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Akira Ito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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new insights on the taenia solium tapeworm using molecular tools age based human definitive host prevalence and deliberation on parasite life span
Pathogens and Global Health, 2021Co-Authors: Xingwang Chen, Christine M Budke, Yuangui Zhou, Mianchuan Duan, Celine Wang, Bo Zhong, Yang Liu, Jianying Luo, Jingye Shang, Akira ItoAbstract:Information on age-based Taenia solium Taeniasis prevalence is crucial for control of cysticercosis. T. solium Taeniasis prevalence was determined for a village in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China that was co-endemic for T. solium, Taenia saginata asiatica, and Taenia saginata. Individuals who were Taenia egg-positive by stool microscopy and/or expelled tapeworms or proglottids post-treatment were diagnosed as having Taeniasis. Infecting species was identified via multiplex PCR on tapeworm specimens or coproPCR followed by sequencing. In addition, initial stool samples from 10 children with Taeniasis suspected of having spontaneous expulsion of tapeworms within the period between diagnosis and treatment were subject to species confirmation via coproPCR and sequencing. Of the 389 study subjects, 194 (49.9%) were diagnosed with Taeniasis. Children (< 16 years of age) had a higher T. solium Taeniasis prevalence (8.8%) than older individuals (2.5%) (P = 0.0127). Molecular analysis of initial stool samples from 7 of 10 children suspected of spontaneously passing tapeworms indicated 6 infections due to T. solium and 1 infection due to T. saginata. This study found that young children had a higher T. solium Taeniasis prevalence than older individuals, providing additional support for the belief that adult T. solium likely has a relatively short lifespan compared to other Taenia species with human definitive hosts.
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high prevalence of Taeniasis and taenia solium cysticercosis in children in western sichuan china
Acta Tropica, 2019Co-Authors: Xingwang Chen, Akira Ito, Bo Zhong, Hao Wang, John J Openshaw, Stephen A Felt, Stephen P LubyAbstract:Abstract Data in China on human Taenia infections, including Taenia solium cysticercosis, is largely lacking. We aimed to determine the prevalence of Taeniasis with all three human Taenia species as well as T. solium cysticercosis in primary school-aged children in minority areas of western Sichuan, China. During April 2016 to December 2017, we did a cross-sectional study in five western Sichuan Province primary schools in Liangshan (3 schools), Ganzi (1 school) and Aba (1 school) prefectures. Diagnosis of Taeniasis was made by stool microscopy for presence of Taenia eggs, as well as recovery of taeniid tapeworms or proglottids by medicinal treatment followed by species identification using multiplex PCR. Diagnosis of T. solium cysticercosis was made serologically using an ELISA with low-molecular-weight antigens purified from T. solium cyst fluid to detect specific IgG antibodies. A total of 1672 children were screened for Taeniasis and 1639 were evaluated for cysticercosis antibodies. Overall prevalence of Taeniasis was 7.5% but was as high as 15.6% at one school site (e.g., Shuiluo). Of the three known human Taenia species, adult T. solium tapeworms were detected in 42 children from four of the five schools (all three schools in Liangshan and one in Aba), giving a prevalence of T. solium Taeniasis of 2.5% (95% confidence interval 0–6.7%). Cysticercosis antibody seropositivity by school varied from 2.3% to 15.6% (overall 7.5%). T. solium Taeniasis carriers were more likely to have cysticercosis antibodies than children without T. solium Taeniasis (43.6% vs 6.6%). Schools with higher prevalences of T. solium Taeniasis were more likely to have children with human cysticercosis IgG antibodies. This study shows a high prevalence of Taeniasis and T. solium cysticercosis in primary school-aged children in minority areas of western Sichuan, suggesting an urgent necessity for school-based disease control.
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neurocysticercosis diagnosed in a patient with taenia saginata Taeniasis after administration of praziquantel a case study and review of the literature
Primary Health Care, 2016Co-Authors: W Toni, Munehiro Okamoto, Kadek Swastika, Christine M Budke, Made I Sudarmaja, Raka Sudewi, Ni Made Susilawati, Luh Putu Eka Diarthini, Ivan Elisabeth Purba, Akira ItoAbstract:Taeniasis, caused by infection with Taenia saginata or Taenia solium, occurs on Bali due to the consumption of undercooked beef and pork, respectively. Fieldwork conducted on Bali from 2002-2007, identified 69 Taeniasis cases due to T. saginata. In August 2007, three T. saginata tapeworm carriers in the Gianyar district of Bali were treated with a single dose of praziquantel. Within a few hours of treatment, a 47 year old man had a seizure and was admitted to a hospital in the city of Denpasar. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed two cystic lesions in the man’s brain. Serology showed specific antibody responses to T. solium metacestode antigens. The patient was, therefore, diagnosed with a dual infection of T. solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) and T. saginata Taeniasis. This case report is illustrative of the risk of veiled NCC in areas where T. saginata and T. solium are co-endemic. As globalization increases, the possibility of co-infections will continue to rise and researchers and physicians participating in mass drug administration programs will need to be vigilant in their monitoring for adverse effects.
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REVIEW Taeniasis AND CYSTICERCOSIS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: PRESENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND PERSPECTIVES
2015Co-Authors: Akira Ito, Minoru Nakao, Yasuhito Sako, Munehiro Okamoto, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Thomas Suroso, Toni W, Kazuhiro NakayaAbstract:Abstract. Several topics on Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia and the Pacific are overviewed. In Asia and the Pacific, three human taeniid species have been recognized: Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. The first topic is on evolution of T. solium. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms of T. solium worldwide are discussed with emphasis of two specific genotypes: American-African and Asian. The second topic is recent major advances in sero- and molecular-diagnosis of T. solium cysticercosis in humans, pigs and dogs. The third is the present situation of T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia. The forth is the present situation of T. solium cysticercosis and T. saginata Taeniasis in Bali, Indonesia. The fifth is the present situation of T. asiatica Taeniasis in Asia and the Pacific and in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The sixth is on the debate of the exact definition of T. asiatica. Because T. asiatica can not be differentiated from T. saginata morphologically, it is time to re-evaluate T. saginata in Asia and the Pacific. New and broad-based surveys across this region are necessary from epidemiological and public health perspectives, based on evidence
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Usefulness of pumpkin seeds combined with areca nut extract in community-based treatment of human Taeniasis in northwest Sichuan Province, China.
Acta Trop, 2012Co-Authors: Akira Ito, Xingwang Chen, Minoru Nakao, Yasuhito Sako, Tetsuya Yanagida, Munehiro Okamoto, Changping Long, Francis Raoul, Patrick Giraudoux, Ning XiaoAbstract:Taeniasis refers to the infection with adult tapeworms of Taenia spp. in the upper small intestine of humans, which is also a cause of cysticercosis infection in either both humans and/or animals. Currently the most commonly applied anthelminthics for treatment of Taeniasis are praziquantel and niclosamide. Praziquantel is very effective, but has the risk of induction of epileptic seizures or convulsions in carriers with asymptomatic concurrent neurocysticercosis. In contrast, niclosamide is safe and effective, but is not readily available in many endemic countries including China. In the current community-based study, we assessed the curative effect of either pumpkin seeds or areca nut extract alone in Taeniasis, and also looked at synergistic effects of these two herb drugs on tapeworms. In the study group with the pumpkin seed/areca nut extract treatment, 91 (79.1%) of 115 suspected Taeniasis cases (with a history of expulsion of proglottids within the previous one year) released whole tapeworms, four (3.5%) expelled incomplete strobila, and no tapeworms or proglottids were recovered in the remaining 20 cases. In these 115 persons, 45 were confirmed as Taeniasis before treatment by microscopy and/or coproPCR. Forty (88.9%) of 45 confirmed cases eliminated intact worms following treatment. The mean time period for complete elimination of tapeworms in 91 Taeniasis cases was 2h (range 20min to 8h 30min), and 89.0% (81) of 91 patients discharged intact worms within 3h after drug administration. In Control Group A with treatment of pumpkin seeds alone, 75.0% (9/12) of confirmed Taeniasis cases expelled whole tapeworms, but the mean time period for complete elimination was about 14h 10min (range 3h 20min to 21h 20min), which was much longer than that (2h) for the study group, whereas in Control Group B treated with areca nut extract alone, only 63.6% (7/11) of Taeniasis cases discharged whole tapeworms, and the mean time period was 6h 27min (range 1-22h). Mild side effects included nausea and dizziness in about 46.3% of patients with the pumpkin seeds/areca nut extract treatment, but all discomforts were transient and well tolerated. In conclusion, a synergistic effect of pumpkin seed and areca nut extract on Taenia spp. tapeworms was confirmed in the current study, primarily in producing an increased rate of effect on tapeworm expulsion (average time 2h for combination vs 6-21h for individual extracts). The pumpkin seed/areca combined treatment was indicated to be safe and highly effective (89%) for human Taeniasis.
Pierre Dorny - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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oc 8432 evaluation of an antibody detecting point of care test for the diagnosis of taenia solium Taeniasis and neurocysticercosis cysticercosis in an endemic area
BMJ Global Health, 2019Co-Authors: Chishimba Mubanga, Sarah Gabriël, Pierre Dorny, Kabemba E Mwape, Gideon Zulu, Isaac K Phiri, Chiara Trevisan, Inge Van DammeAbstract:Background Taenia solium Taeniasis/(neuro)cysticercosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis with significant economic and public health impacts. Neurocysticercosis is responsible for 30% cases of acquired epilepsy in endemic areas. Diagnosis and case management of neurocysticercosis/Taeniasis in resource-limited endemic countries is challenging. Reliable, inexpensive and easy to use diagnostic tools with sufficient sensitivity and specificity are currently not available. A new point-of-care (POC) test based on recombinant rT24H and rES33 proteins developed by the Centre for Disease Control in Atlanta (US) which combines diagnosis of Taeniasis and cysticercosis has been developed, however, its performance at community level is not known. The aim of this study is therefore, to evaluate the diagnostic performance of this test in a community setting. Methods The study site is Mtandaza community, Sinda district, Eastern Province of Zambia. The diagnostic accuracy is being evaluated for Taeniasis and (neuro) cysticercosis in 1200 randomly selected participants in a community-based study. The performance characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) for neurocysticercosis will be computed by cross-tabulating of POC results with those of the ‘neurocysticercosis diagnosis’ while a Bayesian approach will be used for cysticercosis and Taeniasis to compare the performance of the index test with reference tests (enzyme-linked immuno-electrotransfer blot (EITB), B158/B60 Ag-ELISA, Ab-ELISA, Copro-Ag ELISA, PCR). Results Preliminary results of 505 POC tests so far conducted show that 0.8% were positive for Taeniasis, 9.1% for cysticercosis and, 4.6% were invalid or unclear. Except for Copro-Ag and B158/B60 Ag-ELISA for Taeniasis and cysticercosis respectively, reference tests are yet to be conducted. Conclusion Results will show the diagnostic value of the POC test and its applicability for use at community level in endemic areas. If successful, implementation of the tool will enable early detection of Taeniasis and suspected neurocysticercosis cases and lead to improved patient management and treatment outcomes.
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Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Middle East and North Africa
Parasites & Vectors, 2019Co-Authors: Anastasios Saratsis, Pierre Dorny, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Smaragda Sotiraki, Uffe C. Braae, Veronique Dermauw, Ramon M. Eichenberger, Lian F. Thomas, Branko Bobić, Sarah GabriëlAbstract:Background The zoonotic parasite Taenia saginata utilizes bovines as an intermediate host (causing cysticercosis) and humans as the definitive host (causing taeniosis). The public health burden of T. saginata is assumed to be low, but the economic burden is large, due to the resources utilized in the detection and condemnation of infected carcasses and carcass parts. As part of a collaborative effort to synthesize worldwide epidemiological data on this parasite, we present here the results of a systematic review on the distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Methods Information on the occurrence and prevalence of T. saginata taeniosis and cysticercosis in the MENA region was obtained through a systematic review of published and grey literature, including OIE reports, published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Results A total of 63 publications were retrieved across the 21 MENA countries. Taenia saginata taeniosis was reported in 11 of these countries, whereas unspecified taeniosis was reported for a further seven. Microscopy-based prevalence values ranged between 0.02–8.6%. Bovine cysticercosis prevalence estimates based on meat inspection were only reported for Egypt and Israel, with prevalence data ranging between 0.2–20% and 0.1–9.1% for cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The presence of bovine cysticercosis could be confirmed for 10 additional countries through OIE reports. Conclusions Human taeniosis occurrence was confirmed for 86% (18/21) of the countries in the MENA region, although in several of these countries the species responsible was not specified. Religious prohibitions on the consumption of pork and the limited extent of pig farming across much of this region, however, suggest that many reported taeniosis cases are likely to be attributable to T. saginata rather than Taenia solium or Taenia asiatica . There was a paucity of data regarding both the prevalence and economic impact of bovine cysticercosis. More detailed epidemiological data on both T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis could be obtained by adopting an integrated “One Health” approach, considering the characteristics (e.g. ecosystem related and sociopolitical aspects) of the MENA region. Compared with more conventional approaches, this could lead to an enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness of surveillance systems.
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Taenia solium in a Multiple Taeniid-Endemic Region Reveals Competition May be Protective
2016Co-Authors: James V. Conlan, Pierre Dorny, Khamphouth Vongxay, Boualam Khamlome, Banchob Sripa, Aileen Elliot, Stuart D. Blacksell, Stanley Fenwick, R. Andrew C. ThompsonAbstract:Abstract. We conducted cross-sectional surveys for Taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans, pigs, and dogs in four northern provinces ofLaos.Human cysticercosis and Taeniasis prevalencewas 2.2%(95%confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–3.0%) and 8.4% (95%CI = 6.9–9.9%), respectively. Eating uncooked beef, beingmale, province of residence, age, and ethnicity were significant risk factors for Taeniasis andonlyprovinceof residencewas a significant risk factor for cystiercosis.Thirty-fivehuman tapeworms were recovered during the survey and 33 (94.3%) and 2 (5.7%) were identified as Taenia saginata and T. solium, respectively. Maximum-likelihood adjusted prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in pigs was 4.2 % (95 % CI = 0.5–7.9%) and 55.9% (95%CI = 47.5–64.3%), respectively, and T. hydatigena Taeniasis in dogs was 4.8 % (95%CI = 0.0–11.3%). Taenia hydatigena and T. saginata were the most prevalent taeniids in the respective pig and human populations and together may suppress T. solium transmission
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Investigating a hyper-endemic focus of Taenia solium in northern Lao PDR
Parasites & Vectors, 2014Co-Authors: Anna Okello, Pierre Dorny, Boualam Khamlome, Amanda Ash, Chattouphone Keokhamphet, Emma Hobbs, Lian Thomas, John AllenAbstract:Background The Taenia solium cysticercosis-Taeniasis complex is a Neglected Tropical Disease of significant public health importance in many impoverished communities worldwide. The parasite is suspected to be endemic in Lao PDR as a result of widespread risk factors including open human defecation, free ranging pigs and weak systems for meat inspection and carcass condemnation. Reported prevalences of human Taeniasis throughout the country have ranged from 0-14%, although few of these have definitively diagnosed T. solium, grossly indistinguishable from Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia asiatica. This short communication details the suspicion of a hyper endemic “hotspot” of T. solium in a remote Tai Dam village in northern Lao PDR. Findings Initial antibody serosurveillance of four provinces in Lao PDR in 2011 indicated human Taeniasis and cysticercosis prevalences of 46.7% and 66.7% respectively, in the village of Om Phalong in the north of the country. Subsequent copro-antigen ELISA on 92 human faecal samples from this same village, representing a total 27.9% of the target community, indicated a Taeniasis prevalence of 26.1% (95% CI?=?18.2-35.9). Subsequent PCR and sequencing of samples (n?=?5) all identified as T. solium; the other human tapeworms T. saginata and T. asiatica were not detected in any of the samples genotyped. Conclusion This is potentially one of the highest documented prevalences of T. solium Taeniasis to date in Lao PDR, if not the Southeast Asia region. This result raises suspicion that other “hotspots” of T. solium hyper endemicity may exist in the region, particularly in communities where the consumption of raw pork is commonplace as a result of cultural practices.
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changes in knowledge and practices related to Taeniasis cysticercosis after health education in a south indian community
International Health, 2012Co-Authors: Anu Mary Alexander, Venkata Raghava Mohan, Jayaprakash Muliyil, Pierre Dorny, Vedantam RajshekharAbstract:A health education programme for Taeniasis/cysticercosis was implemented and evaluated among schoolchildren and the general community in a rural block in southern India, an area that is endemic for cysticercosis. The baseline survey among 831 participants from three randomly selected villages showed poor knowledge regarding the spread of Taeniasis and neurocysticercosis. There was also a lack of adequate hygiene and sanitation practices. Health education was given in these villages and in the schools located in these villages regarding the lifecycle of the pork tapeworm, spread of Taeniasis and cysticercosis, and prevention of these conditions. The post-intervention test conducted 6 months later among 1060 participants revealed a 46% increase in the overall score of knowledge and practices. Awareness about the mode of spread of Taeniasis and cysticercosis improved by almost 3 times and the reported practice of washing hands with soap and water before eating improved by 4.8 times and after using the toilet by 3.6 times. One person who reported the passage of tapeworm segments was confirmed to be a carrier of Taenia solium and was treated. The health education given on prevention of Taeniasis and cysticercosis was useful in improving the knowledge and practices of the community and also in diagnosing Taeniasis through self-reporting.
Armando E Gonzalez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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apuntes y recomendaciones para el establecimiento de programas de control de la teniasis cisticercosis por taenia solium en el peru
Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2018Co-Authors: Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Seth E Oneal, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Neurocysticercosis is a nervous system infection caused by the larvae (cysticercus) of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium). Neurocysticercosis is the primary cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide and, therefore, a global public health problem. On the other hand, T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis is one of very few infectious diseases considered to be potentially eradicable. Recently, a large-scale elimination program in Tumbes, Peru, demonstrated the feasibility of interrupting transmission. Based on these advances, a series of initial guidelines are proposed aimed at setting out the foundations for regional and national Taeniasis/cysticercosis control programs, with simple and feasible local interventions as a starting point.
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notes and recommendations for the establishment of control programs for Taeniasis and cysticercosis due to taenia solium in perunotes and recommendations for the establishment of control programs for Taeniasis cysticercosis in peru
Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2018Co-Authors: Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Seth E Oneal, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Neurocysticercosis is a nervous system infection caused by the larvae (cysticercus) of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium). Neurocysticercosis is the primary cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide and, therefore, a global public health problem. On the other hand, T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis is one of very few infectious diseases considered to be potentially eradicable. Recently, a large-scale elimination program in Tumbes, Peru, demonstrated the feasibility of interrupting transmission. Based on these advances, a series of initial guidelines are proposed aimed at setting out the foundations for regional and national Taeniasis/cysticercosis control programs, with simple and feasible local interventions as a starting point.
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ring screening to control endemic transmission of taenia solium
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Seth E Oneal, Silvia Rodriguez, Hector H Garcia, Robert H Gilman, Cesar M Gavidia, Viterbo Ayvar, Patricia P Wilkins, Luz M Moyano, Armando E GonzalezAbstract:Background: Taenia solium is a major cause of preventable epilepsy in developing nations. Screening and treatment of human intestinal stage infection (Taeniasis) within high-risk foci may reduce transmission and prevent epilepsy by limiting human exposure to infective eggs. We piloted a ring-strategy that involves screening and treatment for Taeniasis among households located nearby pigs heavily-infected with the larval stage (cysticercosis). These pigs mark areas of increased transmission and can be identified by tongue examination. Methodology: We selected two villages in northern Peru for a controlled prospective interventional cohort pilot study. In the intervention village (1,058 residents) we examined the tongues of all pigs every 4 months for nodules characteristic of cysticercosis. We then screened all residents living within 100-meters of any tongue-positive pig using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Taenia antigens in stool. Residents with Taeniasis were treated with niclosamide. In both the intervention and control (753 residents) we measured incidence of exposure by sampling the pig population every 4 months for serum antibodies against cysticercosis using enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot. Principal Findings: Baseline seroincidence among pigs born during the study was 22.6 cases per 100 pigs per-month (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.0–30.0) in the intervention and 18.1 (95% CI 12.7–25.9) in the control. After one year we observed a 41% reduction in seroincidence in the intervention village compared to baseline (incidence rate ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.41– 0.87) while the seroincidence in the control village remained unchanged. At study end, the prevalence of Taeniasis was nearly 4 times lower in the intervention than in the control (prevalence ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.08–0.91). Conclusions/Significance: Ring-screening reduced transmission of T. solium in this pilot study and may provide an effective and practical approach for regions where resources are limited. However, this strategy requires validation in larger populations over a greater period of time.
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detection of taenia solium Taeniasis coproantigen is an early indicator of treatment failure for Taeniasis
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2012Co-Authors: Javier A Bustos, Philip S. Craig, J. C. Allan, Silvia Rodriguez, Juan A Jimenez, Armando E Gonzalez, Viterbo Ayvar, Luz M Moyano, Yesenia Castillo, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Taenia solium causes Taeniasis and cysticercosis, a zoonotic complex associated with a significant burden of epilepsy in most countries. Reliable diagnosis and efficacious treatment of Taeniasis are needed for disease control. Currently, cure can be confirmed only after a period of at least 1 month, by negative stool microscopy. This study assessed the performance of detection by a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CoAg-ELISA) for the early evaluation of the efficacy of antiparasitic treatment of human T. solium Taeniasis. We followed 69 tapeworm carriers who received niclosamide as standard treatment. Stool samples were collected on days 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 90 after treatment and were processed by microscopy and CoAg-ELISA. The efficacy of niclosamide was 77.9% (53/68). Thirteen patients received a second course of treatment and completed the follow-up. CoAg-ELISA was therefore evaluated for a total of 81 cases (68 treatments, 13 retreatments). In successful treatments (n = 64), the proportion of patients who became negative by CoAg-ELISA was 62.5% after 3 days, 89.1% after 7 days, 96.9% after 15 days, and 100% after 30 days. In treatment failures (n = 17), the CoAg-ELISA result was positive for 70.6% of patients after 3 days, 94.1% after 7 days, and 100% after 15 and 30 days. Only 2 of 17 samples in cases of treatment failure became positive by microscopy by day 30. The presence of one scolex, but not multiple scolices, in posttreatment stools was strongly associated with cure (odds ratio [OR], 52.5; P < 0.001). CoAg-ELISA is useful for the assessment of treatment failure in Taeniasis. Early assessment at day 15 would detect treatment failure before patients become infective.
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development and evaluation of a magnetic immunochromatographic test to detect taenia solium which causes Taeniasis and neurocysticercosis in humans
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2010Co-Authors: Sukwan Handali, Silvia Rodriguez, Armando E Gonzalez, Molly Klarman, Amanda N Gaspard, Fan X Dong, Ronald Laborde, John Noh, Yeuk Mui LeeAbstract:Taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium is a frequent parasitic infection of the human brain in most of the world. Rapid and simple screening tools to identify Taeniasis and cysticercosis cases are needed for control programs, mostly to identify tapeworm carriers which are the source of infection and need to be treated, or as tools for point-of-care case detection or confirmation. These screening assays should be affordable, reliable, rapid, and easy to perform. Immunochromatographic tests meet these criteria. To demonstrate proof of principle, we developed and evaluated two magnetic immunochromatographic tests (MICTs) for detection of human Taenia solium Taeniasis antibodies (ES33-MICT) and neurocysticercosis antibodies (T24-MICT). These assays detected stage-specific antibodies by using two recombinant proteins, rES33 for detection of Taeniasis antibodies and rT24H for detection of cysticercosis antibodies. The sensitivity and specificity of the ES33-MICT to detect Taeniasis infections were 94.5% and 96%, respectively, and those of the T24-MICT to detect cases of human cysticercosis with two or more viable brain cysts were 93.9% and 98.9%, respectively. These data provide proof of principle that the ES33- and T24-MICTs provide rapid and suitable methods to identify individuals with Taeniasis and cysticercosis.
Robert H Gilman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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apuntes y recomendaciones para el establecimiento de programas de control de la teniasis cisticercosis por taenia solium en el peru
Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2018Co-Authors: Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Seth E Oneal, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Neurocysticercosis is a nervous system infection caused by the larvae (cysticercus) of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium). Neurocysticercosis is the primary cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide and, therefore, a global public health problem. On the other hand, T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis is one of very few infectious diseases considered to be potentially eradicable. Recently, a large-scale elimination program in Tumbes, Peru, demonstrated the feasibility of interrupting transmission. Based on these advances, a series of initial guidelines are proposed aimed at setting out the foundations for regional and national Taeniasis/cysticercosis control programs, with simple and feasible local interventions as a starting point.
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notes and recommendations for the establishment of control programs for Taeniasis and cysticercosis due to taenia solium in perunotes and recommendations for the establishment of control programs for Taeniasis cysticercosis in peru
Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2018Co-Authors: Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Seth E Oneal, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Neurocysticercosis is a nervous system infection caused by the larvae (cysticercus) of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium). Neurocysticercosis is the primary cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide and, therefore, a global public health problem. On the other hand, T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis is one of very few infectious diseases considered to be potentially eradicable. Recently, a large-scale elimination program in Tumbes, Peru, demonstrated the feasibility of interrupting transmission. Based on these advances, a series of initial guidelines are proposed aimed at setting out the foundations for regional and national Taeniasis/cysticercosis control programs, with simple and feasible local interventions as a starting point.
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Taeniasis and cysticercosis
2018Co-Authors: Jo Hendersonfrost, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Cestodes, or tapeworms, vary greatly in size and behavior but have similar morphology consisting of a head, called a scolex, a neck, and a worm body, called a strobila, which is formed by body segments called proglottids. T. saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica. The life cycles of these Taenia species are similar. As definitive host, humans acquire intestinal infection with these cestodes by ingestion of undercooked meat—pork in the case of T. solium and T. asiatica and beef in the case of T. saginata—containing encysted larvae termed cysticercus. This tapeworm infection is called Taeniasis. As intermediate host, humans acquire tissue infection of cysticerci by ingestion of T. solium eggs. After ingestion, the eggs mature into metacestodes, which are infective larvae capable of encysting in tissues. This infection is called cysticercosis. T. solium is the only species known to cause significant human pathology; most commonly larvae encyst in the central nervous system (CNS), which is called neurocysticercosis. T. saginata and T. asiatica are similar morphologically and closely related genetically. They cause limited pathology in humans but significant economic losses in the livestock industry.
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ring screening to control endemic transmission of taenia solium
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Seth E Oneal, Silvia Rodriguez, Hector H Garcia, Robert H Gilman, Cesar M Gavidia, Viterbo Ayvar, Patricia P Wilkins, Luz M Moyano, Armando E GonzalezAbstract:Background: Taenia solium is a major cause of preventable epilepsy in developing nations. Screening and treatment of human intestinal stage infection (Taeniasis) within high-risk foci may reduce transmission and prevent epilepsy by limiting human exposure to infective eggs. We piloted a ring-strategy that involves screening and treatment for Taeniasis among households located nearby pigs heavily-infected with the larval stage (cysticercosis). These pigs mark areas of increased transmission and can be identified by tongue examination. Methodology: We selected two villages in northern Peru for a controlled prospective interventional cohort pilot study. In the intervention village (1,058 residents) we examined the tongues of all pigs every 4 months for nodules characteristic of cysticercosis. We then screened all residents living within 100-meters of any tongue-positive pig using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Taenia antigens in stool. Residents with Taeniasis were treated with niclosamide. In both the intervention and control (753 residents) we measured incidence of exposure by sampling the pig population every 4 months for serum antibodies against cysticercosis using enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot. Principal Findings: Baseline seroincidence among pigs born during the study was 22.6 cases per 100 pigs per-month (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.0–30.0) in the intervention and 18.1 (95% CI 12.7–25.9) in the control. After one year we observed a 41% reduction in seroincidence in the intervention village compared to baseline (incidence rate ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.41– 0.87) while the seroincidence in the control village remained unchanged. At study end, the prevalence of Taeniasis was nearly 4 times lower in the intervention than in the control (prevalence ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.08–0.91). Conclusions/Significance: Ring-screening reduced transmission of T. solium in this pilot study and may provide an effective and practical approach for regions where resources are limited. However, this strategy requires validation in larger populations over a greater period of time.
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geographic correlation between tapeworm carriers and heavily infected cysticercotic pigs
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2012Co-Authors: Seth E Oneal, Victor C. W. Tsang, Silvia Rodriguez, Robert H Gilman, Luz Maria Moyano, Viterbo Ayvar, Guillermo Gonzalvez, Andre Diaz, Patricia P WilkinsAbstract:Background: Neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of preventable epilepsy in the developing world. Sustainable community-based interventions are urgently needed to control transmission of the causative parasite, Taenia solium. We examined the geospatial relationship between live pigs with visible cysticercotic cysts on their tongues and humans with adult intestinal tapeworm infection (Taeniasis) in a rural village in northern Peru. The objective was to determine whether tongue-positive pigs could indicate high-risk geographic foci for Taeniasis to guide targeted screening efforts. This approach could offer significant benefit compared to mass intervention. Methods: We recorded geographic coordinates of all village houses, collected stool samples from all consenting villagers, and collected blood and examined tongues of all village pigs. Stool samples were processed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for presence of Taenia sp. coproantigens indicative of active Taeniasis; serum was processed by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot for antibodies against T. solium cysticercosis (EITB LLGP) and T. solium Taeniasis (EITB rES33). Findings: Of 548 pigs, 256 (46.7%) were positive for antibodies against cysticercosis on EITB LLGP. Of 402 fecal samples, 6 (1.5%) were positive for the presence of Taenia sp. coproantigens. The proportion of coproantigen-positive individuals differed significantly between residents living within 100-meters of a tongue-positive pig (4/79, 5.1%) and residents living .100 meters from a tongue-positive pig (2/323, 0.6%) (p=0.02). The prevalence of Taeniasis was .8 times higher among residents living within 100 meters of a tongue-positive pig compared to residents living outside this range (adjusted PR 8.1, 95% CI 1.4–47.0). Conclusions: Tongue-positive pigs in endemic communities can indicate geospatial foci in which the risk for Taeniasis is increased. Targeted screening or presumptive treatment for Taeniasis within these high-risk foci may be an effective and practical control intervention for rural endemic areas.
Hector H Garcia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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apuntes y recomendaciones para el establecimiento de programas de control de la teniasis cisticercosis por taenia solium en el peru
Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2018Co-Authors: Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Seth E Oneal, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Neurocysticercosis is a nervous system infection caused by the larvae (cysticercus) of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium). Neurocysticercosis is the primary cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide and, therefore, a global public health problem. On the other hand, T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis is one of very few infectious diseases considered to be potentially eradicable. Recently, a large-scale elimination program in Tumbes, Peru, demonstrated the feasibility of interrupting transmission. Based on these advances, a series of initial guidelines are proposed aimed at setting out the foundations for regional and national Taeniasis/cysticercosis control programs, with simple and feasible local interventions as a starting point.
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notes and recommendations for the establishment of control programs for Taeniasis and cysticercosis due to taenia solium in perunotes and recommendations for the establishment of control programs for Taeniasis cysticercosis in peru
Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2018Co-Authors: Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Seth E Oneal, Robert H GilmanAbstract:Neurocysticercosis is a nervous system infection caused by the larvae (cysticercus) of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium). Neurocysticercosis is the primary cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide and, therefore, a global public health problem. On the other hand, T. solium Taeniasis/cysticercosis is one of very few infectious diseases considered to be potentially eradicable. Recently, a large-scale elimination program in Tumbes, Peru, demonstrated the feasibility of interrupting transmission. Based on these advances, a series of initial guidelines are proposed aimed at setting out the foundations for regional and national Taeniasis/cysticercosis control programs, with simple and feasible local interventions as a starting point.
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screening diagnosis and management of human cysticercosis and taenia solium Taeniasis technical recommendations by the cohemi project study group
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2017Co-Authors: Lorenzo Zammarchi, Hector H Garcia, Maurizio Bonati, Marianne Strohmeyer, Marco Albonico, Ana Requenamendez, Zeno Bisoffi, Alessandra Nicoletti, Alessandro BartoloniAbstract:Neurocysticercosis, the central nervous system's localised form of cysticercosis, is considered to be the leading cause of epilepsy in the developing world. In Europe, the disease is mainly imported and affects both immigrants and travellers. However, autochthonous cases of cysticercosis in low-endemic countries could also originate from Taenia solium carriers (migrants or travellers) who acquired Taeniasis overseas. Management of cysticercosis is a challenge for European healthcare providers as they are often hardly aware of this infection and have little familiarity in managing this disease. This study provides a summary of recommendations concerning screening, diagnosis and management of cysticercosis and T. solium Taeniasis in Europe drawn up by nine experts in migrant health and imported diseases with experience in cysticercosis and T. solium Taeniasis.
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ring screening to control endemic transmission of taenia solium
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Seth E Oneal, Silvia Rodriguez, Hector H Garcia, Robert H Gilman, Cesar M Gavidia, Viterbo Ayvar, Patricia P Wilkins, Luz M Moyano, Armando E GonzalezAbstract:Background: Taenia solium is a major cause of preventable epilepsy in developing nations. Screening and treatment of human intestinal stage infection (Taeniasis) within high-risk foci may reduce transmission and prevent epilepsy by limiting human exposure to infective eggs. We piloted a ring-strategy that involves screening and treatment for Taeniasis among households located nearby pigs heavily-infected with the larval stage (cysticercosis). These pigs mark areas of increased transmission and can be identified by tongue examination. Methodology: We selected two villages in northern Peru for a controlled prospective interventional cohort pilot study. In the intervention village (1,058 residents) we examined the tongues of all pigs every 4 months for nodules characteristic of cysticercosis. We then screened all residents living within 100-meters of any tongue-positive pig using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Taenia antigens in stool. Residents with Taeniasis were treated with niclosamide. In both the intervention and control (753 residents) we measured incidence of exposure by sampling the pig population every 4 months for serum antibodies against cysticercosis using enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot. Principal Findings: Baseline seroincidence among pigs born during the study was 22.6 cases per 100 pigs per-month (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.0–30.0) in the intervention and 18.1 (95% CI 12.7–25.9) in the control. After one year we observed a 41% reduction in seroincidence in the intervention village compared to baseline (incidence rate ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.41– 0.87) while the seroincidence in the control village remained unchanged. At study end, the prevalence of Taeniasis was nearly 4 times lower in the intervention than in the control (prevalence ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.08–0.91). Conclusions/Significance: Ring-screening reduced transmission of T. solium in this pilot study and may provide an effective and practical approach for regions where resources are limited. However, this strategy requires validation in larger populations over a greater period of time.
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multiantigen print immunoassay for comparison of diagnostic antigens for taenia solium cysticercosis and Taeniasis
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2010Co-Authors: Sukwan Handali, Silvia Rodriguez, Hector H Garcia, Armando E Gonzalez, Molly Klarman, Amanda N Gaspard, John Noh, Yeuk Mui LeeAbstract:One of the best-characterized tests for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay, developed at the CDC, which uses lentil lectin-purified glycoproteins (LLGPs) extracted from Taenia solium cysticerci. The purification of the LLGP antigens has been difficult to standardize, and the polyacrylamide gel system used for the immunoblot assay is not easily transferable to other laboratories. In this study, we developed a multiantigen printing immunoassay (MAPIA) to compare the performance of multiple recombinant Taenia solium proteins with the potential for the detection of cysticercosis and Taeniasis. We prepared MAPIA strips using six cysticercosis and two Taeniasis diagnostic proteins and compared the performance of the proteins with sera collected from defined cysticercosis and Taeniasis cases. Of the six cysticercosis antigens, rT24H performed well in detecting cases with two or more viable cysts in the brain (sensitivity and specificity, 97% and 99.4%, respectively); the use of a combination of cysticercosis antigens did not improve the sensitivity of the test and decreased the specificity. None of the antigens could differentiate the different clinical presentations of cysticercosis. Both of the Taeniasis antigens (rES33 and rES38) had the same sensitivity of 99.4% and specificities of 93.9% and 94.5%, respectively. Some crossreactivity against rES33 and rES38 was found, especially with sera from cases infected with Schistosoma mansoni. We conclude that MAPIA is a simple and effective tool that may be used to compare antibody responses to different cysticercosis and Taeniasis antigens and, in this case, may be useful for the rapid detection of T. solium cases. Excellent laboratory methods with high specificities and sensitivities for the immunodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis and Taeniasis exist. The enzyme immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) for cysticercosis is accepted as the “gold standard” assay for the serological identification of cysticercosis (16, 19). Unfortunately, the test employs complex native proteins in immunoblot assay formats, and therefore, the tests are not easily adaptable to field use. Over the last 10 years we systematically purified and cloned the diagnostic glycoproteins expressed in the lentil lectin glycoprotein fraction. We found that the seven diagnostic proteins are members of three antigenic protein families: the GP50, GP24, and 8-kDa families. The recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides identified in the first-generation assays are available for further comparative analysis.
