The Experts below are selected from a list of 31026 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Peter J. Clough - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Perception of Risk and Terrorism-Related Behavior Change: Dual Influences of Probabilistic Reasoning and Reality Testing.
Frontiers in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew Denovan, Kenneth Drinkwater, Neil Dagnall, Andrew Parker, Peter J. CloughAbstract:The present study assessed the degree to which probabilistic reasoning performance and Thinking Style influenced perception of risk and self-reported levels of terrorism-related behaviour change. A sample of 263 respondents, recruited via convenience sampling, completed a series of measures comprising probabilistic reasoning tasks (perception of randomness, base rate, probability, and conjunction fallacy), the Reality Testing subscale of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO-RT), the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale, and a terrorism-related behaviour change scale. Structural equation modelling examined three progressive models. Firstly, the Independence Model assumed that probabilistic reasoning, perception of risk and reality testing independently predicted terrorism-related behaviour change. The Mediation Model supposed that probabilistic reasoning and reality testing correlated, and indirectly predicted terrorism-related behaviour change through perception of risk. Lastly, the Dual-Influence Model proposed that probabilistic reasoning indirectly predicted terrorism-related behaviour change via perception of risk, independent of reality testing. Results indicated that performance on probabilistic reasoning tasks most strongly predicted perception of risk, and preference for an intuitive Thinking Style (measured by the IPO-RT) best explained terrorism-related behaviour change. The combination of perception of risk with probabilistic reasoning ability in the Dual-Influence Model enhanced the predictive power of the rational-analytical route, with conjunction fallacy having a significant indirect effect on terrorism-related behaviour change via perception of risk. The Dual-Influence Model possessed superior fit and reported similar predictive relations between intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational routes and terrorism-related behaviour change. The discussion critically examines these findings in relation to dual-processing frameworks. This includes considering the limitations of current operationalisations and recommendations for future research that align outcomes and subsequent work more closely to specific dual-process models.
Andrew Denovan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Perception of Risk and Terrorism-Related Behavior Change: Dual Influences of Probabilistic Reasoning and Reality Testing.
Frontiers in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew Denovan, Kenneth Drinkwater, Neil Dagnall, Andrew Parker, Peter J. CloughAbstract:The present study assessed the degree to which probabilistic reasoning performance and Thinking Style influenced perception of risk and self-reported levels of terrorism-related behaviour change. A sample of 263 respondents, recruited via convenience sampling, completed a series of measures comprising probabilistic reasoning tasks (perception of randomness, base rate, probability, and conjunction fallacy), the Reality Testing subscale of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO-RT), the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale, and a terrorism-related behaviour change scale. Structural equation modelling examined three progressive models. Firstly, the Independence Model assumed that probabilistic reasoning, perception of risk and reality testing independently predicted terrorism-related behaviour change. The Mediation Model supposed that probabilistic reasoning and reality testing correlated, and indirectly predicted terrorism-related behaviour change through perception of risk. Lastly, the Dual-Influence Model proposed that probabilistic reasoning indirectly predicted terrorism-related behaviour change via perception of risk, independent of reality testing. Results indicated that performance on probabilistic reasoning tasks most strongly predicted perception of risk, and preference for an intuitive Thinking Style (measured by the IPO-RT) best explained terrorism-related behaviour change. The combination of perception of risk with probabilistic reasoning ability in the Dual-Influence Model enhanced the predictive power of the rational-analytical route, with conjunction fallacy having a significant indirect effect on terrorism-related behaviour change via perception of risk. The Dual-Influence Model possessed superior fit and reported similar predictive relations between intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational routes and terrorism-related behaviour change. The discussion critically examines these findings in relation to dual-processing frameworks. This includes considering the limitations of current operationalisations and recommendations for future research that align outcomes and subsequent work more closely to specific dual-process models.
-
Perception of Risk and Terrorism-Related Behavior Change: Dual Influences of Probabilistic Reasoning and Reality Testing
Frontiers Media S.A., 2017Co-Authors: Andrew Denovan, Kenneth Drinkwater, Neil Dagnall, Andrew Parker, Peter CloughAbstract:The present study assessed the degree to which probabilistic reasoning performance and Thinking Style influenced perception of risk and self-reported levels of terrorism-related behavior change. A sample of 263 respondents, recruited via convenience sampling, completed a series of measures comprising probabilistic reasoning tasks (perception of randomness, base rate, probability, and conjunction fallacy), the Reality Testing subscale of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO-RT), the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale, and a terrorism-related behavior change scale. Structural equation modeling examined three progressive models. Firstly, the Independence Model assumed that probabilistic reasoning, perception of risk and reality testing independently predicted terrorism-related behavior change. Secondly, the Mediation Model supposed that probabilistic reasoning and reality testing correlated, and indirectly predicted terrorism-related behavior change through perception of risk. Lastly, the Dual-Influence Model proposed that probabilistic reasoning indirectly predicted terrorism-related behavior change via perception of risk, independent of reality testing. Results indicated that performance on probabilistic reasoning tasks most strongly predicted perception of risk, and preference for an intuitive Thinking Style (measured by the IPO-RT) best explained terrorism-related behavior change. The combination of perception of risk with probabilistic reasoning ability in the Dual-Influence Model enhanced the predictive power of the analytical-rational route, with conjunction fallacy having a significant indirect effect on terrorism-related behavior change via perception of risk. The Dual-Influence Model possessed superior fit and reported similar predictive relations between intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational routes and terrorism-related behavior change. The discussion critically examines these findings in relation to dual-processing frameworks. This includes considering the limitations of current operationalisations and recommendations for future research that align outcomes and subsequent work more closely to specific dual-process models
Kevin S Groves - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
examining entrepreneurial cognition an occupational analysis of balanced linear and nonlinear Thinking and entrepreneurship success
Journal of Small Business Management, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin S Groves, Charles M Vance, David Y ChoiAbstract:This empirical study advances entrepreneurial cognition research by examining whether entrepreneurs possess a high nonlinear (e.g., intuitive, creative, emotional) Thinking Style, as some studies and a common stereotype of entrepreneurs would suggest, or whether they possess a more versatile balance in both nonlinear and linear (e.g., analytic, rational, logical) Thinking Styles. As predicted, 39 entrepreneurs demonstrated greater balance in linear and nonlinear Thinking Styles than their professional actor (n=33), accountant (n=31), and frontline manager (n = 77) counterparts, though they did not significantly differ in Thinking Style balance from senior executives (n=39). Unexpectedly, educational background was associated with Thinking Style balance, suggesting that years of formal education may contribute to one's versatility in utilizing both linear and nonlinear Thinking Styles. For the entrepreneur sample, linear and nonlinear Thinking Styles balance predicted years in current business after controlling for industry, number of employees, and demographic variables. Implications for future entrepreneurial cognition research and entrepreneurship education are discussed. Introduction Entrepreneurial intent and subsequent activity are increasingly recognized as vital to economic viability and growth, and particularly worthy of considerable support and resource investment in education and economic policy (Aquino 2005; Floyd and McManus 2005; Garcia 2005). This widespread recognition is especially keen as organizations and governments struggle to survive a serious global economic crisis (Bosma et al. 2009; Lohr 2008). Successful entrepreneurship is based on the prudent use of multiple information sources, both formal and informal, providing new knowledge and information about potential venture opportunities, and about the appropriate utilization of knowledge gained from prior learning and work experience (Fiet 2002). Effective problem solving and decision-making in our increasingly uncertain and global business environment call for entrepreneurs who are not limited to traditional information sources and linear Thinking patterns of rationality, logic, systematic analysis, reason, and cause-effect predictability (Siggelkow and Rivkin 2005), but also employ creative and lateral Thinking, intuition, conscious emotional assessments, integrative and synergistic Thinking, imagination, and insight (Csik-szentmihalyi 1996; Damasio 1994; De Bono 1992; Maani and Maharaj 2004; Sadler-Smith and Shefy 2004). As a complement to linear Thinking, these nonlinear cognition patterns for coping with the nonlinear dynamical nature of today's global business environment have been referred to as nonlinear Thinking (Horgan 1989; Losada and Heaphy 2004; Sadler-Smith and Shefy 2004; Vance, Zell, and Groves 2008). Thinking Style has been described as one's preferred pattern for using mental abilities in addressing daily demands and activities, including perceiving and solving problems and challenges. Partially developed through socialization and often operating unconsciously, an individual's Thinking Style also may consciously vary depending on perceived expedience and demands of a given situation (Dane and Pratt 2007; Sternberg 1994, 1997). In their recognition of viable new venture opportunities, successful entrepreneurs are commonly portrayed as relying heavily upon nonlinear Thinking modes such as intuition, feelings and emotion, creativity, imagination, and optimism, all of which support risk-taking and perseverance in the face of obstacles and disappointments (Aquino 2005; Bird and Baron 2005; Blume and Covin 2005; Gartner 2005; Markman, Baron, and Balkin 2005; Runco 2004; Simon, Houghton, and Aquino 2000). In short, both popular business press and empirical research appear to offer some support for the notion that successful entrepreneurs possess a predominant nonlinear Thinking and decision-making Style compared with other successful professionals. …
-
examining managerial Thinking Style eq and organizational commitment
Journal of Managerial Issues, 2009Co-Authors: Kevin S Groves, Charles M VanceAbstract:The study of managerial Thinking Style has increased significantly over the last decade of management and organizational behavior research (e.g., Dane and Pratt, 2007; Sternberg, 1997; Gartner, 2005). Today's organizations operate in an increasingly uncertain and tumultuous global market economy that requires managers to demonstrate complex and multidimensional Thinking, requiring traditional analytic or linear Thinking skills, as well as more nonlinear modes such as intuition, insight, emotional assessments, creative Thinking, and perceptual flexibility (Vance et al., 2007; Sadler-Smith and Shefy, 2004; Csikszentmihalyi, 1996; Damasio, 1994). While the study of linear and nonlinear Thinking Styles has gained increased popularity among management scholars, there remains scant attention to whether a balanced Thinking Style that can employ both linear and nonlinear dimensions produces favorable outcomes at the individual, group, and organization levels of analysis. To date, no research has examined the impact of balanced linear/nonlinear Thinking on individual creativity and innovation (Amabile, 1988), the strategic decision-making process of key management groups such as top management teams (Leonard et al., 2005), or organizational culture and norms associated with problem-solving (Schein, 1992). Furthermore, there is no empirical research comparing the convergence of managerial Thinking Styles and emotional intelligence (EI), a construct that has relatively recently garnered significant attention from management researchers (e.g., Wong and Law, 2002). In particular, the relationships among EI dimensions and linear, nonlinear, and balanced Thinking Styles are presently unknown. Finally, there has been very little empirical research examining individual, group, and organizational outcomes associated with balanced linear/nonlinear Thinking, and whether such outcomes are moderated by key contextual variables. The purpose of this study is to address these research gaps by first measuring the empirical relationships among validated measures of linear/nonlinear Thinking Styles and EI. Specifically, this investigation tests the relationships between the Linear/Nonlinear Thinking Style Profile (Vance et al., 2007) and the Emotional Intelligence Self-Description Inventory (Groves et al., 2008a) among a sample of marketing managers. To empirically assess the effects of Thinking Style on important organizational outcomes, this study also examines whether managerial balanced Thinking is associated with organizational commitment in jobs characterized by high emotional labor. After presenting the results of this analysis, the implications of the study's findings for guiding future cognitive research and theory development are discussed. Managerial Thinking Style and Emotional Intelligence Thinking Style has been defined as one's preferred manner of using mental abilities to govern daily activities, including understanding and solving problems and challenges (Sternberg, 1997, 1988). The predominant Thinking Style of those in Western society, and by extension managers, business professionals, and business students, is greatly predisposed to a rationalist tradition in which any system is composed of divisible parts that can be analyzed, understood separately, and added together to form a predictable whole system. This prevailing Thinking Style assumes that the relationships between variables are unidimensional and linear, and that useful extensions of the analytical methodology include such cognitive processes as reason, logic, and rationality. Indeed, empirical research across numerous samples and organizations consistently demonstrates that managers and business professionals predominantly adopt a linear, analytical Thinking Style (e.g., Vance et al., 2006; Allinson et al., 2000; Buttner and Gryskiewicz, 1993; Kaish and Gilad, 1991). For example, Allinson et al.'s study of 156 entrepreneurs and 564 managers found that entrepreneurs were more intuitive in Thinking Style than the general population of managers, middle-managers, and frontline managers. …
-
linking linear nonlinear Thinking Style balance and managerial ethical decision making
Journal of Business Ethics, 2008Co-Authors: Kevin S Groves, Charles M Vance, Yongsun PaikAbstract:This study presents the results of an empirical analysis of the relationship between managerial Thinking Style and ethical decision-making. Data from 200 managers across multiple organizations and industries demonstrated that managers predominantly adopt a utilitarian perspective when forming ethical intent across a series of business ethics vignettes. Consistent with expectations, managers utilizing a balanced linear/nonlinear Thinking Style demonstrated a greater overall willingness to provide ethical decisions across ethics vignettes compared to managers with a predominantly linear Thinking Style. However, results comparing the ethical decision-making of balanced Thinking managers and nonlinear Thinking managers were generally inconsistent across the ethics vignettes. Unexpectedly, managers utilizing a balanced linear/nonlinear Thinking Style were least likely to adopt an act utilitarian rationale for ethical decision-making across the vignettes, suggesting that balanced thinkers may be more likely to produce ethical decisions by considering a wider range of alternatives and ruling out those that are justified solely on the basis of their outcomes. Implications are discussed for future research and practice related to management education and development, and ethical decision-making theory.
Glenn D. Walters - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
toward a hierarchical model of criminal Thinking evidence from item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis
Psychological Assessment, 2011Co-Authors: Glenn D. Walters, Brett T Hagman, Amy M CohnAbstract:Item response theory (IRT) methods were applied to items from the 80-item Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS; G. D. Walters, 1995) to determine how well they measure the latent trait of criminal Thinking in a group of 2,872 male medium security prison inmates. Preliminary analyses revealed that the 64 PICTS Thinking Style items, 32 PICTS proactive criminal Thinking items, and 24 PICTS reactive criminal Thinking items were sufficiently unidimensional to meet the local independence requirements of IRT. The PICTS was fitted to a 2-parameter logistic-graded response IRT model, the results of which showed that the 8 items measuring denial of harm (Sentimentality) displayed weak discrimination (a 1.0). Information function analysis revealed that all 3 components of a hierarchical model of criminal Thinking--PICTS total scale, PICTS proactive factor, and PICTS reactive factor--displayed greater precision at higher rather than lower levels of the trait dimension. The study findings indicate that items from the PICTS Sentimentality scale do a poor job of measuring general criminal Thinking, whereas items from the other 7 PICTS Thinking Style scales provide their most precise estimates at the upper end of the trait dimension.
-
Correlations between the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and World-View Rating Scale in male federal prisoners.
Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH, 2007Co-Authors: Glenn D. WaltersAbstract:Introduction The lifeStyle theory of criminal behaviour maintains that criminal Thinking is hierarchically organized and that certain features of an individual's general world view should correspond with specific criminal Thinking Styles. Hypotheses It was predicted that the eight Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) Thinking Style scales would correlate with the mechanism, fatalism, inequity and malevolence poles of the four World-View Rating Scale (WVRS) dimensions. Method A group of 140 male medium security prison inmates rated themselves on the four dimensions of the WVRS and completed the PICTS. Results All eight PICTS Thinking Style scales correlated with mechanism, inequity and malevolence, but only six of the eight PICTS scales correlated with fatalism. In addition, two of four correlations specified a priori (i.e. between mollification and inequity and between power orientation and malevolence) proved significant in this study. Discussion The present findings suggest that two levels of a cognitive system held to be instrumental in maintaining a criminal lifeStyle – criminal Thinking Styles and global belief systems – may be meaningfully linked. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
-
construct validity of the psychological inventory of criminal Thinking Styles in relationship to the pai disciplinary adjustment and program completion
Journal of Personality Assessment, 2005Co-Authors: Glenn D. Walters, Matthew D GeyerAbstract:We evaluated the convergent and discriminant validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS; Walters, 1995) in a group of 199 maximum security prisoners. As anticipated, the PICTS Confusion scale correlated with the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) Negative Impression scale, whereas the PICTS Defensiveness scale paralleled the PAI Positive Impression scale. Also as predicted, a greater portion of the PICTS Thinking Style scales correlated with the PAI Antisocial Features scale than correlated with the PAI Somatic Complaints, Anxiety, Depression, Mania, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia scales. When the PICTS composite scales were converged onto behavioral indexes, modest statistically significant relationships surfaced between the PICTS Reactive scale and a record of disciplinary infractions and between the PICTS Proactive scale and program completion.
-
predicting release and disciplinary outcome with the psychological inventory of criminal Thinking Styles female data
Legal and Criminological Psychology, 1999Co-Authors: Glenn D. Walters, William N ElliottAbstract:Purpose. This study was designed to assess the predictive validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) in female offenders. Methods. In the first of two studies, outcome data on 118 female inmates released from a state correctional facility were correlated with the PICTS Thinking Style scales. In a second study, disciplinary adjustment data on 100 female federal inmates were correlated with the PICTS Thinking Style scales. Results. In the first study the PICTS Sentimentality (Sn) scale correlated moderately with subsequent release outcome independent of subject ethnic status and confining offence. In the second study the PICTS Cutoff, Entitlement, Power Orientation, Cognitive Indolence and Discontinuity scales correlated moderately with subsequent disciplinary outcome independent of subject age and ethnic status. Conclusion. These findings lend preliminary support to the practical utility of the PICTS Thinking Style scales as predictors of release and disciplinary outcome in female offenders, but suggest that release outcome and disciplinary adjustment are not predicted by the same PICTS Thinking Style scales.
Yongsun Paik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
linking linear nonlinear Thinking Style balance and managerial ethical decision jfev n g ves
2016Co-Authors: Charles Vance, Yongsun PaikAbstract:This study presents the results of an empirical analysis ofthe relationship between managerial Thinking Style and ethical decision-making. Data from 200 managers across multiple organizations and industries demonstrated that managers predominantly adopt a util itarian perspective when forming ethical intent across a series of business ethics vignettes. Consistent with expectations, managers utilizing a balanced linear/non linear Thinking Style demonstrated a greater overaU wiU
-
linking linear nonlinear Thinking Style balance and managerial ethical decision making
Journal of Business Ethics, 2008Co-Authors: Kevin S Groves, Charles M Vance, Yongsun PaikAbstract:This study presents the results of an empirical analysis of the relationship between managerial Thinking Style and ethical decision-making. Data from 200 managers across multiple organizations and industries demonstrated that managers predominantly adopt a utilitarian perspective when forming ethical intent across a series of business ethics vignettes. Consistent with expectations, managers utilizing a balanced linear/nonlinear Thinking Style demonstrated a greater overall willingness to provide ethical decisions across ethics vignettes compared to managers with a predominantly linear Thinking Style. However, results comparing the ethical decision-making of balanced Thinking managers and nonlinear Thinking managers were generally inconsistent across the ethics vignettes. Unexpectedly, managers utilizing a balanced linear/nonlinear Thinking Style were least likely to adopt an act utilitarian rationale for ethical decision-making across the vignettes, suggesting that balanced thinkers may be more likely to produce ethical decisions by considering a wider range of alternatives and ruling out those that are justified solely on the basis of their outcomes. Implications are discussed for future research and practice related to management education and development, and ethical decision-making theory.
