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John Ryals - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance signal transduction
Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 1996Co-Authors: Michelle D. Hunt, John RyalsAbstract:Abstract Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is an inducible plant defense response in which a prior foliar pathogen infection activates Resistance in noninfected foliar tissues. Salicylic acid (SA) accumulation is essential for the establishment of SAR. While SA is probably not the long‐distance Systemic signal instrumental for SAR activation, it is required for transduction of the signal in noninfected tissues. Although SAR was first described as a response to necrogenic pathogen infection, synthetic chemicals have been identified that effectively activate SAR. Elucidation of SAR signal transduction has been facilitated by the identification and characterization of Arabidopsis mutants. Disease lesion mimic mutants exhibit constitutive SAR as well as spontaneous lesion formation similar to pathogen‐associated hypersensitive cell death. Some disease lesion mimic mutants do not exhibit a lesioned phenotype when SA accumulation is prevented, thereby providing evidence for a feedback loop in SAR signal transd...
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The Role of Benzoic Acid Derivatives in Systemic Acquired Resistance
Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, 1996Co-Authors: Scott Uknes, Bernard Vernooij, Shericca Morris, John RyalsAbstract:Diseases of major crops limit crop quality, yield and grower choice. To address this issue, we have taken an approach that capitalizes on the natural phenomenon of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) to develop disease resistant crops. We found chemicals which induce SAR, examined the activity of Sar genes/anti-fungal peptides expressed in plants responding to pathogens, and isolated varieties with constitutive SAR.
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Recent advances in Systemic Acquired Resistance research: a review
Gene, 1996Co-Authors: Michelle D. Hunt, Kay A Lawton, Leslie Friedrich, Kris Weymann, Terrence P. Delaney, Urs Neuenschwander, Henry York Steiner, John RyalsAbstract:Abstract Little is known about the signal transduction events that lead to the establishment of the broad-spectrum, inducible plant immunity called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Salicylic acid (SA) accumulation has been shown to be essential for the expression of SAR and plays a key role in SAR signaling. Hydrogen peroxide has been proposed to serve as a second messenger of SA. However, our results do not support such a role in the establishment of SAR. Further elucidation of SAR signal transduction has been facilitated by the identification and characterization of mutants. The lesions simulating disease ( lsd ) Resistance response mutant class exhibits spontaneous lesions similar to those that occur during the hypersensitive response. Interestingly, some lsd mutants lose their lesioned phenotype when SA accumulation is prevented by expression of the nahG gene (encoding salicylate hydroxylase), thereby providing evidence for a feedback loop in SAR signal transduction. Characterization of a mutant non-responsive to SAR activator treatments has provided additional evidence for common signaling components between SAR and gene-for-gene Resistance.
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Signal transduction in Systemic Acquired Resistance.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1995Co-Authors: John Ryals, Kay A Lawton, Leslie Friedrich, Bernard Vernooij, Scott Uknes, Helmut Kessmann, Terrence P. Delaney, Urs Neuenschwander, Kris WeymannAbstract:Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is an important component of plant defense against pathogen infection. Accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) is required for the induction of SAR. However, SA is apparently not the translocated signal but is involved in transducing the signal in target tissues. Interestingly, SA accumulation is not required for production and release of the Systemic signal. In addition to playing a pivotal role in SAR signal transduction, SA is important in modulating plant susceptibility to pathogen infection and genetic Resistance to disease. It has been proposed that SA inhibition of catalase results in H2O2 accumulation and that therefore H2O2 serves as a second messenger in SAR signaling. We find no accumulation of H2O2 in tissues expressing SAR; thus the role of H2O2 in SAR signaling is questionable.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis requires salicylic acid but not ethylene
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1995Co-Authors: Kay A Lawton, Leslie Friedrich, Bernard Vernooij, Kris Weymann, Scott Uknes, John RyalsAbstract:Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is an inducible plant response to infection by a necrotizing pathogen. In the induced plant, SAR provides broad-spectrum protection against not only the inducing pathogen, but also against other, unrelated pathogens. Both salicylic acid (SA) and SAR-gene expression have been implicated as playing important roles in the initiation and maintenance of SAR. Here, we describe the characterization of transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express the bacterial nahG gene encoding salicylate hydroxylase, an enzyme that can metabolize SA. Strong, constitutive expression of this gene prevents pathogen-induced accumulation of SA and the activation of SAR by exogenous SA. We show that SAR in Arabidopsis can be induced by inoculation with Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato against infection by a challenge inoculation with Peronospora parasitica. This response is abolished in transgenic, nahG-expressing Arabidopsis, but not in ethylene-insensitive mutants. These experiments support the critical role of SA in SAR and show that ethylene sensitivity is not required for SAR induction. The NahG Arabidopsis plants will be important for future studies aimed at understanding the role of SA in plant disease Resistance mechanisms.
X Dong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance: Turning Local Infection into Global Defense
Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2013Co-Authors: X DongAbstract:Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is an induced immune mechanism in plants. Unlike vertebrate adaptive immunity, SAR is broad spectrum, with no specificity to the initial infection. An avirulent pathogen causing local programmed cell death can induce SAR through generation of mobile signals, accumulation of the defense hormone salicylic acid, and secretion of the antimicrobial PR (pathogenesis-related) proteins. Consequently, the rest of the plant is protected from secondary infection for a period of weeks to months. SAR can even be passed on to progeny through epigenetic regulation. The Arabidopsis NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR genes 1) protein is a master regulator of SAR. Recent study has shown that salicylic acid directly binds to the NPR1 adaptor proteins NPR3 and NPR4, regulates their interactions with NPR1, and controls NPR1 protein stability. However, how NPR1 interacts with TGA transcription factors to activate defense gene expression is still not well understood. In addition, redox regulators, the m...
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induction of protein secretory pathway is required for Systemic Acquired Resistance
Science, 2005Co-Authors: Dong Wang, Natalie D Weaver, Meenu Kesarwani, X DongAbstract:In plants, Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is established as a result of NPR1-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Using gene expression profiling in Arabidopsis, we found that in addition to controlling the expression of PR genes, NPR1 also directly controls the expression of the protein secretory pathway genes. Up-regulation of these genes is essential for SAR, because mutations in some of them diminished the secretion of PR proteins (for example, PR1), resulting in reduced Resistance. We provide evidence that NPR1 coordinately regulates these secretion-related genes through a previously undescribed cis-element. Activation of this cis-element is controlled by a transcription factor that is translocated into the nucleus upon SAR induction.
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Fitness costs of mutations affecting the Systemic Acquired Resistance pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Genetics, 2004Co-Authors: Andrew J. Heidel, Joseph D. Clarke, Janis Antonovics, X DongAbstract:This study investigated the fitness effects of four mutations (npr1, cpr1, cpr5, and cpr6) and two transgenic genotypes (NPR1-L and NPR1-H) affecting different points of the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) signaling pathway associated with pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. The npr1 mutation, which resulted in a failure to express SAR, had no effect on fitness under growth chamber conditions, but decreased fitness in the field. The expression of NPR1 positively correlated with the fitness in the field. Constitutive activation of SAR by cpr1, cpr5, and cpr6 generally decreased fitness in the field and under two nutrient levels in two growth chamber conditions. At low-nutrient levels, fitness differences between wild type and the constitutive mutants were unchanged or reduced (especially in cpr5). The reduced fitness of the constitutive mutants suggests that this pathway is costly, with the precise fitness consequences highly dependent on the environmental context.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance.
Annual review of phytopathology, 2004Co-Authors: W E Durrant, X DongAbstract:Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, which are thought to contribute to Resistance. Much progress has been made recently in elucidating the mechanism of SAR. Using the model plant Arabidopsis, it was discovered that the isochorismate pathway is the major source of SA during SAR. In response to SA, the positive regulator protein NPR1 moves to the nucleus where it interacts with TGA transcription factors to induce defense gene expression, thus activating SAR. Exciting new data suggest that the mobile signal for SAR might be a lipid molecule. We discuss the molecular and genetic data that have contributed to our understanding of SAR and present a model describing the sequence of events leading from initial infection to the induction of defense genes.
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inducers of plant Systemic Acquired Resistance regulate npr1 function through redox changes
Cell, 2003Co-Authors: Zhonglin Mou, Weihua Fan, X DongAbstract:NPR1 is an essential regulator of plant Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), which confers immunity to a broad-spectrum of pathogens. SAR induction results in accumulation of the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), which induces defense gene expression via activation of NPR1. We found that in an uninduced state, NPR1 is present as an oligomer formed through intermolecular disulfide bonds. Upon SAR induction, a biphasic change in cellular reduction potential occurs, resulting in reduction of NPR1 to a monomeric form. Monomeric NPR1 accumulates in the nucleus and activates gene expression. Inhibition of NPR1 reduction prevents defense gene expression, whereas mutation of Cys82 or Cys216 in NPR1 leads to constitutive monomerization, nuclear localization of the mutant proteins, and defense gene expression. These data provide a missing link between accumulation of SA and activation of NPR1 in the SAR signaling pathway.
Marion Wenig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance networks amplify airborne defense cues.
Nature Communications, 2019Co-Authors: Marion Wenig, Andrea Ghirardo, Jennifer H. Sales, Elisabeth S Pabst, Heiko H Breitenbach, Felix Antritter, Baris Weber, Birgit Lange, Miriam Lenk, Robin K. CameronAbstract:Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated innate immune responses are activated in plants perceiving volatile monoterpenes. Here, we show that monoterpene-associated responses are propagated in feed-forward loops involving the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) signaling components pipecolic acid, glycerol-3-phosphate, and LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 (LLP1). In this cascade, LLP1 forms a key regulatory unit in both within-plant and between-plant propagation of immunity. The data integrate molecular components of SAR into Systemic signaling networks that are separate from conventional, SA-associated innate immune mechanisms. These networks are central to plant-to-plant propagation of immunity, potentially raising SAR to the population level. In this process, monoterpenes act as microbe-inducible plant volatiles, which as part of plant-derived volatile blends have the potential to promote the generation of a wave of innate immune signaling within canopies or plant stands. Hence, plant-to-plant propagation of SAR holds significant potential to fortify future durable crop protection strategies following a single volatile trigger. Plants immune responses are triggered upon perception of volatile monoterpenes. Here, Wenig et al. show that a feed-forward loop featuring LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 propagates monoterpene-associated cues both within and between plants, illustrating how Systemic immunity could act at a population level.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance networks amplify airborne defense cues.
Nature Communications, 2019Co-Authors: Marion Wenig, Andrea Ghirardo, Jennifer H. Sales, Elisabeth S Pabst, Heiko H Breitenbach, Felix Antritter, Baris Weber, Birgit Lange, Miriam Lenk, Robin K. CameronAbstract:Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated innate immune responses are activated in plants perceiving volatile monoterpenes. Here, we show that monoterpene-associated responses are propagated in feed-forward loops involving the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) signaling components pipecolic acid, glycerol-3-phosphate, and LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 (LLP1). In this cascade, LLP1 forms a key regulatory unit in both within-plant and between-plant propagation of immunity. The data integrate molecular components of SAR into Systemic signaling networks that are separate from conventional, SA-associated innate immune mechanisms. These networks are central to plant-to-plant propagation of immunity, potentially raising SAR to the population level. In this process, monoterpenes act as microbe-inducible plant volatiles, which as part of plant-derived volatile blends have the potential to promote the generation of a wave of innate immune signaling within canopies or plant stands. Hence, plant-to-plant propagation of SAR holds significant potential to fortify future durable crop protection strategies following a single volatile trigger.
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monoterpenes support Systemic Acquired Resistance within and between plants
The Plant Cell, 2017Co-Authors: Marlies Riedlmeier, Andrea Ghirardo, Kerstin Koch, Elisabeth Georgii, Claudia Knappe, Jane E. Parker, Marion Wenig, Jörg-peter Schnitzler, Corina A VlotAbstract:This study investigates the role of volatile organic compounds in Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), a salicylic acid (SA)-associated, broad-spectrum immune response in Systemic, healthy tissues of locally infected plants. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses of SAR-related emissions of wild-type and non-SAR-signal-producing mutant plants associated SAR with monoterpene emissions. Headspace exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to a mixture of the bicyclic monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene induced defense, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and expression of SA- and SAR-related genes, including the SAR regulatory AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1) gene and three of its paralogs. Pinene-induced Resistance was dependent on SA biosynthesis and signaling and on AZI1. A. thaliana geranylgeranyl reductase1 mutants with reduced monoterpene biosynthesis were SAR-defective but mounted normal local Resistance and methyl salicylate-induced defense responses, suggesting that monoterpenes act in parallel with SA. The volatile emissions from SAR signal-emitting plants induced defense in neighboring plants and this was associated with the presence of α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene in the emissions of the 9sender9 plants. Our data suggest that monoterpenes, particularly pinenes, promote SAR, acting through ROS and AZI1, and likely function as infochemicals in plant-to-plant signaling, thus allowing defense signal propagation between neighboring plants.
Jean-pierre Métraux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A novel cucumber gene associated with Systemic Acquired Resistance
Plant Science, 2006Co-Authors: Vipaporn Phuntumart, Jean-pierre Métraux, Pascal Marro, Liliane SticherAbstract:Abstract Several genes were isolated by differential display of mRNAs from cucumber leaves inoculated with the bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. A full-length cDNA encoding a novel pathogen-induced gene, Cupi4, was cloned and characterized in detail. While Cupi4 did not share evident homology with known sequences in the database at the nucleotide level, the predicted amino acid sequence of Cupi4 shared homology with the pathogen-inducible proteins, pMB57-10G 5′ of Brassica napus (21%) and CXc750/ESC1 of Arabidopsis thaliana (16%). Cupi4 transcripts accumulated after 12 h in leaves inoculated with P. s. lachrymans and after 48 h in the Systemic upper leaves of the inoculated plants. Treatment with the chemical inducers of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), salicylic acid, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid and benzothiadiazole as well as inoculation with different pathogens, P. s. syringae, Colletotrichum lagenarium and tobacco necrosis virus also led to the accumulation of Cupi4 transcripts. The increase of Cupi4 transcripts in both the inoculated first leaf and in Systemic upper leaves suggested that the Cupi4 gene product is associated with Systemic Acquired Resistance in cucumber. Induced expression of CUPI4 in different host strains of a bacterium, Escherichia coli, led to death of bacterial host cells, suggesting that CUPI4 might have antibacterial properties.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance
Euphytica, 2002Co-Authors: Jean-pierre Métraux, Christiane Nawrath, Thierry GenoudAbstract:Plants can be induced to switch on defense reactions to a broad range of pathogens as a result of prior exposure to pathogens or to various chemicals or physical stress. Induced Resistance is expressed locally, at the site of the infection or Systemically, at sites remotely located from the initial infection. Upon recognition of the initial stimulus by the plant, a signal transduction pathway is set in motion, that includes intra and intercellular signals, and results in the activation of defense mechanisms, mostly by expression of new genes. This brief review will focus on some of the recent advances in the understanding of Systemic Acquired Resistance and on the role played by salicylic acid in this process.
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Inhibitors of N-linked glycosylation induce Systemic Acquired Resistance in cucumber.
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2000Co-Authors: L Sticher, Jean-pierre MétrauxAbstract:Abstract Localized treatment of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Wisonsin) cotyledons with inhibitors of N-glycosylation such as tunicamycin or amphomycin resulted in Systemic Acquired Resistance in the first leaf to the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lagenarium . Resistance was maximal as early as 2 days after application and best results were observed when the inhibitor was used at 100 μ M . The same treatment also induced salicylic acid accumulation as well as the expression of chitinase and a PR1-like protein. The Systemic effect is not caused by the transport of tunicamycin, since tunicamycin was not detected in the leaves. Within 2 h after application tunicamycin inhibited N-glycosylation, but not protein synthesis as indicated by labelling experiments. The amount of large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase decreased after tunicamycin treatment and after pathogen inoculation and the expression of BiP, a protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum was enhanced. The activation of defense reactions seems to be dependent and sensitive to N-linked glycosylation.
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nanogram amounts of salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 activate the Systemic Acquired Resistance pathway in bean
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 1999Co-Authors: Geert De Meyer, Jean-pierre Métraux, Kristof Capieau, Kris Audenaert, A J Buchala, Monica HofteAbstract:Root colonization by specific nonpathogenic bacteria can induce a Systemic Resistance in plants to pathogen infections. In bean, this kind of Systemic Resistance can be induced by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 and depends on the production of salicylic acid by this strain. In a model with plants grown in perlite we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced Resistance is equivalent to the inclusion of 1 nM salicylic acid in the nutrient solution and used the latter treatment to analyze the molecular basis of this phenomenon. Hydroponic feeding of 1 nM salicylic acid solutions induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in roots and increased free salicylic acid levels in leaves. Because pathogen-induced Systemic Acquired Resistance involves similar changes it was concluded that 7NSK2-induced Resistance is mediated by the Systemic Acquired Resistance pathway. This conclusion was validated by analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in roots and of salicylic acid levels in leaves of soil-grown plants treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance by nanogram amounts of salicylic acid is discussed with respect to long-distance signaling in Systemic Acquired Resistance.
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Salicylic Acid and Systemic Acquired Resistance to Pathogen Attack
Annals of Botany, 1998Co-Authors: Brigitte Mauch-mani, Jean-pierre MétrauxAbstract:Abstract New insights into the phenomenon of Systemic Acquired Resistance have been gained in recent years, by the use of techniques in molecular genetics and biology that have replaced the largely descriptive approach of earlier work. The isolation of mutants in the signal transduction pathway from induction to expression of Resistance as well as the use of transgenic plants over-expressing or suppressing the expression of putative candidate genes involved in Systemic Acquired Resistance and its signalling have identified several steps in the establishment of plant Resistance. In this review the latest developments implicating salicylic acid as a signal molecule in Systemic Resistance are discussed and contrasted with new signalling pathways which, seemingly, are based on alternative mechanisms.
Andrea Ghirardo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance networks amplify airborne defense cues.
Nature Communications, 2019Co-Authors: Marion Wenig, Andrea Ghirardo, Jennifer H. Sales, Elisabeth S Pabst, Heiko H Breitenbach, Felix Antritter, Baris Weber, Birgit Lange, Miriam Lenk, Robin K. CameronAbstract:Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated innate immune responses are activated in plants perceiving volatile monoterpenes. Here, we show that monoterpene-associated responses are propagated in feed-forward loops involving the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) signaling components pipecolic acid, glycerol-3-phosphate, and LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 (LLP1). In this cascade, LLP1 forms a key regulatory unit in both within-plant and between-plant propagation of immunity. The data integrate molecular components of SAR into Systemic signaling networks that are separate from conventional, SA-associated innate immune mechanisms. These networks are central to plant-to-plant propagation of immunity, potentially raising SAR to the population level. In this process, monoterpenes act as microbe-inducible plant volatiles, which as part of plant-derived volatile blends have the potential to promote the generation of a wave of innate immune signaling within canopies or plant stands. Hence, plant-to-plant propagation of SAR holds significant potential to fortify future durable crop protection strategies following a single volatile trigger. Plants immune responses are triggered upon perception of volatile monoterpenes. Here, Wenig et al. show that a feed-forward loop featuring LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 propagates monoterpene-associated cues both within and between plants, illustrating how Systemic immunity could act at a population level.
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Systemic Acquired Resistance networks amplify airborne defense cues.
Nature Communications, 2019Co-Authors: Marion Wenig, Andrea Ghirardo, Jennifer H. Sales, Elisabeth S Pabst, Heiko H Breitenbach, Felix Antritter, Baris Weber, Birgit Lange, Miriam Lenk, Robin K. CameronAbstract:Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated innate immune responses are activated in plants perceiving volatile monoterpenes. Here, we show that monoterpene-associated responses are propagated in feed-forward loops involving the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) signaling components pipecolic acid, glycerol-3-phosphate, and LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 (LLP1). In this cascade, LLP1 forms a key regulatory unit in both within-plant and between-plant propagation of immunity. The data integrate molecular components of SAR into Systemic signaling networks that are separate from conventional, SA-associated innate immune mechanisms. These networks are central to plant-to-plant propagation of immunity, potentially raising SAR to the population level. In this process, monoterpenes act as microbe-inducible plant volatiles, which as part of plant-derived volatile blends have the potential to promote the generation of a wave of innate immune signaling within canopies or plant stands. Hence, plant-to-plant propagation of SAR holds significant potential to fortify future durable crop protection strategies following a single volatile trigger.
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monoterpenes support Systemic Acquired Resistance within and between plants
The Plant Cell, 2017Co-Authors: Marlies Riedlmeier, Andrea Ghirardo, Kerstin Koch, Elisabeth Georgii, Claudia Knappe, Jane E. Parker, Marion Wenig, Jörg-peter Schnitzler, Corina A VlotAbstract:This study investigates the role of volatile organic compounds in Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), a salicylic acid (SA)-associated, broad-spectrum immune response in Systemic, healthy tissues of locally infected plants. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses of SAR-related emissions of wild-type and non-SAR-signal-producing mutant plants associated SAR with monoterpene emissions. Headspace exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to a mixture of the bicyclic monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene induced defense, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and expression of SA- and SAR-related genes, including the SAR regulatory AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1) gene and three of its paralogs. Pinene-induced Resistance was dependent on SA biosynthesis and signaling and on AZI1. A. thaliana geranylgeranyl reductase1 mutants with reduced monoterpene biosynthesis were SAR-defective but mounted normal local Resistance and methyl salicylate-induced defense responses, suggesting that monoterpenes act in parallel with SA. The volatile emissions from SAR signal-emitting plants induced defense in neighboring plants and this was associated with the presence of α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene in the emissions of the 9sender9 plants. Our data suggest that monoterpenes, particularly pinenes, promote SAR, acting through ROS and AZI1, and likely function as infochemicals in plant-to-plant signaling, thus allowing defense signal propagation between neighboring plants.
