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Daniel M Wegner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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setting free the bears escape from Thought Suppression
American Psychologist, 2011Co-Authors: Daniel M WegnerAbstract:A person who is asked to think aloud while trying not to think about a white bear will typically mention the bear once a minute. So how can people suppress unwanted Thoughts? This article examines a series of indirect Thought Suppression techniques and therapies that have been explored for their efficacy as remedies for unwanted Thoughts of all kinds and that offer some potential as means for effective Suppression. The strategies that have some promise include focused distraction, stress and load avoidance, Thought postponement, exposure and paradoxical approaches, acceptance and commitment, meditation, mindfulness, focused breathing, attention training, self-affirmation, hypnosis, and disclosure and writing. Many of these strategies entail thinking about and accepting unwanted Thoughts rather than suppressing them--and so, setting free the bears. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).
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learning the futility of the Thought Suppression enterprise in normal experience and in obsessive compulsive disorder
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2010Co-Authors: Sadia Najmi, Hannah E Reese, Sabine Wilhelm, Jeanne M Fama, Celeste Beck, Daniel M WegnerAbstract:Background: The belief that we can control our Thoughts is not inevitably adaptive, particularly when it fuels mental control activities that have ironic unintended consequences. The conviction that the mind can and should be controlled can prompt people to suppress unwanted Thoughts, and so can set the stage for the intrusive return of those very Thoughts. An important question is whether or not these beliefs about the control of Thoughts can be reduced experimentally. One possibility is that behavioral experiments aimed at revealing the ironic return of suppressed Thoughts might create a lesson that could reduce unrealistic beliefs about the control of Thoughts. Aims: The present research assessed the influence of the Thought Suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of Thoughts in a non-clinical sample, and among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: In Study 1, we assessed the effect of the Thought Suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of Thoughts among low and high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population (N = 62). In Study 2, we conducted a similar study with individuals with OCD (N = 29). Results: Results suggest that high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population are able to learn the futility of Suppression through the Thought Suppression demonstration and to alter their faulty beliefs about the control of Thoughts; however, for individuals with OCD, the demonstration may be insufficient for altering underlying beliefs. Conclusions: For individuals with OCD, the connection between suppressing a neutral Thought in the Suppression demonstration and suppressing a personally relevant obsession may need to be stated explicitly in order to affect their obsessive beliefs.
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hidden complications of Thought Suppression
International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2009Co-Authors: Sadia Najmi, Daniel M WegnerAbstract:Although the Suppression of Thoughts may seem to be an effective solution when Thoughts are unwanted, this strategy can lead to a recurrence of the very Thought that one is attempting to suppress. This ironic effect is the most obvious unwanted outcome of Suppression and has been investigated empirically for more than two decades. However, even when Suppression does not lead to an ironic rebound of the unwanted Thought, it puts an insidious cognitive load on the individual attempting to suppress. Moreover, whether or not Suppression leads to an exacerbation of the unwanted Thought, it is rarely successful, and hence adds to the individual's distress. In this article we describe the consequences of Suppression and consider how it might complicate a range of emotional disorders. Taken together, studies on Thought Suppression in psychopathology present a more nuanced picture now than was emerging in the early years of its investigation. Some evidence is consistent with the idea that the counterproductive eff...
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the role of Thought Suppression in building mental blocks
Consciousness and Cognition, 2008Co-Authors: Megan N Kozak, Weylin R Sternglanz, Uma Viswanathan, Daniel M WegnerAbstract:This research examined the role of Thought Suppression in the formation of mental blocks. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to generate a series of creative associates for two target words after initially suppressing a word that was semantically related to one of the two target words. Participants produced fewer responses, and experienced a greater sensation of being mentally blocked, when attempting to produce associates for the target word that was semantically related to the suppressed word. In Experiment 2, participants either Thought about or suppressed a series of words prior to completing a word fragment completion task. Each word either corresponded exactly to one of the word fragment solutions (target primes) or resembled one of the solutions but was slightly different in its orthographic properties (negative primes). Participants performed most poorly on the items for which they had initially suppressed negative primes.
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the gravity of unwanted Thoughts asymmetric priming effects in Thought Suppression
Consciousness and Cognition, 2008Co-Authors: Sadia Najmi, Daniel M WegnerAbstract:An unwanted Thought appears to be cued easily by reminders in the environment but often the Thought itself seems to cue nothing more than the desire to eliminate it from consciousness. This unusual asymmetry in the way unwanted Thoughts are linked to other Thoughts was the focus of the present research. Participants who were asked to suppress a Thought or to concentrate on it completed a task assessing the influence of priming on reaction time (RT) for word/non-word judgments. Results revealed that Suppression under cognitive load produced asymmetric priming: Priming with the associate of a suppressed word speeded RT for the suppressed word, but priming with a suppressed word did not speed RT for associated words. These findings suggest that Thought Suppression induces an unusual form of cognitive accessibility in which movement of activation toward the suppressed Thought from associates is facilitated but movement of activation away from the suppressed Thought to associates is undermined.
Rachel D Barnes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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food Thought Suppression inventory test retest reliability and relationship to weight loss treatment outcomes
Eating Behaviors, 2016Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Valentina Ivezaj, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Abstract This study examined the test–retest reliability of the Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI) and its relationship with weight loss during weight loss treatment. Participants were 89 adults with and without binge eating disorder (BED) recruited through primary care for weight loss treatment who completed the FTSI twice prior to starting treatment. Intra-class correlations for the FTSI ranged from .74–.93. Participants with BED scored significantly higher on the FTSI than those without BED at baseline only. Percent weight loss from baseline to mid-treatment was significantly negatively correlated with the FTSI at baseline and at post-treatment. Participants reaching 5% loss of original body weight by post-treatment had significantly lower FTSI scores at post assessment when compared to those who did not reach this weight loss goal. While baseline binge-eating episodes were significantly positively correlated with baseline FTSI scores, change in binge-eating episodes during treatment were not significantly related to FTSI scores. The FTSI showed satisfactory one week test–retest reliability. Higher levels of food Thought Suppression may impair individuals' ability to lose weight while receiving weight loss treatment.
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examining the relationship between food Thought Suppression and binge eating disorder
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Marney A White, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Food Thought Suppression, or purposely attempting to avoid Thoughts of food, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in dieting and obese individuals. Little is known about the possible significance of food Thought Suppression in clinical samples, particularly obese patients who binge eat. This study examined food Thought Suppression in 150 obese patients seeking treatment for binge eating disorder (BED). Food Thought Suppression was not associated with binge eating frequency or body mass index but was significantly associated with higher current levels of eating disorder psychopathology and variables pertaining to obesity, dieting, and binge eating.
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factor structure and clinical correlates of the food Thought Suppression inventory within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder
Eating Behaviors, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Marney A White, Takuya Sawaoka, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Prior research on the relations among eating behaviors and Thought Suppression is limited to a measure of general Thought Suppression, the White Bear Suppression Inventory. To address this limitation, researchers recently validated the Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI). Analyses using this measure suggest that food Thought Suppression is distinct from and is more predictive of eating disorder psychopathology than is general Thought Suppression. The FTSI, however, has not yet been validated in clinical samples. The purpose of the current study is to examine the factor structure and clinical correlates of the FTSI within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder (BED; N = 128). Analyses revealed a valid and reliable one-factor measure of food Thought Suppression that was related to higher levels of eating and general psychopathology. The findings provide evidence for the use of the FTSI with obese women with BED. Future research should examine the psychometric properties of the FTSI within larger and more diverse samples.
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food Thought Suppression a matched comparison of obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder
Eating Behaviors, 2011Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Preliminary studies of non-clinical samples suggest that purposely attempting to avoid Thoughts of food, referred to as food Thought Suppression, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in obese individuals. Despite possible implications for the treatment of obesity and eating disorders, little research has examined food Thought Suppression in obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED). This study compared food Thought Suppression in 60 obese patients with BED to an age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched group of 59 obese persons who do not binge eat (NBO). In addition, this study examined the associations between food Thought Suppression and eating disorder psychopathology within the BED and NBO groups and separately by gender. Participants with BED and women endorsed the highest levels of food Thought Suppression. Food Thought Suppression was significantly and positively associated with many features of ED psychopathology in NBO women and with eating concerns in men with BED. Among women with BED, higher levels of food Thought Suppression were associated with higher frequency of binge eating, whereas among men with BED, higher levels of food Thought Suppression were associated with lower frequency of binge eating. Our findings suggest gender differences in the potential significance of food Thought Suppression in obese groups with and without co-existing binge eating problems.
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food for Thought examining the relationship between food Thought Suppression and weight related outcomes
Eating Behaviors, 2010Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Stacey TantleffdunnAbstract:The current study sought to extend previous eating behaviors and Thought Suppression literature by assessing the relationship between food Thought Suppression and weight-related outcomes. Three hundred and twelve overweight/obese community men and women completed self-report measures of Thought Suppression, weight history, and eating behaviors. Women were more likely than men to endorse food Thought Suppression, as were individuals who currently were dieting, when compared with those nondieters. Food Thought Suppression also predicted binge eating, food cravings, and other eating disordered symptoms. Results have implications for obesity and support further exploration of third wave interventions, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness, in the treatment of obesity.
Marney A White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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examining the relationship between food Thought Suppression and binge eating disorder
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Marney A White, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Food Thought Suppression, or purposely attempting to avoid Thoughts of food, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in dieting and obese individuals. Little is known about the possible significance of food Thought Suppression in clinical samples, particularly obese patients who binge eat. This study examined food Thought Suppression in 150 obese patients seeking treatment for binge eating disorder (BED). Food Thought Suppression was not associated with binge eating frequency or body mass index but was significantly associated with higher current levels of eating disorder psychopathology and variables pertaining to obesity, dieting, and binge eating.
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factor structure and clinical correlates of the food Thought Suppression inventory within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder
Eating Behaviors, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Marney A White, Takuya Sawaoka, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Prior research on the relations among eating behaviors and Thought Suppression is limited to a measure of general Thought Suppression, the White Bear Suppression Inventory. To address this limitation, researchers recently validated the Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI). Analyses using this measure suggest that food Thought Suppression is distinct from and is more predictive of eating disorder psychopathology than is general Thought Suppression. The FTSI, however, has not yet been validated in clinical samples. The purpose of the current study is to examine the factor structure and clinical correlates of the FTSI within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder (BED; N = 128). Analyses revealed a valid and reliable one-factor measure of food Thought Suppression that was related to higher levels of eating and general psychopathology. The findings provide evidence for the use of the FTSI with obese women with BED. Future research should examine the psychometric properties of the FTSI within larger and more diverse samples.
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psychometric properties of the food Thought Suppression inventory in men
Journal of Health Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Marney A WhiteAbstract:The Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI) recently was validated with an undergraduate female sample. The measure proved to be a highly reliable and valid one-factor measure of food Thought Suppression. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the FTSI within 289 men. Results suggest that removing one item resulted in a reliable and valid one-factor measure of food Thought Suppression for men. Similar to the published results with women, the FTSI was related to pathological eating behaviors (e.g. binge eating, compensatory behaviors), and heavier individuals endorsed higher levels of food Thought Suppression.
Barbara Soetens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the attitudes to chocolate questionnaire psychometric properties and relationship with consumption dieting disinhibition and Thought Suppression
Appetite, 2014Co-Authors: Barbara Soetens, Dinska Van Gucht, Filip Raes, James W GriffithAbstract:We examined the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Attitudes to Chocolate Questionnaire (ACQ), comparing the original three-factor model to a later-suggested two-factor model. We evaluated the construct validity of the ACQ by investigating the associations between the resulting factors and other eating-related questionnaires such as the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Food Thought Suppression Inventory. Finally, we compared the scores on several scales regarding eating behavior between different groups (men versus women, dieters versus non-dieters and cravers versus non-cravers). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Dutch ACQ indicated the best global fit indices for the two-factor model, with the resulting factors being "Negative consequences and Guilt" and "Craving and emotional eating". Both factors were associated with other eating-related dimensions. However, craving seemed to be uniquely associated with the amount of chocolate consumed per week, whereas guilt correlated strongly with restraint. Finally, women scored higher on nearly all scales, but there was no significant gender difference with regard to chocolate consumption. Dieters reported more disinhibition, restraint, food-Thought Suppression and guilt, but they did not significantly differ from non-dieters with regards to their levels of craving, hunger nor consumption.
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Thought Suppression in obese and non obese restrained eaters piece of cake or forbidden fruit
European Eating Disorders Review, 2008Co-Authors: Barbara Soetens, Caroline Braet, Ellen MoensAbstract:Objective This article examines Thought Suppression tendencies in restrained eaters. Furthermore, the dynamics between failing Thought Suppression and Thought control strategies are explored. Methods One hundred and five overweight and normal-weight boys and girls (12–18 years) participated in a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. A distinction was made between disinhibited restrained eaters (high restraint/high disinhibition), inhibited restrained eaters (high restraint/low disinhibition) and unrestrained eaters (low restraint) in both weight-groups. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to select the different groups of (un)restrained eaters. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was employed to measure Thought Suppression and intrusions. The Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) was used to measure Thought control strategies (distraction, punishment, reappraisal, worry, social control). Results The disinhibited restrainers obtained meaningfully higher scores on WBSI-total, WBSI-Thought Suppression and WBSI-intrusion than the inhibited restrainers and unrestrained eaters in both weight groups. Those who scored high on WBSI-total, obtained significantly higher scores on the TCQ subscales distraction, worry and punishment, than those who scored low on WBSI-total. Discussion The findings suggest that disinhibited restrainers, irrespective of their weight status, report a high tendency to suppress Thoughts. Given Wegner's theoretical account, this may be associated with preoccupations and self-control difficulties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Carlos M Grilo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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food Thought Suppression inventory test retest reliability and relationship to weight loss treatment outcomes
Eating Behaviors, 2016Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Valentina Ivezaj, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Abstract This study examined the test–retest reliability of the Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI) and its relationship with weight loss during weight loss treatment. Participants were 89 adults with and without binge eating disorder (BED) recruited through primary care for weight loss treatment who completed the FTSI twice prior to starting treatment. Intra-class correlations for the FTSI ranged from .74–.93. Participants with BED scored significantly higher on the FTSI than those without BED at baseline only. Percent weight loss from baseline to mid-treatment was significantly negatively correlated with the FTSI at baseline and at post-treatment. Participants reaching 5% loss of original body weight by post-treatment had significantly lower FTSI scores at post assessment when compared to those who did not reach this weight loss goal. While baseline binge-eating episodes were significantly positively correlated with baseline FTSI scores, change in binge-eating episodes during treatment were not significantly related to FTSI scores. The FTSI showed satisfactory one week test–retest reliability. Higher levels of food Thought Suppression may impair individuals' ability to lose weight while receiving weight loss treatment.
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examining the relationship between food Thought Suppression and binge eating disorder
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Marney A White, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Food Thought Suppression, or purposely attempting to avoid Thoughts of food, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in dieting and obese individuals. Little is known about the possible significance of food Thought Suppression in clinical samples, particularly obese patients who binge eat. This study examined food Thought Suppression in 150 obese patients seeking treatment for binge eating disorder (BED). Food Thought Suppression was not associated with binge eating frequency or body mass index but was significantly associated with higher current levels of eating disorder psychopathology and variables pertaining to obesity, dieting, and binge eating.
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factor structure and clinical correlates of the food Thought Suppression inventory within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder
Eating Behaviors, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Marney A White, Takuya Sawaoka, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Prior research on the relations among eating behaviors and Thought Suppression is limited to a measure of general Thought Suppression, the White Bear Suppression Inventory. To address this limitation, researchers recently validated the Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI). Analyses using this measure suggest that food Thought Suppression is distinct from and is more predictive of eating disorder psychopathology than is general Thought Suppression. The FTSI, however, has not yet been validated in clinical samples. The purpose of the current study is to examine the factor structure and clinical correlates of the FTSI within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder (BED; N = 128). Analyses revealed a valid and reliable one-factor measure of food Thought Suppression that was related to higher levels of eating and general psychopathology. The findings provide evidence for the use of the FTSI with obese women with BED. Future research should examine the psychometric properties of the FTSI within larger and more diverse samples.
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food Thought Suppression a matched comparison of obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder
Eating Behaviors, 2011Co-Authors: Rachel D Barnes, Robin M Masheb, Carlos M GriloAbstract:Preliminary studies of non-clinical samples suggest that purposely attempting to avoid Thoughts of food, referred to as food Thought Suppression, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in obese individuals. Despite possible implications for the treatment of obesity and eating disorders, little research has examined food Thought Suppression in obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED). This study compared food Thought Suppression in 60 obese patients with BED to an age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched group of 59 obese persons who do not binge eat (NBO). In addition, this study examined the associations between food Thought Suppression and eating disorder psychopathology within the BED and NBO groups and separately by gender. Participants with BED and women endorsed the highest levels of food Thought Suppression. Food Thought Suppression was significantly and positively associated with many features of ED psychopathology in NBO women and with eating concerns in men with BED. Among women with BED, higher levels of food Thought Suppression were associated with higher frequency of binge eating, whereas among men with BED, higher levels of food Thought Suppression were associated with lower frequency of binge eating. Our findings suggest gender differences in the potential significance of food Thought Suppression in obese groups with and without co-existing binge eating problems.
