The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicole Kemper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and Terrestrial Environment
Ecological Indicators, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole KemperAbstract:Abstract The fate of antibiotics in the Environment, and especially antibiotics used in animal husbandry, is subject to recent studies and the issue of this review. The assumed quantity of antibiotics excreted by animal husbandry adds up to thousands of tonnes per year. Administered medicines, their metabolites or degradation products reach the Terrestrial and aquatic Environment by the application of manure or slurry to areas used agriculturally, or by pasture-reared animals excreting directly on the land, followed by surface run-off, driftage or leaching in deeper layers of the earth. The scientific interest in antimicrobially active compounds in manure and soil, but also in surface and ground water, has increased during the last decade. On the one side, scientific interest has focused on the behaviour of antibiotics and their fate in the Environment, on the other hand, their impact on Environmental and other bacteria has become an issue of research. Analytical methods have now been developed appropriately and studies using these new techniques provide accurate data on concentrations of antimicrobial compounds and their residues in different organic matters. Some antibiotics seem to persist a long time in the Environment, especially in soil, while others degrade very fast. Not only the fate of these pharmaceuticals but their origin as well is an object of scientific interest. Besides human input via wastewater and other effluents, livestock production has been recognised as a source of contamination. One main concern with regard to the excessive use of antibiotics in livestock production is the potential promotion of resistance and the resulting disadvantages in the therapeutic use of antimicrobials. Since the beginning of antibiotic therapy, more and more resistant bacterial strains have been isolated from Environmental sources showing one or multiple resistance. There have been several attempts to use antibiotic resistance patterns in different bacteria as indicators for various sources of faecal pollution. This review gives an overview of the available data on the present use of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture, on the occurrence of antibiotic compounds and resistant bacteria in soil and water and demonstrates the need for further studies.
Wang Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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soft error and its countermeasures in Terrestrial Environment
Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, 2020Co-Authors: Masanori Hashimoto, Wang LiaoAbstract:This paper discusses soft errors in digital chips consisting of SRAM, flip-flops, and combinational logic in the Terrestrial Environment. We review the effectiveness of error-correction coding (ECC) in processor systems and point out the importance of radiation-hardened flip-flops for further error mitigation. The discussion includes the difference between planar and FD-SOI transistors, and the type of secondary cosmic rays including neutron and muon, using irradiation test results. Also, the difficulty in characterizing SER of a commercial GPU chip is exemplified.
Masanori Hashimoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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soft error and its countermeasures in Terrestrial Environment
Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, 2020Co-Authors: Masanori Hashimoto, Wang LiaoAbstract:This paper discusses soft errors in digital chips consisting of SRAM, flip-flops, and combinational logic in the Terrestrial Environment. We review the effectiveness of error-correction coding (ECC) in processor systems and point out the importance of radiation-hardened flip-flops for further error mitigation. The discussion includes the difference between planar and FD-SOI transistors, and the type of secondary cosmic rays including neutron and muon, using irradiation test results. Also, the difficulty in characterizing SER of a commercial GPU chip is exemplified.
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soft error in sram at ultra low voltage and impact of secondary proton in Terrestrial Environment
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2013Co-Authors: Taiki Uemura, Takashi Kato, Hideya Matsuyama, Masanori HashimotoAbstract:This paper presents soft-error measurement results through neutron and alpha irradiation tests and simulation in SRAM at ultra-low voltages, down to 0.19 V. Soft-error-rate at 0.19 V is higher than at 1.0 V by two orders of magnitude. This measurement result supported by simulation clarifies that direct ionization from secondary protons generated by nuclear reaction with neutron collision contribute to a dramatic increase in SRAM soft-error-rate at ultra-low voltages in Terrestrial Environment.
David B Lindenmayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developing accurate prediction systems for the Terrestrial Environment
BMC Biology, 2018Co-Authors: David B LindenmayerAbstract:In recent decades, meteorologists have made remarkable progress in predicting the weather, thereby saving lives and considerable sums of money. However, we are way behind when it comes to predicting the effects of Environmental change on ecosystems, even when we are ourselves the agent of such change. Given the substantial Environmental problems facing our living planet, and the need to tackle these in an ecologically responsible and cost-effective way, we should aspire to develop Terrestrial Environmental prediction systems that reach the levels of accuracy and precision which characterize weather prediction systems. I argue here that well designed, long-term monitoring programs will be key to developing robust Environmental prediction systems.
Muhammad Aamir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are we underestimating the sources of microplastic pollution in Terrestrial Environment
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020Co-Authors: Beibei Zhang, Chensi Shen, Shanshan Yin, Muhammad AamirAbstract:Microplastics (MPs, plastic particles < 5 mm) are an ever-increasing global issue due to their widespread occurrence in the Environment and negative effects on organisms. Currently, more than 96 % of MPs studies are related to marine systems. However, the majority of marine MPs pollution has been confirmed to originate from land-based sources, evidence of MPs in the Terrestrial system cannot be overlooked. In this manuscript, up-to-date knowledge regarding the sources and occurrence of MPs from the Terrestrial system is comprehensively reviewed. According to the different studies both in China and abroad, microfibers derived from textile washing attributed approximately 35 % of the MPs identified in the aquatic system. Additionally, personal care and cosmetic products, tires, agricultural plastic films, artificial turfs and road paints, landfill, littering, packaging and construction industry can also release MPs to the Environment. The aquatic system plays an important role in MPs transport. By using a one-way ANOVA test, polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) accounted for significantly higher percentages than other polymer compositions in surface water. Polyamide (PA) and PP accounted for the majority of polymers in soils. PP, PE, and polystyrene (PS) presented an overwhelming proportion in sediment. Atmospheric deposition presents a new vehicle for entering into the wider Environment. More research is urgently required on the topic of exposure risk of atmospheric MPs via inhalation. Morphological characteristics including shapes, sizes, and colors have been discussed among waters, soils, sediments and airborne. These source-occurrence implications continuum summaries can bring us new insights that we cannot underestimate the severity of MPs from land-based sources and should pay more attention to MPs contamination in the Terrestrial ecosystem.
