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Gerald Mayr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Avian remains from the lowermost Oligocene of Hoogbutsel (Belgium)
2020Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, Richard SmithAbstract:Avian remains from the lowermost Oligocene of Hoogbutsel (Belgium) are described. The material includes a new species of loon (Gaviiformes, Gaviidae), Colymboides belgicus n. sp., which is the largest Lower Tertiary representative of the Gaviidae known so far. A new taxon of the Palaelodidae (Phoenicopteriformes) is described as Adelalopus hoogbutseliensis n. gen. n. sp., and is unusual in that the caudal surface of the extremitas sternalis of the furcula bears a deep cavity. A distal Tarsometatarsus of a small falconiform bird is tentatively assigned to the Accipitridae. Another distal end of a Tarsometatarsus belongs to a strigiform bird and most closely resembles Prosybris antiqua MILNE-EDWARDS 1867-71. In addition, mousebirds (Coliiformes, Coliidae) are represented by a fragmentary distal Tarsometatarsus. A new taxon of the Sylphornithidae (Aves incertae sedis) is described as Oligosylphe mourerchauvireae n. gen. n. sp.; it is the first Oligocene record of this family which before was only known from the Upper Eocene of France.
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calcardea junnei gingerich 1987 from the late paleocene of north america is not a heron but resembles the early eocene indian taxon vastanavis mayr et al 2007mayr et al phylogenetic affinities of the late paleocene bird calcardea junneijournal of pal
Journal of Paleontology, 2019Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, Philip D. Gingerich, Thierry SmithAbstract:We revisit the holotype of Calcardea junnei Gingerich, 1987 from the latest Paleocene (Clarkforkian) of the Willwood Formation (Wyoming, USA). The species is based on a partial skeleton and was originally assigned to the Ardeidae (herons). As we show, this classification cannot be upheld and Calcardea Gingerich, 1987 more closely resembles the taxon Vastanavis Mayr et al., 2007 (Vastanavidae), a parrot-like bird from the early Eocene of India. Even though C. junnei is a large bird, its long wings and short Tarsometatarsus argue against a predominantly terrestrial way of living, and the morphology of the Tarsometatarsus and pedal phalanges instead suggest strong grasping feet. We conclude that an assignment of Calcardea to the landbird clade (Telluraves) is better supported than its classification into the waterbird clade (Aequornithes), which includes Ardeidae and other ‘ciconiiform’ and ‘pelecaniform’ taxa. Calcardea junnei is one of the oldest known representatives of Telluraves and its morphology shows plesiomorphic features, which contributed to its previous misidentification as a heron. Calcardea exhibits a distinctive osteology and affords a glimpse of a previously unknown late Paleocene avian morphotype.
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first record of a Tarsometatarsus of tonsala hildegardae plotopteridae and other avian remains from the late eocene early oligocene of washington state usa
Geobios, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, James L GoedertAbstract:Abstract New bird fossils from the late Eocene/early Oligocene Makah Formation and the Oligocene Pysht Formation on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington State, USA) are described. A partial skeleton from the Pysht Formation includes the first reported Tarsometatarsus of Tonsala hildegardae Olson, 1980, a wing-propelled diving bird of the taxon Plotopteridae. It shows that Tonsala had a Tarsometatarsus that was morphologically intermediate between that of the late Eocene Phocavis and more derived plotopterids. We introduce the new taxon Tonsalinae nov. subfam. for a clade including all named plotopterids except Phocavis, Plotopterum, and the recently described Stemec. We furthermore describe a partial plotopterid pelvis and a sternum from the Makah Formation. The sternum shows a close resemblance to that of extant Phalacrocoracoidea (cormorants and darters) and may be the earliest North American record of this taxon.
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First record of a Tarsometatarsus of Tonsala hildegardae (Plotopteridae) and other avian remains from the late Eocene/early Oligocene of Washington State (USA)
Geobios, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, James L GoedertAbstract:Abstract New bird fossils from the late Eocene/early Oligocene Makah Formation and the Oligocene Pysht Formation on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington State, USA) are described. A partial skeleton from the Pysht Formation includes the first reported Tarsometatarsus of Tonsala hildegardae Olson, 1980, a wing-propelled diving bird of the taxon Plotopteridae. It shows that Tonsala had a Tarsometatarsus that was morphologically intermediate between that of the late Eocene Phocavis and more derived plotopterids. We introduce the new taxon Tonsalinae nov. subfam. for a clade including all named plotopterids except Phocavis, Plotopterum, and the recently described Stemec. We furthermore describe a partial plotopterid pelvis and a sternum from the Makah Formation. The sternum shows a close resemblance to that of extant Phalacrocoracoidea (cormorants and darters) and may be the earliest North American record of this taxon.
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A new fossil from the mid-Paleocene of New Zealand reveals an unexpected diversity of world's oldest penguins.
Die Naturwissenschaften, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, Vanesa L. Pietri, R Paul ScofieldAbstract:We describe leg bones of a giant penguin from the mid-Paleocene Waipara Greensand of New Zealand. The specimens were found at the type locality of Waimanu manneringi and together with this species they constitute the oldest penguin fossils known to date. Tarsometatarsus dimensions indicate a species that reached the size of Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi, one of the largest known penguin species. Stem group penguins therefore attained a giant size very early in their evolution, with this gigantism existing for more than 30 million years. The new fossils are from a species that is phylogenetically more derived than Waimanu, and the unexpected coexistence of Waimanu with more derived stem group Sphenisciformes documents a previously unknown diversity amongst the world's oldest penguins. The characteristic Tarsometatarsus shape of penguins evolved early on, and the significant morphological disparity between Waimanu and the new fossil conflicts with recent Paleocene divergence estimates for penguins, suggesting an older, Late Cretaceous, origin.
James L Goedert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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first record of a Tarsometatarsus of tonsala hildegardae plotopteridae and other avian remains from the late eocene early oligocene of washington state usa
Geobios, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, James L GoedertAbstract:Abstract New bird fossils from the late Eocene/early Oligocene Makah Formation and the Oligocene Pysht Formation on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington State, USA) are described. A partial skeleton from the Pysht Formation includes the first reported Tarsometatarsus of Tonsala hildegardae Olson, 1980, a wing-propelled diving bird of the taxon Plotopteridae. It shows that Tonsala had a Tarsometatarsus that was morphologically intermediate between that of the late Eocene Phocavis and more derived plotopterids. We introduce the new taxon Tonsalinae nov. subfam. for a clade including all named plotopterids except Phocavis, Plotopterum, and the recently described Stemec. We furthermore describe a partial plotopterid pelvis and a sternum from the Makah Formation. The sternum shows a close resemblance to that of extant Phalacrocoracoidea (cormorants and darters) and may be the earliest North American record of this taxon.
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First record of a Tarsometatarsus of Tonsala hildegardae (Plotopteridae) and other avian remains from the late Eocene/early Oligocene of Washington State (USA)
Geobios, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, James L GoedertAbstract:Abstract New bird fossils from the late Eocene/early Oligocene Makah Formation and the Oligocene Pysht Formation on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington State, USA) are described. A partial skeleton from the Pysht Formation includes the first reported Tarsometatarsus of Tonsala hildegardae Olson, 1980, a wing-propelled diving bird of the taxon Plotopteridae. It shows that Tonsala had a Tarsometatarsus that was morphologically intermediate between that of the late Eocene Phocavis and more derived plotopterids. We introduce the new taxon Tonsalinae nov. subfam. for a clade including all named plotopterids except Phocavis, Plotopterum, and the recently described Stemec. We furthermore describe a partial plotopterid pelvis and a sternum from the Makah Formation. The sternum shows a close resemblance to that of extant Phalacrocoracoidea (cormorants and darters) and may be the earliest North American record of this taxon.
John R Cotton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Tarsometatarsus of the ostrich struthio camelus anatomy bone densities and structural mechanics
PLOS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Meagan M Gilbert, Eric Snively, John R CottonAbstract:Background The ostrich Struthio camelus reaches the highest speeds of any extant biped, and has been an extraordinary subject for studies of soft-tissue anatomy and dynamics of locomotion. An elongate Tarsometatarsus in adult ostriches contributes to their speed. The internal osteology of the Tarsometatarsus, and its mechanical response to forces of running, are potentially revealing about ostrich foot function. Methods/Principal Findings Computed tomography (CT) reveals anatomy and bone densities in tarsometatarsi of an adult and a young juvenile ostrich. A finite element (FE) model for the adult was constructed with properties of compact and cancellous bone where these respective tissues predominate in the original specimen. The model was subjected to a quasi-static analysis under the midstance ground reaction and muscular forces of a fast run. Anatomy–Metatarsals are divided proximally and distally and unify around a single internal cavity in most adult Tarsometatarsus shafts, but the juvenile retains an internal three-part division of metatarsals throughout the element. The juvenile has a sparsely ossified hypotarsus for insertion of the m. fibularis longus, as part of a proximally separate third metatarsal. Bone is denser in all regions of the adult Tarsometatarsus, with cancellous bone concentrated at proximal and distal articulations, and highly dense compact bone throughout the shaft. Biomechanics–FE simulations show stress and strain are much greater at midshaft than at force applications, suggesting that shaft bending is the most important stressor of the Tarsometatarsus. Contraction of digital flexors, inducing a posterior force at the TMT distal condyles, likely reduces buildup of tensile stresses in the bone by inducing compression at these locations, and counteracts bending loads. Safety factors are high for von Mises stress, consistent with faster running speeds known for ostriches. Conclusions/Significance High safety factors suggest that bone densities and anatomy of the ostrich Tarsometatarsus confer strength for selectively critical activities, such as fleeing and kicking predators. Anatomical results and FE modeling of the ostrich Tarsometatarsus are a useful baseline for testing the structure’s capabilities and constraints for locomotion, through ontogeny and the full step cycle. With this foundation, future analyses can incorporate behaviorally realistic strain rates and distal joint forces, experimental validation, and proximal elements of the ostrich hind limb.
Vanesa L. Pietri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A new fossil from the mid-Paleocene of New Zealand reveals an unexpected diversity of world's oldest penguins.
Die Naturwissenschaften, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, Vanesa L. Pietri, R Paul ScofieldAbstract:We describe leg bones of a giant penguin from the mid-Paleocene Waipara Greensand of New Zealand. The specimens were found at the type locality of Waimanu manneringi and together with this species they constitute the oldest penguin fossils known to date. Tarsometatarsus dimensions indicate a species that reached the size of Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi, one of the largest known penguin species. Stem group penguins therefore attained a giant size very early in their evolution, with this gigantism existing for more than 30 million years. The new fossils are from a species that is phylogenetically more derived than Waimanu, and the unexpected coexistence of Waimanu with more derived stem group Sphenisciformes documents a previously unknown diversity amongst the world's oldest penguins. The characteristic Tarsometatarsus shape of penguins evolved early on, and the significant morphological disparity between Waimanu and the new fossil conflicts with recent Paleocene divergence estimates for penguins, suggesting an older, Late Cretaceous, origin.
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A new fossil from the mid-Paleocene of New Zealand reveals an unexpected diversity of world’s oldest penguins
Naturwissenschaften, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald Mayr, Vanesa L. Pietri, R. Paul ScofieldAbstract:We describe leg bones of a giant penguin from the mid-Paleocene Waipara Greensand of New Zealand. The specimens were found at the type locality of Waimanu manneringi and together with this species they constitute the oldest penguin fossils known to date. Tarsometatarsus dimensions indicate a species that reached the size of Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi, one of the largest known penguin species. Stem group penguins therefore attained a giant size very early in their evolution, with this gigantism existing for more than 30 million years. The new fossils are from a species that is phylogenetically more derived than Waimanu, and the unexpected coexistence of Waimanu with more derived stem group Sphenisciformes documents a previously unknown diversity amongst the world’s oldest penguins. The characteristic Tarsometatarsus shape of penguins evolved early on, and the significant morphological disparity between Waimanu and the new fossil conflicts with recent Paleocene divergence estimates for penguins, suggesting an older, Late Cretaceous, origin.
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A new species of woodpecker (Aves; Picidae) from the early Miocene of Saulcet (Allier, France)
Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 2011Co-Authors: Vanesa L. Pietri, Albrecht Manegold, Loïc Costeur, Gerald MayrAbstract:We describe a new genus and species of woodpecker (Piciformes: Picidae), Piculoides saulcetensis , from the early Miocene (MN1–MN2) of Saulcet, in the “Saint-Gérand-le-Puy” area, central France, which is the earliest definite record of the family. The new species is represented solely by the distal end of a Tarsometatarsus, which bears nonetheless diagnostic features that allowed us to place Piculoides saulcetensis in a phylogenetic context. Our results show that the fossil from Saulcet is either a stem-group representative of piculets (Picumninae) and true woodpeckers (Picinae) or of true woodpeckers only. Piculoides saulcetensis is similar to a fragmentary Tarsometatarsus of a picid from the late Oligocene of southern Germany, and we thus hypothesize a close relationship between the two.
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A new species of woodpecker (Aves; Picidae) from the early Miocene of Saulcet (Allier, France)
Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 2011Co-Authors: Vanesa L. Pietri, Albrecht Manegold, Loïc Costeur, Gerald MayrAbstract:We describe a new genus and species of woodpecker (Piciformes: Picidae), Piculoides saulcetensis, from the early Miocene (MN1–MN2) of Saulcet, in the “Saint-Gerand-le-Puy” area, central France, which is the earliest definite record of the family. The new species is represented solely by the distal end of a Tarsometatarsus, which bears nonetheless diagnostic features that allowed us to place Piculoides saulcetensis in a phylogenetic context. Our results show that the fossil from Saulcet is either a stem-group representative of piculets (Picumninae) and true woodpeckers (Picinae) or of true woodpeckers only. Piculoides saulcetensis is similar to a fragmentary Tarsometatarsus of a picid from the late Oligocene of southern Germany, and we thus hypothesize a close relationship between the two.
Edjeng Suprijatna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pengaruh penggunaantepung rumput laut gracilaria verrucosa terfermentasi dalam ransum ayambroiler terhadap berat dan ukuran tulang femur tibia dan Tarsometatarsus
Jurnal Pengembangan Penyuluhan Pertanian, 2019Co-Authors: Ridhwan Ardhianto, Luthfi Djauhari Mahfudz, Edjeng SuprijatnaAbstract:Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh penggunaan tepung Rumput Laut fermentasi dalam ransum ayam broiler terhadap berat dan ukuran tulang femur, tibia dan Tarsometatarsus. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November – Desember 2013 di Kandang Unggas, Laboratorium Produksi Ternak Unggas, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ayam broiler jantan dan betina sebanyak 150 ekor umur 7 hari dengan bobot 163,38 ± 24,67 g (CV=3,04). Bahan pakan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tepung Gracilaria verrucosa terfermentasi, bekatul, jagung kuning giling, tepung ikan, bungkil kedelai, PMM, minyak nabati, CaCO3, topmiks. Ransum disusun dengan kandungan protein 21 %, EM 3.000 kal/g. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan, setiap perlakuan diulangi sebanyak 6 kali, setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 5 ekor ayam broiler. Ransum perlakuan yaitu sebagai berikut : T0 = ransum tanpa tepung rumput laut; T1 = ransum menggunakan tepung rumput laut 5%; T2 = ransum menggunakan tepung rumput laut fermentasi 5%; T3 = 7,5%; dan T4 = 10%. Parameter yang diamati meliputi: bobot hidup, berat, panjang dan lebar tulang femur, tibia dan Tarsometatarsus ayam broiler. Data yang diperoleh diolah secara statistik dengan analisis ragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berat, panjang dan lebar tulang femur, tibia dan Tarsometatarsus serta berat hidup ayam broiler tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan (P>0,05) dengan pemberian ransum menggunakan tepung rumput laut terfermentasi dalam ransum hingga level 10%. Simpulan yang diperoleh yaitu penggunaan tepung rumput laut (Gracilaria verrucosa) fermentasi dalam ransum ayam broiler dapat diberikan sampai dengan level 10%.
