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Ana Melero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronic industries of Madrid
2003Co-Authors: Ruth Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:District ’ has been extended beyond the classical ‘flexibly specialized ’ Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include ‘hub-and-spoke ’ Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and ‘networks’. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers ’ motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District
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Subcontracting Networks in Industrial Districts: The Electronics Industries of Madrid
2024Co-Authors: Ruthrama Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial District typologies, the definition of "industrial District' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les réseaux de sous- traitants dans les Districts industriels: l'électronique à Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction récente des typologies des Districts industriels, la notion de "District industriel' va au- delà des Districts classiques, à savoir spécialisés de façon souple et vulgarisés dans les études de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des Districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les études qui comparent des Districts moins connus ou naissants à ces modèles. Dans la comparaison des Districts industriels, une question importante à aborder a été la faible identification et la mesure peu méthodique de la connectivité interentreprise et des "réseaux'. Cet article cherche à avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systématique, pourtant relativement inexplorée, de la connectivité des Districts, et qu'elle varie de façon uniforme quant à sa nature et à sa portée à travers une typologie de Districts. On présente un modèle qui cherche à établir un rapport entre une typologie de Districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance générale à la sous-traitance, à son orientation, à la solidité des rapports, à la motivation des producteurs quant à l'externalisation de la production, et à d'autres caractéristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modèle afin d'évaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un échantillon de producteurs dans l'électronique à Madrid, qui représente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weitervergebende Netzwerke in Industriegebieten: die Elektronikindustrien von Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Dank der kürzlich vorgenommenen Einführung typologischer Bezeichnungen für Industriegebiete ist der Begriff "Industriegebiet' über klassische "elastisch spezialisierte' Gebiete hinaus ausgedehnt worden, die sich in italienischen Fallstudien großer Beliebtheit erfreut hatten, um Nabe-und Speichengebiete, Technologiegebiete und andere miteinzubeziehen. Nur wenige Studien stellen Vergleiche zwischen diesen Modellen und weniger bekannten, erst in Entstehung begriffenen Distrikten auf. Es erhebt sich jedoch eine schwierige Frage beim Vergleich von Industriegebieten: die unzureichende Identifizierung und ungleichartige Messung der Verflechtung von Firmen und " Netzwerken'. In diesem Aufsatz wird vorgeschlagen, Weitervergebung von Produktion als ein folgerichtiges, doch verhältnismäßig unerforschtes empirisches Maß zwischengebietlicher Verflechtung aufzufassen, das seiner Natur und Umfang nach gleichmäßige Abweichungen über Gebietstypen hinweg unterworfen ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das verschiedene Industriegebietstypen zu weitervergebenden Mustern in Verbindung setzt, und zwar auf der Grundlage des Gesamtvorkommens von Weitervergebung, seiner Ausrichtung, Dauerhaftigkeit der Beziehungen, Motivation zur Verlagerung der Produktion nach Außen und anderen Herstellereigenschaften. Das Modell wird dann dazu benutzt, die Weitervergebungsmuster einzuschätzen, die sich in Madrid bei einer unter Herstellern elektronischer Geräte durchgeführten Stichprobe ergaben, und daraus den Schluß zu ziehen, daß diese em neu aufkommendes Hochtechnologebiet darstellen.Electronics Industry, Industrial Districts, Madrid, Subcontracting, Networks, Electronique, Districts Industriels, Madrid, Sous-traitance, RéSeaux, Elektronische Industrie, Industriegebiete, Madrid, Weitervergebung, Netzwerke,
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Subcontracting Networks in Industrial Districts: The Electronics Industries of Madrid
2024Co-Authors: Ruthrama Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial District typologies, the definition of "industrial District' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les reseaux de sous- traitants dans les Districts industriels: l'electronique a Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction recente des typologies des Districts industriels, la notion de "District industriel' va au- dela des Districts classiques, a savoir specialises de facon souple et vulgarises dans les etudes de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des Districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les etudes qui comparent des Districts moins connus ou naissants a ces modeles. Dans la comparaison des Districts industriels, une question importante a aborder a ete la faible identification et la mesure peu methodique de la connectivite interentreprise et des "reseaux'. Cet article cherche a avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systematique, pourtant relativement inexploree, de la connectivite des Districts, et qu'elle varie de facon uniforme quant a sa nature et a sa portee a travers une typologie de Districts. On presente un modele qui cherche a etablir un rapport entre une typologie de Districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance generale a la sous-traitance, a son orientation, a la solidite des rapports, a la motivation des producteurs quant a l'externalisation de la production, et a d'autres caracteristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modele afin d'evaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un echantillon de producteurs dans l'electronique a Madrid, qui represente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weitervergebende Netzwerke in Industriegebieten: die Elektronikindustrien von Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Dank der kurzlich vorgenommenen Einfuhrung typologischer Bezeichnungen fur Industriegebiete ist der Begriff "Industriegebiet' uber klassische "elastisch spezialisierte' Gebiete hinaus ausgedehnt worden, die sich in italienischen Fallstudien grosser Beliebtheit erfreut hatten, um Nabe-und Speichengebiete, Technologiegebiete und andere miteinzubeziehen. Nur wenige Studien stellen Vergleiche zwischen diesen Modellen und weniger bekannten, erst in Entstehung begriffenen Distrikten auf. Es erhebt sich jedoch eine schwierige Frage beim Vergleich von Industriegebieten: die unzureichende Identifizierung und ungleichartige Messung der Verflechtung von Firmen und " Netzwerken'. In diesem Aufsatz wird vorgeschlagen, Weitervergebung von Produktion als ein folgerichtiges, doch verhaltnismassig unerforschtes empirisches Mass zwischengebietlicher Verflechtung aufzufassen, das seiner Natur und Umfang nach gleichmassige Abweichungen uber Gebietstypen hinweg unterworfen ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das verschiedene Industriegebietstypen zu weitervergebenden Mustern in Verbindung setzt, und zwar auf der Grundlage des Gesamtvorkommens von Weitervergebung, seiner Ausrichtung, Dauerhaftigkeit der Beziehungen, Motivation zur Verlagerung der Produktion nach Aussen und anderen Herstellereigenschaften. Das Modell wird dann dazu benutzt, die Weitervergebungsmuster einzuschatzen, die sich in Madrid bei einer unter Herstellern elektronischer Gerate durchgefuhrten Stichprobe ergaben, und daraus den Schluss zu ziehen, dass diese em neu aufkommendes Hochtechnologebiet darstellen.Electronics Industry, Industrial Districts, Madrid, Subcontracting, Networks, Electronique, Districts Industriels, Madrid, Sous-traitance, ReSeaux, Elektronische Industrie, Industriegebiete, Madrid, Weitervergebung, Netzwerke,
Deron Ferguson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronic industries of Madrid
2003Co-Authors: Ruth Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:District ’ has been extended beyond the classical ‘flexibly specialized ’ Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include ‘hub-and-spoke ’ Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and ‘networks’. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers ’ motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District
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Subcontracting Networks in Industrial Districts: The Electronics Industries of Madrid
2024Co-Authors: Ruthrama Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial District typologies, the definition of "industrial District' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les réseaux de sous- traitants dans les Districts industriels: l'électronique à Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction récente des typologies des Districts industriels, la notion de "District industriel' va au- delà des Districts classiques, à savoir spécialisés de façon souple et vulgarisés dans les études de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des Districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les études qui comparent des Districts moins connus ou naissants à ces modèles. Dans la comparaison des Districts industriels, une question importante à aborder a été la faible identification et la mesure peu méthodique de la connectivité interentreprise et des "réseaux'. Cet article cherche à avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systématique, pourtant relativement inexplorée, de la connectivité des Districts, et qu'elle varie de façon uniforme quant à sa nature et à sa portée à travers une typologie de Districts. On présente un modèle qui cherche à établir un rapport entre une typologie de Districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance générale à la sous-traitance, à son orientation, à la solidité des rapports, à la motivation des producteurs quant à l'externalisation de la production, et à d'autres caractéristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modèle afin d'évaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un échantillon de producteurs dans l'électronique à Madrid, qui représente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weitervergebende Netzwerke in Industriegebieten: die Elektronikindustrien von Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Dank der kürzlich vorgenommenen Einführung typologischer Bezeichnungen für Industriegebiete ist der Begriff "Industriegebiet' über klassische "elastisch spezialisierte' Gebiete hinaus ausgedehnt worden, die sich in italienischen Fallstudien großer Beliebtheit erfreut hatten, um Nabe-und Speichengebiete, Technologiegebiete und andere miteinzubeziehen. Nur wenige Studien stellen Vergleiche zwischen diesen Modellen und weniger bekannten, erst in Entstehung begriffenen Distrikten auf. Es erhebt sich jedoch eine schwierige Frage beim Vergleich von Industriegebieten: die unzureichende Identifizierung und ungleichartige Messung der Verflechtung von Firmen und " Netzwerken'. In diesem Aufsatz wird vorgeschlagen, Weitervergebung von Produktion als ein folgerichtiges, doch verhältnismäßig unerforschtes empirisches Maß zwischengebietlicher Verflechtung aufzufassen, das seiner Natur und Umfang nach gleichmäßige Abweichungen über Gebietstypen hinweg unterworfen ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das verschiedene Industriegebietstypen zu weitervergebenden Mustern in Verbindung setzt, und zwar auf der Grundlage des Gesamtvorkommens von Weitervergebung, seiner Ausrichtung, Dauerhaftigkeit der Beziehungen, Motivation zur Verlagerung der Produktion nach Außen und anderen Herstellereigenschaften. Das Modell wird dann dazu benutzt, die Weitervergebungsmuster einzuschätzen, die sich in Madrid bei einer unter Herstellern elektronischer Geräte durchgeführten Stichprobe ergaben, und daraus den Schluß zu ziehen, daß diese em neu aufkommendes Hochtechnologebiet darstellen.Electronics Industry, Industrial Districts, Madrid, Subcontracting, Networks, Electronique, Districts Industriels, Madrid, Sous-traitance, RéSeaux, Elektronische Industrie, Industriegebiete, Madrid, Weitervergebung, Netzwerke,
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Subcontracting Networks in Industrial Districts: The Electronics Industries of Madrid
2024Co-Authors: Ruthrama Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial District typologies, the definition of "industrial District' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les reseaux de sous- traitants dans les Districts industriels: l'electronique a Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction recente des typologies des Districts industriels, la notion de "District industriel' va au- dela des Districts classiques, a savoir specialises de facon souple et vulgarises dans les etudes de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des Districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les etudes qui comparent des Districts moins connus ou naissants a ces modeles. Dans la comparaison des Districts industriels, une question importante a aborder a ete la faible identification et la mesure peu methodique de la connectivite interentreprise et des "reseaux'. Cet article cherche a avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systematique, pourtant relativement inexploree, de la connectivite des Districts, et qu'elle varie de facon uniforme quant a sa nature et a sa portee a travers une typologie de Districts. On presente un modele qui cherche a etablir un rapport entre une typologie de Districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance generale a la sous-traitance, a son orientation, a la solidite des rapports, a la motivation des producteurs quant a l'externalisation de la production, et a d'autres caracteristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modele afin d'evaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un echantillon de producteurs dans l'electronique a Madrid, qui represente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weitervergebende Netzwerke in Industriegebieten: die Elektronikindustrien von Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Dank der kurzlich vorgenommenen Einfuhrung typologischer Bezeichnungen fur Industriegebiete ist der Begriff "Industriegebiet' uber klassische "elastisch spezialisierte' Gebiete hinaus ausgedehnt worden, die sich in italienischen Fallstudien grosser Beliebtheit erfreut hatten, um Nabe-und Speichengebiete, Technologiegebiete und andere miteinzubeziehen. Nur wenige Studien stellen Vergleiche zwischen diesen Modellen und weniger bekannten, erst in Entstehung begriffenen Distrikten auf. Es erhebt sich jedoch eine schwierige Frage beim Vergleich von Industriegebieten: die unzureichende Identifizierung und ungleichartige Messung der Verflechtung von Firmen und " Netzwerken'. In diesem Aufsatz wird vorgeschlagen, Weitervergebung von Produktion als ein folgerichtiges, doch verhaltnismassig unerforschtes empirisches Mass zwischengebietlicher Verflechtung aufzufassen, das seiner Natur und Umfang nach gleichmassige Abweichungen uber Gebietstypen hinweg unterworfen ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das verschiedene Industriegebietstypen zu weitervergebenden Mustern in Verbindung setzt, und zwar auf der Grundlage des Gesamtvorkommens von Weitervergebung, seiner Ausrichtung, Dauerhaftigkeit der Beziehungen, Motivation zur Verlagerung der Produktion nach Aussen und anderen Herstellereigenschaften. Das Modell wird dann dazu benutzt, die Weitervergebungsmuster einzuschatzen, die sich in Madrid bei einer unter Herstellern elektronischer Gerate durchgefuhrten Stichprobe ergaben, und daraus den Schluss zu ziehen, dass diese em neu aufkommendes Hochtechnologebiet darstellen.Electronics Industry, Industrial Districts, Madrid, Subcontracting, Networks, Electronique, Districts Industriels, Madrid, Sous-traitance, ReSeaux, Elektronische Industrie, Industriegebiete, Madrid, Weitervergebung, Netzwerke,
Ruthrama Rama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subcontracting Networks in Industrial Districts: The Electronics Industries of Madrid
2024Co-Authors: Ruthrama Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial District typologies, the definition of "industrial District' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les réseaux de sous- traitants dans les Districts industriels: l'électronique à Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction récente des typologies des Districts industriels, la notion de "District industriel' va au- delà des Districts classiques, à savoir spécialisés de façon souple et vulgarisés dans les études de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des Districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les études qui comparent des Districts moins connus ou naissants à ces modèles. Dans la comparaison des Districts industriels, une question importante à aborder a été la faible identification et la mesure peu méthodique de la connectivité interentreprise et des "réseaux'. Cet article cherche à avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systématique, pourtant relativement inexplorée, de la connectivité des Districts, et qu'elle varie de façon uniforme quant à sa nature et à sa portée à travers une typologie de Districts. On présente un modèle qui cherche à établir un rapport entre une typologie de Districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance générale à la sous-traitance, à son orientation, à la solidité des rapports, à la motivation des producteurs quant à l'externalisation de la production, et à d'autres caractéristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modèle afin d'évaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un échantillon de producteurs dans l'électronique à Madrid, qui représente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weitervergebende Netzwerke in Industriegebieten: die Elektronikindustrien von Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Dank der kürzlich vorgenommenen Einführung typologischer Bezeichnungen für Industriegebiete ist der Begriff "Industriegebiet' über klassische "elastisch spezialisierte' Gebiete hinaus ausgedehnt worden, die sich in italienischen Fallstudien großer Beliebtheit erfreut hatten, um Nabe-und Speichengebiete, Technologiegebiete und andere miteinzubeziehen. Nur wenige Studien stellen Vergleiche zwischen diesen Modellen und weniger bekannten, erst in Entstehung begriffenen Distrikten auf. Es erhebt sich jedoch eine schwierige Frage beim Vergleich von Industriegebieten: die unzureichende Identifizierung und ungleichartige Messung der Verflechtung von Firmen und " Netzwerken'. In diesem Aufsatz wird vorgeschlagen, Weitervergebung von Produktion als ein folgerichtiges, doch verhältnismäßig unerforschtes empirisches Maß zwischengebietlicher Verflechtung aufzufassen, das seiner Natur und Umfang nach gleichmäßige Abweichungen über Gebietstypen hinweg unterworfen ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das verschiedene Industriegebietstypen zu weitervergebenden Mustern in Verbindung setzt, und zwar auf der Grundlage des Gesamtvorkommens von Weitervergebung, seiner Ausrichtung, Dauerhaftigkeit der Beziehungen, Motivation zur Verlagerung der Produktion nach Außen und anderen Herstellereigenschaften. Das Modell wird dann dazu benutzt, die Weitervergebungsmuster einzuschätzen, die sich in Madrid bei einer unter Herstellern elektronischer Geräte durchgeführten Stichprobe ergaben, und daraus den Schluß zu ziehen, daß diese em neu aufkommendes Hochtechnologebiet darstellen.Electronics Industry, Industrial Districts, Madrid, Subcontracting, Networks, Electronique, Districts Industriels, Madrid, Sous-traitance, RéSeaux, Elektronische Industrie, Industriegebiete, Madrid, Weitervergebung, Netzwerke,
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Subcontracting Networks in Industrial Districts: The Electronics Industries of Madrid
2024Co-Authors: Ruthrama Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial District typologies, the definition of "industrial District' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les reseaux de sous- traitants dans les Districts industriels: l'electronique a Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction recente des typologies des Districts industriels, la notion de "District industriel' va au- dela des Districts classiques, a savoir specialises de facon souple et vulgarises dans les etudes de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des Districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les etudes qui comparent des Districts moins connus ou naissants a ces modeles. Dans la comparaison des Districts industriels, une question importante a aborder a ete la faible identification et la mesure peu methodique de la connectivite interentreprise et des "reseaux'. Cet article cherche a avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systematique, pourtant relativement inexploree, de la connectivite des Districts, et qu'elle varie de facon uniforme quant a sa nature et a sa portee a travers une typologie de Districts. On presente un modele qui cherche a etablir un rapport entre une typologie de Districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance generale a la sous-traitance, a son orientation, a la solidite des rapports, a la motivation des producteurs quant a l'externalisation de la production, et a d'autres caracteristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modele afin d'evaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un echantillon de producteurs dans l'electronique a Madrid, qui represente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weitervergebende Netzwerke in Industriegebieten: die Elektronikindustrien von Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Dank der kurzlich vorgenommenen Einfuhrung typologischer Bezeichnungen fur Industriegebiete ist der Begriff "Industriegebiet' uber klassische "elastisch spezialisierte' Gebiete hinaus ausgedehnt worden, die sich in italienischen Fallstudien grosser Beliebtheit erfreut hatten, um Nabe-und Speichengebiete, Technologiegebiete und andere miteinzubeziehen. Nur wenige Studien stellen Vergleiche zwischen diesen Modellen und weniger bekannten, erst in Entstehung begriffenen Distrikten auf. Es erhebt sich jedoch eine schwierige Frage beim Vergleich von Industriegebieten: die unzureichende Identifizierung und ungleichartige Messung der Verflechtung von Firmen und " Netzwerken'. In diesem Aufsatz wird vorgeschlagen, Weitervergebung von Produktion als ein folgerichtiges, doch verhaltnismassig unerforschtes empirisches Mass zwischengebietlicher Verflechtung aufzufassen, das seiner Natur und Umfang nach gleichmassige Abweichungen uber Gebietstypen hinweg unterworfen ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das verschiedene Industriegebietstypen zu weitervergebenden Mustern in Verbindung setzt, und zwar auf der Grundlage des Gesamtvorkommens von Weitervergebung, seiner Ausrichtung, Dauerhaftigkeit der Beziehungen, Motivation zur Verlagerung der Produktion nach Aussen und anderen Herstellereigenschaften. Das Modell wird dann dazu benutzt, die Weitervergebungsmuster einzuschatzen, die sich in Madrid bei einer unter Herstellern elektronischer Gerate durchgefuhrten Stichprobe ergaben, und daraus den Schluss zu ziehen, dass diese em neu aufkommendes Hochtechnologebiet darstellen.Electronics Industry, Industrial Districts, Madrid, Subcontracting, Networks, Electronique, Districts Industriels, Madrid, Sous-traitance, ReSeaux, Elektronische Industrie, Industriegebiete, Madrid, Weitervergebung, Netzwerke,
Priscilla Ulloa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Doubling the Energy Advantage of Waste-to-Energy: District Heating in the Northeast U.S.
2020Co-Authors: Nickolas J Themelis, Priscilla UlloaAbstract:Abstract In District Heating (DH), a large number of buildings are heated from a central source by conveying steam or hot water through a network of insulated pipes. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) signifies the controlled combustion of municipal solid wastes to generate electrical and thermal energy in a power plant. Both technologies have been developed simultaneously and are used widely in Europe. In the United States, however, WTE is used principally fo r the generation of electricity. The advantages of District heating using WTE plants are: overall fu el conservation, by increasing the thermal efficiency of WTE, and overall reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. The purpose of this study was to examine the current situation of District heating in the U.S. and determine the potential for applying DH to existing WTE plants. A preliminary evaluation was conducted of DR application at two WTE fac ilities in Connecticut: the Wheelabrator Bridgeport and the Covanta Preston fac ilities. Using a Canadian methodology, the minimal distribution heating network costs fo r Bridgeport were estimated at about $24 million dollars for providing heat to a surrounding area of one square mile and the DH revenues at $6.8 million. Keywords: waste-to-energy, District heating, combined heat and power, cogeneration, municipal solid wastes Introduction District Heating is defI ned as the distribution of thermal energy from a central source to a large number of residential, commercial and industrial consumers fo r use in space heating, water heating and process heating. The central source may be an oil-fued boiler, a Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plant, or the by product steam of a utility. This approach, also called "cogeneration" or "combined heat and power (CRP)", has a very high energy utilization efficiency that can reach 80%. There are signifIcant advantages to be gained from a co generation WTE plant. First, the energy efficiency can be increased by means of DH from 22% (electricity production only) to 80%. For example, Danish WTE fac ilities obtain an average of 0.6 MWh of electricity and 2 MWh of heat per metric tonne of MSW, thus tripling the amount of total energy obtained from MSW. Second, the high efficiency and low emission levels of WTE fac ilities make them environmentally fr iendly solutions, as compared to other technologies. Currently, a conventional Waste-to-Energy plant in the U.S. loses over two thirds of the energy released fr om the controlled combustion of municipal solid wastes (MSW). This energy is rejected in the condenser in the fo rm of low temperature water that is not used effectively. Therefore, DH presents WTE fac ilities with the opportunity to increase thermal efficiency. However, there are some challenges that 29 should be addressed. For example, it may be necessary to modify the steam turbine and provide equipment in the fac ility to recover heat in the fo rm of hot water. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of electricity generation will be reduced somewhat when co-generating heat and electricity, though the total efficiency will increase. Also, it takes several years to build an extensive District heating system and requires long-term planning. Thirdly, District Heating is capital-intensive and requires vision and commitment. The purpose of this study is (I) to examine the current situation of the District heating in the U.S. and (2) to present the technical and economic aspects of applying DH to existing WTE plants in the United States. The study examines the retrofitting of two WTE fac ilities in Connecticut. These facilities were chosen because of their location in the northeastern region, where energy prices and population density are relatively high and encourage such a project. The study presents the advantages and disadvantages of retrofi tting these plants to co-generate heat and electricity and provide DH to their region. Finally, the study provides a very preliminary cost analysis of implementing this Technology. District Heating in the United States District heating in the United States is mainly based on the use of steam, such as the Con Edison Steam District heating system in New York City and the Citizens Thermal Energy Copyright © 2007 by ASME District heating and cooling system in Indianapolis. However, there are a few U.S. District heating systems presently that use hot water fo r transporting energy, such as those at Co-op City in Bronx, NY, and St. Paul, MN. The United States has an estimated 5,800 District heating and cooling systems, providing 320 million MWh or 1.1 quadrillion Btu of energy. More than 2,000 state institutional fac ilities in the United States use District heating and cooling systems. However, current District heating and cooling systems in the U.S. supply less than 5% of the nation's heating and cooling load. There has been no significant growth in demand fo r District heating in recent years The steam system currently comprises about 140 km (87 miles) of mains and 30 km (18 miles) of service lines from 96th street to downtown Manhattan. Short-term steam marketing and sales are fo cused on locations on or near existing mains. This is due to the high cost to extend lines in the congested New York City subsurface: distribution and transmission line extensions in Manhattan cost about $2,000 and $4,000 per linear fo ot, respectively [6]. Hot water systems are gaining in popUlarity in the United States because of the fo llowing advantages over steam [7-8-9]: 1. Cogeneration of heat and power at the power plant is achieved with a higher thermal efficiency. In a hot water 30 system, low pressure steam from turbine bleeds is used for heating the water supplied to the customers. In the steam system, the steam has to be extracted from the higher-pressure bleeds of the turbine to allow fo r required pressure drop in the piping network. 2. Hot water allows the transmission of heat over long distances, with relatively low heat loss, between 5 -10%. 3. The central control system fo r the heat supply from the power plant is more economic. For example, the relationship between supplied hot water temperature and ambient conditions can be more easily maintained. 4. The interconnection of the space heating and hot water customers to the District network is simplified. 5. In many steam District heating systems, the condensate is not returned to the power plant for a number of reasons (corrosion problems, collection problems, etc.). To replace the lost condensate in a steam system, high quality make-up water is required for the boilers, thus imposing a high cost penalty on steam systems. 6. Lower surface temperatures on the water radiators in the residential buildings provide for better sanitary and safety conditions. In steam heating systems, organic dust is partially decomposed on high-temperature steam radiators, and as a result harmful substances may be released in the living space. Therefore, in many countries steam District heating systems are not permitted fo r use in residential buildings. 7. The hot water network inherently provides for large heat storage capacity.that is proportional to the temperature increment above the water temperature required by the customers. This increment can be decreased easily at the power station during periods of low-Ioad demand. Usually, the temperature of water in the return line is increased by bypassing water from the supply line. Such a possibility does not exist in the steam networks. Nevertheless, some basic considerations apply fo r water systems: a. Temperature: hot water systems are designed for maximum supply temperatures between 1 10-130 °C (230-266 OF) and return temperatures of 50-70°C (122-158 OF). The reasons for using lower temperatures are the smaller system sizes and the use of polyurethane insulation (with a temperature limitation of about 120°C). b. Pressure: piping network pressure depends on the system's size and operating temperature, and varies from 9 -17 bar (130 -250 psig) during the winter to 4 -10 bar (60 -150 psig) during summer. c. Water velocity: the pipe diameter and water velocity of the network are determined by design work that considers piping cost, pumping power, and heat loss to provide the minimum annual cost of the system. Based on these data, the water velocities may range from 0.5 to 4 mls (1.6 -13 ftls). There are a few hot-water District heating systems in the United States, such as the District heating and cooling system Copyright © 2007 by ASME in Co-Op City, Bronx, New York, and another system in St. Paul, Minnesota. Both systems also produce electricity by means of a cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), plant Co-Op City, Bronx, NY Co-Op City, the largest single residential development in the United States sits in the Northeast Bronx area of New York on the 134 hectares (330-acres) site of the short-lived Freedomland amusement park. This massive development with its 15,372 units in 35 high-rise buildings, seven clusters of townhouses, eight parking structures, three shopping centers, an educational park, and a firehouse, was completed in 1971. Originally, Co-Op City was provided with a steam DH system. In the 1990s it became clear that the steaming manholes and melted snow caused by miles of f ailing distribution pipe could no longer be ignored. Thermacor Process provided the pre insulated piping for nearly 43 km (27 miles) of cold and hot water piping. Some of the main pipes are up to 762 mm (30 inch) in diameter. In addition, pressure testable joint closures were developed and adopted to ensure proper sealing of the pipes properly Currently, a combined cycle cogeneration plant is being built in Co-Op City that will consist of two Once Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) units. These units will recover waste heat fr om the exhaust of two 13 MW gas turbines, and produce steam for a turbine that will generate electricity fo r the Co-Op City housing cooperative. Also, steam generated by the OTSGs will be used fo r heating in the winter, and cooling in the summer time via absorption chillers. Excess electricity will be distributed to the New York power grid. The installation of these units was scheduled to be completed in the fa ll of 2006 [1 1]. St. Paul, MN. District Energy St. Paul Inc. is a private, non-profit, community-based corporation in downtown St. Paul. This is the largest hot water District heating system in North America and also operates a large chilled water cooling system (District Cooling St Paul Inc.) The District Heating St. Paul currently provides heating service to more than 170 buildings and 300 single-family homes in 2.7 million m 2 (29 million ft 2 ) of building space, representing 80% of St. Paul's central business District and adjacent areas. The District heating system of St. Paul has been in operation since 1983 . It consists of 30 km (18.5 miles) of twin supply and return piping. It utilizes prefabricated steel pipes with polyurethane insulation encased in polyethylene jacket the diameter of which ranges from 19 -712 mm (3/4 -28 inch). The supply temperature is and the return temperature 60 -70 °C (140-160 OF). The District cooling system of downtown St. Paul has been in operation since 1993 . This system serves over 80 customers and building fac ilities ranging in size fr om 1,115 to over 31 60,400 m 2 (12,000 -650,000 ft 2 ), fo r a total of 1.6 million m 2 (17 million ft 2 ). In addition, the District cooling distribution system consists of 10 km (6.2 mile) of twin supply and return chilled water pipelines (up to 762 mm in diameter), circulating 3.5 million liters (91 5,000 gallon) of water. There are six electric and two steam-absorption chillers at the District Energy plant, one electric chiller at the Tenth and Sibley cooling plant, several satellite chillers, and a 25 million-liter (6.7 million-gallon) chilled water storage system. The construction of a CHP plant located adjacent to District Energy St. Paul's downtown fac ility was completed in the spring of 2003. The CHP plant produces heat and electricity making it more than twice as efficient as energy plants that only generate electricity. This plant produces 25 MW of electricity fo r the local utility and 65 MW of thermal energy. It is interesting to note that this CHP plant is fueled by combusting 280,000 tons of wood waste annually, a plentiful and renewable local resource. A substantial portion of the wood waste comes from downed trees, tree trimmings and branches from around the Twin Cities area. Using this material has several benefits. First, by turning regional wood waste into a useful product, the system helps keep energy dollars in the local economy, instead of importing fossil fuels. Second, using wood waste helps solve the ongoing environmental challenge of wood waste disposal. However, the plant must use some coal and natural gas when there is a severe winter. The CHP plant significantly reduces air pollution by displacing 80% of the coal and oil that would be burned every year. As a result, it reduces sulfur dioxide emissions by an estimated 600 tons per year and carbon dioxide emissions by 280,000 tons per year approximately. At the same time, ISO smokestacks and 50 cooling towers on downtown buildings have been eliminated, as well as 300 chimneys on nearby homes. Furthermore, the rates over the past ten years have been very stable In 2001, this CHP plant was cited as a "model of energy efficiency, diversity and affordability" by President George W. Bush [13]. Energy Charges: District Energy vs. On-Site 521 -'_TUl S18 ... The District heating and cooling system in Nashville, Tennessee, was the first in the U.S. to use municipal solid wastes as source of energy to provide both District heating and cooling. The WTE plant began operations in February 1974 and was capable of burning 1,000 tons of waste per day. The resulting energy was used to generate steam that heated 29 buildings in downtown, or to produce chilled water to cool 24 buildings. However, despite several expansions and updates to improve operations and to increase capacity during its 30-year life span, in 2001 this plant required a large expenditure to meet the MACT regulations of EP A for pollution standards. Moreover, a fire destroyed the tipping hall of the Waste-to Energy plant in May 2002 [14]. Therefore, the authorities decided to close the WTE, and modify the District energy system from a solid waste-fired system to a natural gas system by 2004. In Baltimore, a privately owned District heating system provides heat to about 500 customers, including commercial and government buildings, hospitals, and schools. In 1986, the Baltimore Southwest Resource Recovery Facility, a 2,250 tons of waste per day mass-bum Waste-to-Energy fac ility, began to sell steam to the District heating system, thus making it the largest WTE fac ility in the United States to co-generate steam and electricity at that time. The use of heat recovered from municipal waste combustion fo r District heating is still small in the U.S. However, with the increase in tipping fe es and widespread concern about the environmental impacts of landfills, it is expected that waste heat recovery from solid waste combustion, linked to existing or proposed District heating systems, may become more widespread Financing Both Waste-to-Energy fac ilities and District heating and cooling systems are highly capital intensive. On the average, District heating operates with 80 % fixed cost and 20 % variable costs. This is exactly the opposite of the cost ratio fo r its gas competitors, indicating the sensitivity of the systems to interest rates and fmancing methods. For District heating, over half of the capital costs are represented by the transmission and distribution network. Costs can be minimized by keeping the length of piping to a minimum. Thus, most systems are designed to serve high-use customers with specified areas. Existing U.S. steam systems serve between 1,000 and 3,500 customers. It should be noted that most of District heating projects fo r urban areas in the U.S. have used long-term municipal bonds, usually with bond rates at 7% over the assumed 30-year life of the project An important aspect of fa cility success is the need fo r systems to get customers to sign long-term, 20-year, take or pay commitments as is required by public policy in Denmark. This is difficult because the commitments may be considered a lien 32 against property. Although the legal validity of these commitments has not been tested, this requirement unnecessarily complicates already difficult institutional arrangements and further extends the long development time Indianapolis Waste-to-Energy Plant The Indianapolis WTE plant began commercial operation in 1988, serving approximately 815,000 residents of the City of Indianapolis, Indiana. The plant fac ilities are on a plot of 21 acres. The plant processes 2,175 tons per day of solid waste and generates over 1.3 MW of heat (4,500 lb of steam) per ton. Approximately, ten million pounds of steam are purchased by Citizens Thermal Energy daily. In fa ct, the Indianapolis WTE plant provides almost half of the steam needed fo r the downtown area. This area includes nearly all downtown businesses, Indiana University, the Indianapolis campus of Purdue University, and Eli Lilly -the area's largest pharmaceutical manufacturer. The Indianapolis District heating area is the second largest in the U.S. The Citizens Thermal Energy District heating system was . founded in 1893. It has 39 km (24 miles) of distribution piping and 640 manholes. Its capacity is approximately two million pounds of steam per hour, serving 240 customers. In addition, the Citizens Thermal Energy District cooling system produces 66,050 tons of chilled water since 1990. The District cooling system has 24 km ( 15 miles) of distribution piping and 150 manholes, with 47 customers (62 buildings) Huntsville Waste-to-Energy Plant The Huntsville WTE plant began commercial operation in 1990. It is the only Waste-to-Energy plant in the state of Alabama and is located on 20.5 acres adjacent to Redstone Arsenal. The Solid Waste Disposal Authority of the City of Huntsville owns this fac ility that is operated by Covanta [19]. The WTE plant processes 690 tons per day of municipal solid waste, commercial waste and limited amounts of dried sewage sludge. The plant consists of two, 345 tons per day, mass burn, Martin-Stoker units. The boilers were designed fo r a 10,445 kJ/kg (4500 Btu per pound) of municipal solid wastes
Ruth Rama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subcontracting networks in industrial Districts: the electronic industries of Madrid
2003Co-Authors: Ruth Rama, Deron Ferguson, Ana MeleroAbstract:District ’ has been extended beyond the classical ‘flexibly specialized ’ Districts popularized in Italian case studies to include ‘hub-and-spoke ’ Districts, Technology Districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging Districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial Districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and ‘networks’. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intraDistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across District types. We present a model relating different types of industrial Districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers ’ motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-Technology District
