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Sohyun Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women of Reproductive Age
Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Elizabeth A Lundeen, Sohyun Park, Jennifer A. Woo Baidal, Andrea J. Sharma, Heidi M BlanckAbstract:Objectives Frequent sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) intake is associated with weight gain in women, and pre-pregnancy overweight and excessive gestational weight gain are linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. SSB intake information for women of reproductive age (WRA) is limited. We described SSB intake among non-pregnant and pregnant WRA and identified correlates of daily intake. Methods Using 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we analyzed SSB intake (regular soda, fruit drinks, sweet tea, sports/energy drinks) for 11,321 non-pregnant and 392 pregnant WRA (18–49 years) in 12 states and D.C. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for daily (≥ 1 time/day) SSB intake (reference:
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daily adolescent sugar Sweetened Beverage intake is associated with select adolescent not parent attitudes about limiting sugary drink and junk food intake
American Journal of Health Promotion, 2020Co-Authors: Omoye E Imoisili, Sohyun Park, Elizabeth A Lundeen, Amy L Yaroch, Heidi M BlanckAbstract:Purpose:To examine associations of adolescent sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) intake with parent SSB intake and parent and adolescent attitudes about limiting SSB and junk food (SSB/JF) intake.Desig...
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permanent tooth loss and sugar Sweetened Beverage intake in u s young adults
Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 2017Co-Authors: Sohyun ParkAbstract:Objective In young adults, sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) intake is associated with dental caries, which in turn is a major contributor to tooth loss. The independent role of SSB intake on tooth loss, however, has not been well-described. This cross-sectional study examined associations between tooth loss and SSB intake among U.S. young adults. Methods The outcome was number of permanent teeth lost because of dental caries or periodontal disease (0, 1–5, ≥6 teeth). Data from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used. The 22,526 adults aged 18-39 years completed the Sugar Drink Module. The exposure variable was daily frequency of SSB intake. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the adjusted associations between tooth loss and daily SSB consumption (0, >0 to 2 times/day). Results Approximately, 26% of young adults reported losing at least one permanent tooth. Tooth loss was positively associated with SSB intake frequency; the odds of losing 1–5 teeth were higher among adults drinking SSBs >0– 2 times/day (OR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.51–2.58) than non-SSB consumers. The odds of losing ≥6 teeth were higher among adults drinking SSBs 1–2 times/day (OR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.15–4.22) and >2 times/day (OR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.37–5.76) than non-SSB consumers. Conclusions Frequency of SSB consumption was positively associated with tooth loss among young adults even when the average SSB intake was less than one time per day. This study suggests that efforts to reduce SSB intake among young adults may help to decrease the risk of tooth loss.
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among U.S. Adults, 2011-2014.
NCHS data brief, 2017Co-Authors: Asher Y. Rosinger, Kirsten A. Herrick, Jaime J. Gahche, Sohyun ParkAbstract:KEY FINDINGS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey •Almost two-thirds of boys and girls consumed at least one sugar-Sweetened Beverage on a given day. •Boys consumed an average 164 kilocalories (kcal) from sugar-Sweetened Beverages, which contributed 7.3% of total daily caloric intake. Girls consumed an average 121 kcal from sugar-Sweetened Beverages, which contributed 7.2% of total daily caloric intake. •Among both boys and girls, older youth had the highest mean intake and percentage of daily calories from sugar-Sweetened Beverages relative to younger children. •Non-Hispanic Asian boys and girls consumed the least calories and the lowest percentage of total calories from sugar-Sweetened Beverages compared with non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic boys and girls. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages contribute calories and added sugars to the diets of U.S. children (1). Studies have suggested a link between the consumption of sugar-Sweetened Beverages and dental caries, weight gain, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children (2-6). The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend reducing added sugars consumption to less than 10% of calories per day and, specifically, to choose Beverages with no added sugars (1). This report presents results for consumption of sugar-Sweetened Beverages among U.S. youth aged 2-19 years for 2011-2014 by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin.
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among U.S. Youth, 2011-2014.
NCHS data brief, 2017Co-Authors: Asher Y. Rosinger, Jaime J. Gahche, Kirsten Herrick, Sohyun ParkAbstract:Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey •Almost two-thirds of boys and girls consumed at least one sugar-Sweetened Beverage on a given day. •Boys consumed an average 164 kilocalories (kcal) from sugar-Sweetened Beverages, which contributed 7.3% of total daily caloric intake. Girls consumed an average 121 kcal from sugar-Sweetened Beverages, which contributed 7.2% of total daily caloric intake. •Among both boys and girls, older youth had the highest mean intake and percentage of daily calories from sugar-Sweetened Beverages relative to younger children. •Non-Hispanic Asian boys and girls consumed the least calories and the lowest percentage of total calories from sugar-Sweetened Beverages compared with non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic boys and girls. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages contribute calories and added sugars to the diets of U.S. children (1). Studies have suggested a link between the consumption of sugar-Sweetened Beverages and dental caries, weight gain, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children (2-6). The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend reducing added sugars consumption to less than 10% of calories per day and, specifically, to choose Beverages with no added sugars (1). This report presents results for consumption of sugar-Sweetened Beverages among U.S. youth aged 2-19 years for 2011-2014 by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin.
Lisa M. Powell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distribution of sugar-Sweetened Beverage sales volume by sugar content in the United States: implications for tiered taxation and tax revenue
Journal of Public Health Policy, 2020Co-Authors: Lisa M. Powell, Tatiana Andreyeva, Zeynep IsgorAbstract:This study draws on data on sales volume, brand-level market shares, and sugar content to calculate the distribution of sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) sales volume by sugar content, propose sugar content thresholds for a tiered tax structure, and estimate tax revenue. The most common SSBs sold had 26 g of sugar/8-oz serving; 70.8% had ≥ 25 g of sugar/8-oz serving, 16.9% were in the 10–15 g range, and 8.7% were in the 16–20 g range. A tiered tax with cut points at
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Changes in Beverage Marketing at Stores Following the Oakland Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax
American journal of preventive medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Shannon N. Zenk, Julien Leider, Oksana Pugach, Andrea A. Pipito, Lisa M. PowellAbstract:Introduction In July 2017, Oakland, California implemented a 1 cent/ounce sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax. This study examined changes in store marketing practices—advertising and price promotions—for sugar-Sweetened Beverages, artificially Sweetened Beverages, and unSweetened Beverages following the introduction of the tax. Methods The study employed a quasi-experimental research design and included Oakland as the intervention site and Sacramento, California as a comparison site. Based on data collected pretax (May–June 2017), 6 months post-tax (January 2018), and 12 months post-tax (June 2018) at 249 stores across the 2 sites, exterior and interior advertising for 4 taxed sugar-Sweetened Beverage subtypes and 6 untaxed artificially Sweetened and unSweetened Beverage subtypes, as well as price promotions for 59 specific taxed products and 69 untaxed products were examined. In 2019, difference-in-differences logistic regressions estimated pre–post changes in Oakland relative to Sacramento. Results At 6 months post-tax, the odds of sugar-Sweetened Beverage price promotions fell 50% in Oakland but only 22% in Sacramento. Price promotions for regular soda in particular declined in Oakland post-tax, by 47% at 6 months and 39% at 12 months (versus no change in Sacramento). Moreover, the odds of artificially Sweetened Beverage price promotions fell by a similar magnitude as sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Oakland, 55% at 6 months and 53% at 12 months, which differed significantly from Sacramento. No significant post-tax changes were found in sugar-Sweetened or artificially Sweetened Beverage exterior or interior advertising. Conclusions Rather than increasing marketing, retailers and manufacturers may have tried to offset revenue losses by reducing price promotions for sugar-Sweetened Beverages, particularly regular soda, and artificially Sweetened Beverages.
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distribution of sugar Sweetened Beverage sales volume by sugar content in the united states implications for tiered taxation and tax revenue
Journal of Public Health Policy, 2020Co-Authors: Lisa M. Powell, Tatiana Andreyeva, Zeynep IsgorAbstract:: This study draws on data on sales volume, brand-level market shares, and sugar content to calculate the distribution of sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) sales volume by sugar content, propose sugar content thresholds for a tiered tax structure, and estimate tax revenue. The most common SSBs sold had 26 g of sugar/8-oz serving; 70.8% had ≥ 25 g of sugar/8-oz serving, 16.9% were in the 10-15 g range, and 8.7% were in the 16-20 g range. A tiered tax with cut points at < 20 g and < 5 g of sugar/8-oz serving is proposed. A tax of 1¢/oz for SSBs in the second tier and 2¢/oz in third tier is projected to raise $18.2 billion in tax revenue similar to the 1.5¢/oz flat tax projection ($18.0 billion) but would yield 9% lower SSB volume. Understanding the distribution of SSB sales volume by sugar content informs policymakers on tiered tax structures, which may discourage consumption of SSBs with high levels of sugar and incentivize reformulation.
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The impact of the Cook County, IL, Sweetened Beverage Tax on Beverage prices.
Economics & Human Biology, 2020Co-Authors: Lisa M. Powell, Julien Leider, Pierre Thomas LégerAbstract:This study assessed the extent to which the Cook County, IL, Sweetened Beverage Tax (SBT) of one cent per ounce (oz) on sugar-Sweetened and artificially Sweetened Beverages was passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. We drew on universal product code-level store scanner data and used a pre-post intervention-comparison site difference-in-differences (DID) study design to estimate the impact of the Cook County SBT on prices of taxed Beverages, across product categories and sizes, as well as on prices of untaxed Beverages. The DID model results showed an over-shifting of the tax with a 119% pass-through rate, on average, across all taxed Beverages in Cook County compared to its comparison site. This price change represented, on average, a 34% increase in prices of taxed Beverages. For untaxed Beverages, prices were estimated to increase slightly by 0.04 cents per oz driven mainly by an increase in milk prices (0.12 cents per oz). We also found some heterogeneity in tax pass-through for the taxed Beverages by Sweetened Beverage product category and size with pass-through being higher, on average, for individual-size (126%) compared to family-size (117%) Beverages and higher for energy drinks (145%) compared to other Sweetened Beverages. Based on the baseline prices of different categories and sizes of Beverages, the effective percentage increase in Beverage prices resulting from the Cook County SBT ranged from a 52% increase for family-size soda to a 10% increase for family-size energy drinks.
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The impact of Seattle's Sweetened Beverage Tax on Beverage prices and volume sold.
Economics & Human Biology, 2020Co-Authors: Lisa M. Powell, Julien LeiderAbstract:On January 1, 2018 the city of Seattle, WA, implemented a 1.75-cent per ounce (oz) Sweetened Beverage Tax (SBT) on sugar-Sweetened Beverages with at least 40 calories per 12 oz. This study drew on universal product code-level store scanner data and used a pre-post intervention-comparison site difference-in-differences (DID) study design to assess the impact of the SBT on taxed Beverage prices in Seattle, the volume sold of taxed Beverages in Seattle and in its 2-mile border area (cross-border shopping), and the volume sold of untaxed Beverages (substitution) relative to changes in its comparison site of Portland, OR. The DID results showed that, on average, in the first year post-tax implementation, prices of taxed Beverages rose by 1.03 cents per oz (p < 0.001) corresponding to a 59% tax pass-through rate. Volume sold of taxed Beverages fell, on average, by 22% (p < 0.001) in the first year following the implementation of the tax. Volume sold of taxed Beverages fell to a greater extent for family- versus individual-size Beverages (31% versus 10%) and fell to a greater extent for soda (29%) compared to all other Beverage types. Moderate substitution to untaxed Beverages was found – volume sold of untaxed Beverages increased by 4% (p < 0.05). The results revealed no significant increases in the overall volume sold of taxed Beverages in the 2-mile border area of Seattle relative to its comparison site suggesting that tax avoidance in the form of cross-border shopping did not dampen the impact of the tax.
Renata Micha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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health impact and cost effectiveness of volume tiered and absolute sugar content sugar Sweetened Beverage tax policies in the united states
Circulation, 2020Co-Authors: Yujin Lee, Dariush Mozaffarian, Junxiu Liu, Parke Wilde, Matti Marklund, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Thomas A Gaziano, Renata MichaAbstract:Background: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes are a rapidly growing policy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content. Yet, their comparative health and e...
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health impact and cost effectiveness of volume tiered and absolute sugar content sugar Sweetened Beverage tax policies in the united states a microsimulation study
Circulation, 2020Co-Authors: Dariush Mozaffarian, Parke Wilde, Matti Marklund, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Thomas A Gaziano, Stephen Sy, Renata MichaAbstract:BACKGROUND Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes are a rapidly growing policy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content. Yet, their comparative health and economic impacts have not been quantified, in particular, tiered or sugar content taxes that provide industry incentives for sugar reduction. METHODS We estimated incremental changes in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, quality-adjusted life-years, costs, and cost-effectiveness of 3 sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax designs in the United States, on the basis of (1) volume ($0.01/oz), (2) tiers ( 20 g/8 oz: $0.02/oz), and (3) absolute sugar content ($0.01 per teaspoon added sugar), each compared with a base case of modest ongoing voluntary industry reformulation. A validated microsimulation model, CVD-PREDICT (Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model for Risk, Events, Detection, Interventions, Costs, and Trends), incorporated national demographic and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, policy effects and sugar-Sweetened Beverage-related diseases from meta-analyses, and industry reformulation and health-related costs from established sources. RESULTS Over a lifetime, the volume, tiered, and absolute sugar content taxes would generate $80.4 billion, $142 billion, and $41.7 billion in tax revenue, respectively. From a healthcare perspective, the volume tax would prevent 850 000 cardiovascular disease (95% CI, 836 000-864 000) and 269 000 diabetes mellitus (265 000-274 000) cases, gain 2.44 million quality-adjusted life-years (2.40-2.48), and save $53.2 billion net costs (52.3-54.1). Health gains and savings were approximately doubled for the tiered and absolute sugar content taxes. Results were robust for societal and government perspectives, at 10 years follow-up, and with lower (50%) tax pass-through. Health gains were largest in young adults, blacks and Hispanics, and lower-income Americans. CONCLUSIONS All sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax designs would generate substantial health gains and savings. Tiered and absolute sugar content taxes should be considered and evaluated for maximal potential gains.
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cost effectiveness of a us national sugar Sweetened Beverage tax with a multistakeholder approach who pays and who benefits
American Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Parke Wilde, Dariush Mozaffarian, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Renata Micha, Yue Huang, Thiago Veiga Jardim, Robert Paarlberg, Thomas A GazianoAbstract:Objectives. To estimate the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national penny-per-ounce sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) tax, overall and with stratified costs and benefits for 9 distinct stakeholder groups.Methods. We used a validated microsimulation model (CVD PREDICT) to estimate cardiovascular disease reductions, quality-adjusted life years gained, and cost-effectiveness for US adults aged 35 to 85 years, evaluating full and partial consumer price pass-through.Results. From health care and societal perspectives, the SSB tax was highly cost-saving. When we evaluated health gains, taxes paid, and out-of-pocket health care savings for 6 distinct consumer categories, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $20 247 to $42 662 per quality-adjusted life year for 100% price pass-through (incremental cost-effectiveness ratios similar with 50% pass-through). For the Beverage industry, net costs were $0.92 billion with 100% pass-through (largely tax-implementation costs) and $49.75 billion with 50...
Thomas A Gaziano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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health impact and cost effectiveness of volume tiered and absolute sugar content sugar Sweetened Beverage tax policies in the united states
Circulation, 2020Co-Authors: Yujin Lee, Dariush Mozaffarian, Junxiu Liu, Parke Wilde, Matti Marklund, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Thomas A Gaziano, Renata MichaAbstract:Background: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes are a rapidly growing policy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content. Yet, their comparative health and e...
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health impact and cost effectiveness of volume tiered and absolute sugar content sugar Sweetened Beverage tax policies in the united states a microsimulation study
Circulation, 2020Co-Authors: Dariush Mozaffarian, Parke Wilde, Matti Marklund, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Thomas A Gaziano, Stephen Sy, Renata MichaAbstract:BACKGROUND Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes are a rapidly growing policy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content. Yet, their comparative health and economic impacts have not been quantified, in particular, tiered or sugar content taxes that provide industry incentives for sugar reduction. METHODS We estimated incremental changes in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, quality-adjusted life-years, costs, and cost-effectiveness of 3 sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax designs in the United States, on the basis of (1) volume ($0.01/oz), (2) tiers ( 20 g/8 oz: $0.02/oz), and (3) absolute sugar content ($0.01 per teaspoon added sugar), each compared with a base case of modest ongoing voluntary industry reformulation. A validated microsimulation model, CVD-PREDICT (Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model for Risk, Events, Detection, Interventions, Costs, and Trends), incorporated national demographic and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, policy effects and sugar-Sweetened Beverage-related diseases from meta-analyses, and industry reformulation and health-related costs from established sources. RESULTS Over a lifetime, the volume, tiered, and absolute sugar content taxes would generate $80.4 billion, $142 billion, and $41.7 billion in tax revenue, respectively. From a healthcare perspective, the volume tax would prevent 850 000 cardiovascular disease (95% CI, 836 000-864 000) and 269 000 diabetes mellitus (265 000-274 000) cases, gain 2.44 million quality-adjusted life-years (2.40-2.48), and save $53.2 billion net costs (52.3-54.1). Health gains and savings were approximately doubled for the tiered and absolute sugar content taxes. Results were robust for societal and government perspectives, at 10 years follow-up, and with lower (50%) tax pass-through. Health gains were largest in young adults, blacks and Hispanics, and lower-income Americans. CONCLUSIONS All sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax designs would generate substantial health gains and savings. Tiered and absolute sugar content taxes should be considered and evaluated for maximal potential gains.
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cost effectiveness of a us national sugar Sweetened Beverage tax with a multistakeholder approach who pays and who benefits
American Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Parke Wilde, Dariush Mozaffarian, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Renata Micha, Yue Huang, Thiago Veiga Jardim, Robert Paarlberg, Thomas A GazianoAbstract:Objectives. To estimate the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national penny-per-ounce sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) tax, overall and with stratified costs and benefits for 9 distinct stakeholder groups.Methods. We used a validated microsimulation model (CVD PREDICT) to estimate cardiovascular disease reductions, quality-adjusted life years gained, and cost-effectiveness for US adults aged 35 to 85 years, evaluating full and partial consumer price pass-through.Results. From health care and societal perspectives, the SSB tax was highly cost-saving. When we evaluated health gains, taxes paid, and out-of-pocket health care savings for 6 distinct consumer categories, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $20 247 to $42 662 per quality-adjusted life year for 100% price pass-through (incremental cost-effectiveness ratios similar with 50% pass-through). For the Beverage industry, net costs were $0.92 billion with 100% pass-through (largely tax-implementation costs) and $49.75 billion with 50...
Dariush Mozaffarian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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health impact and cost effectiveness of volume tiered and absolute sugar content sugar Sweetened Beverage tax policies in the united states
Circulation, 2020Co-Authors: Yujin Lee, Dariush Mozaffarian, Junxiu Liu, Parke Wilde, Matti Marklund, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Thomas A Gaziano, Renata MichaAbstract:Background: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes are a rapidly growing policy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content. Yet, their comparative health and e...
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health impact and cost effectiveness of volume tiered and absolute sugar content sugar Sweetened Beverage tax policies in the united states a microsimulation study
Circulation, 2020Co-Authors: Dariush Mozaffarian, Parke Wilde, Matti Marklund, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Thomas A Gaziano, Stephen Sy, Renata MichaAbstract:BACKGROUND Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes are a rapidly growing policy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content. Yet, their comparative health and economic impacts have not been quantified, in particular, tiered or sugar content taxes that provide industry incentives for sugar reduction. METHODS We estimated incremental changes in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, quality-adjusted life-years, costs, and cost-effectiveness of 3 sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax designs in the United States, on the basis of (1) volume ($0.01/oz), (2) tiers ( 20 g/8 oz: $0.02/oz), and (3) absolute sugar content ($0.01 per teaspoon added sugar), each compared with a base case of modest ongoing voluntary industry reformulation. A validated microsimulation model, CVD-PREDICT (Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model for Risk, Events, Detection, Interventions, Costs, and Trends), incorporated national demographic and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, policy effects and sugar-Sweetened Beverage-related diseases from meta-analyses, and industry reformulation and health-related costs from established sources. RESULTS Over a lifetime, the volume, tiered, and absolute sugar content taxes would generate $80.4 billion, $142 billion, and $41.7 billion in tax revenue, respectively. From a healthcare perspective, the volume tax would prevent 850 000 cardiovascular disease (95% CI, 836 000-864 000) and 269 000 diabetes mellitus (265 000-274 000) cases, gain 2.44 million quality-adjusted life-years (2.40-2.48), and save $53.2 billion net costs (52.3-54.1). Health gains and savings were approximately doubled for the tiered and absolute sugar content taxes. Results were robust for societal and government perspectives, at 10 years follow-up, and with lower (50%) tax pass-through. Health gains were largest in young adults, blacks and Hispanics, and lower-income Americans. CONCLUSIONS All sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax designs would generate substantial health gains and savings. Tiered and absolute sugar content taxes should be considered and evaluated for maximal potential gains.
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cost effectiveness of a us national sugar Sweetened Beverage tax with a multistakeholder approach who pays and who benefits
American Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Parke Wilde, Dariush Mozaffarian, Shafika Abrahamsgessel, Renata Micha, Yue Huang, Thiago Veiga Jardim, Robert Paarlberg, Thomas A GazianoAbstract:Objectives. To estimate the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national penny-per-ounce sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) tax, overall and with stratified costs and benefits for 9 distinct stakeholder groups.Methods. We used a validated microsimulation model (CVD PREDICT) to estimate cardiovascular disease reductions, quality-adjusted life years gained, and cost-effectiveness for US adults aged 35 to 85 years, evaluating full and partial consumer price pass-through.Results. From health care and societal perspectives, the SSB tax was highly cost-saving. When we evaluated health gains, taxes paid, and out-of-pocket health care savings for 6 distinct consumer categories, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $20 247 to $42 662 per quality-adjusted life year for 100% price pass-through (incremental cost-effectiveness ratios similar with 50% pass-through). For the Beverage industry, net costs were $0.92 billion with 100% pass-through (largely tax-implementation costs) and $49.75 billion with 50...
