding eccrine Sweat Glands, but only PGP 9.5 could be observed by standard IF. The IF-TSA method is more sensitivity than standard IF in detecting antigens expressed at low levels. PGP 9.5, TH, and VIP appeared primarily surrounding the secretory coils and sparsely surrounding the Sweat ducts. Conclusion: Sweat secretion is mainly controlled by autonomic nerves whereas Sweat reabsorption is less affected by nerve activity
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foxa1 gene and protein in developing rat eccrine Sweat Glands
Journal of Molecular Histology, 2017Co-Authors: Liyun Chen, Mingjun Zhang, Bingna ZhangAbstract:To investigate the development of eccrine Sweat Glands and the expression of Foxa1 genes and proteins in the course of development, the footpads from E15.5 to E21.5, P1–P12, P14, P21, P28 and P56 rats were subjected to immunofluorescence staining of FoxA1 and double immunofluorescence staining of K14/α-SMA, FoxA1/K7 and FoxA1/α-SMA, and were processed for Foxa1 gene detection by RT-qPCR. The results showed that rat eccrine Sweat gland germs was first observed emerging from the basal layer of epidermis at E19.5, and then elongated downward into the dermis, forming straight ducts by E21.5. Early development of the secretory segments appeared at P1. The Foxa1 gene was not expressed in rat footpads until P2, but from P2 to P5, its expression up-regulated sharply, and thereafter maintained at a high level until adulthood. FoxA1 protein was first observed at P6 in eccrine Sweat Glands, four days after initial detection of Foxa1 gene transcripts. In skin, FoxA1-positive cells were present exclusively in secretory coils, with 95% being K7-positive secretory cells and 5% being α-SMA-positive myoepithelial cells. We conclude that Foxa1 can be used as a marker of eccrine Sweat Glands in skin and also as a marker of secretory coils, and Foxa1 is related to the development of secretory coils.
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changes in keratins and alpha smooth muscle actin during three dimensional reconstitution of eccrine Sweat Glands
Cell and Tissue Research, 2016Co-Authors: Bingna Zhang, Mingjun Zhang, Wenlong Chen, Shijie TangAbstract:We have examined the changes of keratins and alpha-SMA at various time points in order to investigate the development and differentiation of eccrine Sweat gland cells during the course of three-dimensional (3D) reconstitution. Mixtures of eccrine Sweat gland cells and Matrigel were injected subcutaneously into the inguinal regions of nude mice. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days post-implantation, Matrigel plugs were removed and immunostained. We found that during 3D reconstitution, keratin and alpha-SMA expression changed in a time-dependent manner. At day 1, all cells stained positively for keratin isoforms K5, K14, and K15, with the staining intensity of K15 being weak and K5 and K14 being strong, but none of the cells displayed K7, K8, or alpha-SMA. As time progressed, spheroid-like structures formed with the inner layer acquiring K7 and K8, but losing K5 and K14 expression, and the outer layer acquiring alpha-SMA expression, but losing K15 expression. K8 expression was first noted at day 14, and K7 and alpha-SMA at day 21. The loss of K15 expression was first noted at day 14, K14 at day 21, and K5 at day 28. At 28, 35, and 42 days, the spheroid-like structures could be distinguished, by immunohistochemistry, as having secretory coil-like and coiled duct-like structures. We conclude that the changes in expression of keratins and alpha-SMA in 3D-reconstituted eccrine Sweat Glands are similar to those of native eccrine Sweat Glands, indicating that the 3D reconstitution of Sweat Glands provides an excellent model for studying the development, cytodifferentiation, and regulation of eccrine Sweat Glands.
