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Craig R Primmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ssBioMed CentFrontiers in Zoology Open AcceResearch Unanticipated population structure of European grayling in its northern distribution: implications for conservation prioritization
2016Co-Authors: Akarapong Swatdipong, Jorma Piironen, Anti Vasemägi, Mikko T Koskinen, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:Background: The European grayling (Thymallus Thymallus) is a salmonid fish native to Europe, with a distribution ranging from England and France to the Ural Mountains of north-western Russia. The majority of grayling populations inhabit freshwater rivers and lakes but some populations also occupy brackish water in northern parts of the Baltic Sea. Previous population genetic studies have demonstrated that grayling populations in Finland, Estonia and Russia belong to a single mitochondrial lineage and exhibit high levels of differentiation even at a small geographic scale. As a result, we predicted that grayling populations should not cluster regionally. Despite the extensive amount of genetic research that has been carried out on grayling, comprehensive national-level information on population structure of grayling in Northern Europe is still lacking. Yet this is the level at which populations are currently managed. Results: We found unanticipated population structure of grayling clustering into three groups largely corresponding to the northern, Baltic and south-eastern geographic areas of Finland using 13 microsatellite loci. We also found a high level of genetic differentiation among the groups and moderate to high differentiation within the groups. This combined with low variability strongl
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contemporary fisherian life history evolution in small salmonid populations
Nature, 2002Co-Authors: Mikko Koskinen, Thrond O Haugen, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:The relative importance of natural selection1 and random drift2 in phenotypic evolution has been discussed since the introduction of the first population genetic models3,4,5. The empirical evidence used to evaluate the evolutionary theories of Fisher1 and Wright2 remains obscure because formal tests for neutral divergence6,7,8 or sensitive attempts to separate the effects of selection and drift are scarce, subject to error, and have not been interpreted in the light of well-known population demography. We combined quantitative genetic and microsatellite DNA analyses to investigate the determinants of contemporary life-history evolution in isolated populations of grayling (Thymallus Thymallus, Salmonidae) that originated from a common source 80–120 years ago. Here we show that natural selection was the dominant diversifying agent in the evolution of the quantitative traits. However, the populations were founded by a small number of individuals, exhibit very low microsatellite-based effective sizes and show genetic imprints of severe ‘bottlenecks’; which are conditions often suggested to constrain selection and favour drift6,8,9. This study demonstrates a very clear case of fisherian evolution in small natural populations across a contemporary timescale.
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microsatellite data resolve phylogeographic patterns in european grayling Thymallus Thymallus salmonidae
Heredity, 2002Co-Authors: Mikko Koskinen, Esa Ranta, Jan Nilsson, Je A Veselov, A G Potutkin, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:The phylogeography of an endangered salmonid, European grayling (Thymallus Thymallus), was studied based on analysis of 17 nuclear microsatellite DNA loci. In agreement with earlier mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies, phylogenetic relationships of the populations suggested that northern Europe was colonized from two distinct Pleistocene refugia. Furthermore, microsatellites revealed highly supported grouping of mainland Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, German and Slovenian populations, suggesting that grayling from the northwestern and central Europe have descended from their southern conspecifics. The level of divergence between populations was substantial, even across short geographical distances. Although this was in part due to postglacial colonization patterns and contemporary barriers for gene flow, the high divergence estimates between hydrologically connected sampling locations implied efficient interpopulation reproductive isolation. Microsatellites revealed that the populations exhibited, on average, only 3.5 (+/-2.2) alleles per locus, indicating that T. Thymallus has strikingly low levels of intrapopulation genetic diversity as compared with other freshwater fish species. Accordingly, as indicated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), only 49.1-58.0% of the total grayling microsatellite diversity resided within populations. A latitudinal genetic diversity gradient, potentially resulting from glaciation-mediated founder events, was not evident. Alternatively, it is possible that grayling display limited dispersal behaviour/capability, leading to low long-term effective population sizes and, consequently, depauperate intrapopulation polymorphism. These findings have implications for conservation of T. Thymallus. Importantly, they exemplify that microsatellites can be highly informative for intraspecific phylogeography studies dealing with substantial divergence scales.
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genetic lineages and postglacial colonization of grayling Thymallus Thymallus salmonidae in europe as revealed by mitochondrial dna analyses
Molecular Ecology, 2000Co-Authors: Mikko Koskinen, Esa Ranta, Jorma Piironen, Alexey E Veselov, Sergey Titov, Thrond O Haugen, Jan Nilsson, M Carlstein, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:In stark contrast to other species within the Salmonidae family, phylogeographic information on European grayling, Thymallus Thymallus, is virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we utilized mitochondrial DNA polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA PCR–RFLP) and sequence variation to infer the postglacial dispersal routes of T. Thymallus into and within northern Europe, and to locate geographically, potential evolutionarily distinct populations. Mitochondrial analyses revealed a total of 27 T. Thymallus haplotypes which clustered into three distinct lineages. Average pairwise interlineage divergence was four and nine times higher than average intralineage divergence for RFLP and sequence data, respectively. Two European grayling individuals from the easternmost sample in Russia exhibited haplotypes more genetically diverged from any T. Thymallus haplotype than T. arcticus haplotype, and suggested that hybridization/introgression zone of these two sister species may extend much further west than previously thought. Geographic division of the lineages was generally very clear with northern Europe comprising of two genetically differentiated areas: (i) Finland, Estonia and north-western Russia; and (ii) central Germany, Poland and western Fennoscandia. Average interpopulation divergence in North European T. Thymallus was 10 times higher than that observed in a recent mtDNA study of North American T. arcticus. We conclude that (i) North European T. Thymallus populations have survived dramatic Pleistocene temperature oscillations and originate from ancient eastern and central European refugia; (ii) genetic divergence of population groups within northern Europe is substantial and geographically distinct; and (iii) the remainder of Europe harbours additional differentiated assemblages that likely descend from a Danubian refugium. These findings should provide useful information for developing appropriate conservation strategies for European grayling and exemplify a case with a clear need for multinational co-operation for managing and conserving biodiversity.
Tor A Bakke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mitochondrial dna variation of a natural population of gyrodactylus thymalli monogenea from the type locality river hnilec slovakia
Parasitology Research, 2007Co-Authors: Charlotte Lindqvist, Laetitia Plaisance, Tor A Bakke, Lutz BachmannAbstract:The monogenean flatworm Gyrodactylus thymalli (Žitňan, Helminthologia, 2:266–269, 1960) is considered a harmless ectoparasite on grayling (Thymallus Thymallus). The species is closely related to G. salaris Malmberg, 1957 that causes severe gyrodactylosis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in many Norwegian rivers. In this paper, we study the mitochondrial diversity of a G. thymalli population from one of the type localities Hrable on River Hnilec, Slovakia. By sequencing parts of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, we detected three haplotypes that differ from each other by 2.1–4.1%. The haplotype HnilecI was found most common. Our data suggest that River Hnilec has been colonized independently at least three times with G. thymalli.
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the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the monogenean gyrodactylus thymalli platyhelminthes monogenea a parasite of grayling Thymallus Thymallus
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 2007Co-Authors: Laetitia Plaisance, Tor A Bakke, Tine Huyse, D T J Littlewood, Lutz BachmannAbstract:We present the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Gyrodactylus thymalli, a monogenean ectoparasite on grayling (Thymallus Thymallus). The circular genome is 14788 bp in size and includes all 35 genes recognized from other flatworm mt genomes. The overall A+T content of the mt genome is 62.8%. Twenty regions of non-coding DNA ranging from 1 to 111 bp in length were identified in addition to 2 highly conserved large non-coding regions 799 bp and 767 bp in size. Compared to the recently described mt DNA of the closely related G. salaris from Atlantic salmon from Signaldalselva, Norway, the mitochondrial genome of G. thymalli from Hnilec, Slovakia, differs on average by 2.2%.
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mitochondrial dna variation of gyrodactylus spp monogenea gyrodactylidae populations infecting atlantic salmon grayling and rainbow trout in norway and sweden
International Journal for Parasitology, 2003Co-Authors: Haakon Hansen, Lutz Bachmann, Tor A BakkeAbstract:Abstract Approximately 800 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were sequenced from 76 Gyrodactylus specimens of 32 salmonid host populations, i.e. from Salmo salar, Thymallus Thymallus, and Oncorhynchus mykiss in Norway, Sweden and Latvia. The COI sequences indicated a substantial intraspecific differentiation of Gyrodactylus salaris and Gyrodactylus thymalli. In total, 12 haplotypes were identified which group into five well supported clades, three clades with parasites from Atlantic salmon and two clades with parasites from grayling. The basal nodes linking the five clades together are only weakly supported. Thus, there is no support for the monophyly of all G. salaris haplotypes and the monophyly of all G. thymalli haplotypes. The lack of monophyly of the mitochondrial haplotypes of G. salaris and G. thymalli may indicate that G. salaris and G. thymalli represent (i) two polytypic species or (ii) one polytypic species, or (iii) refer to a complex of more than two sibling species. The mtDNA data indicate multiple introductions of G. salaris and G. thymalli into Norway. A minimum of three independent introductions of G. salaris and two independent introductions of G. thymalli are supported. This is congruent with earlier hypotheses on the introduction of G. salaris and G. thymalli into Norway.
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the susceptibility of grayling Thymallus Thymallus to experimental infections with the monogenean gyrodactylus salaris
International Journal for Parasitology, 2001Co-Authors: Arnulf Soleng, Tor A BakkeAbstract:The pathogenic monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is found to attach and reproduce under laboratory conditions on several species in the subfamily Salmoninae other than the Atlantic salmon. The gyrodactylid species Gyrodactylus thymalli infecting grayling (Thymallus Thymallus) in another subfamily, Thymallinae, is previously said to be very similar to G. salaris based on morphometry and genetical analysis which prompted the present laboratory experiments to test the susceptibility and resistance of grayling to G. salaris. All 0+ and 1+ grayling became infected with G. salaris during the experimental infection procedure. However, both innate resistant and susceptible grayling were found. In susceptible individually isolated fish, parasite reproduction lasted for more than 35 days. Parasite reproduction also occurred among grouped grayling as judged from the duration of infection of more than 50 days. However, grayling susceptibility as judged from G. salaris reproduction, was very limited. Hence, the results indicate significant biological differences between the function of Atlantic salmon and grayling as host for G. salaris. The grayling is interpreted as unable to sustain G. salaris in nature which implies that G. thymalli is not conspecific with G. salaris. However, G. salaris dispersal by grayling cannot be excluded.
Trygve T Poppe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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systemic spironucleosis in sea farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar caused by spironucleus barkhanus transmitted from feral arctic char salvelinus alpinus
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 1998Co-Authors: Erik Sterud, Tor Atle Mo, Trygve T PoppeAbstract:Abstract A hexamitid flagellate was found in the gall bladder and intestine of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus in northern Norway. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed this flagellate to be identical to Spironucleus barkhanus from grayling Thymallus Thymallus and farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. It is hypothesized that systemic spironucleosis in sea-caged Atlantic salmon was due to transmission of flagellates from feral char to the salmon.
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ultrastructure of spironucleus barkhanus n sp diplomonadida hexamitidae from grayling Thymallus Thymallus l salmonidae and atlantic salmon salmo salar l salmonidae
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 1997Co-Authors: Erik Sterud, Tor Atle Mo, Trygve T PoppeAbstract:A hexamitid flagellate Spironucleus barkhanus n. sp., from the lumen of the gut and gall bladder of wild grayling Thymallus Thymallus, and from muscle abscesses of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from Norway, is described by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flagellate was axenically cultured in trypticase, yeast extract, iron serum medium. Live trophozoites from axenic cultures incubated at 5° C, measure 11-20 X 6-14 μm. The flagellates show a typical bi-radial symmetry. Each recurrent flagellum is almost completely surrounded by a striated lamina. In the posterior end the lamina widens, appearing heart shaped in transverse section. Accompanying each recurrent flagellum are three narrow bands of microtubules, following the longitudinal groove created by the incomplete closure of the striated lamina. The recurrent flagella emerge posterio-medially through cytostome openings halfway surrounded by crescent-shaped ridges, oriented in opposite directions in the two openings. The position and adornment of the cytostome openings, and the arrangement and number of the microtubules accompanying the recurrent flagella, distinguish Spironucleus barkhanus n. sp. from previously described species of Spironucleus.
Franz Lahnsteiner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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iodophor disinfection of non hardened lota lota salmo trutta and Thymallus Thymallus eggs tolerance levels and iodine permeability
Aquaculture, 2015Co-Authors: Franz Lahnsteiner, Manfred KletzlAbstract:Abstract Disinfection of non-hardened Lota lota , Salmo trutta , and Thymallus Thymallus eggs with iodophor solution was investigated. The following results were obtained: 5 min after fertilization, non-hardened eggs could be disinfected with ≤ 1% iodophor solution (≤ 135 mg/l active iodine) diluted in 0.75% NaCl without negative effects on the rate of eyed stage embryos, the rate of hatched larvae, and the rate of misshaped larvae. After iodophor disinfection, the percentile mass increase due to water hardening was initially suppressed but compensated during later phases of the hardening process. As investigated in L. lota and S. trutta , disinfection of non-hardened eggs in iodophor solution diluted in water had a higher toxicity on the percentage of eyed stage embryos than iodophor solution diluted in 0.75% NaCl. Measurement of egg internal iodine concentrations in S. trutta and Thmallus Thymallus demonstrated that iodine entered the egg in
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the effect of temperature on sperm motility and enzymatic activity in brown trout salmo trutta burbot lota lota and grayling Thymallus Thymallus
Journal of Fish Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Franz Lahnsteiner, Nabil MansourAbstract:The effect of temperature on sperm motility was investigated in brown trout Salmo trutta, burbot Lota lota and grayling Thymallus Thymallus using water and sperm motility prolonging saline solution (SMPS) for motility activation. The effect of temperature (4-20° C) on spermatozoal enzymes for energy supply [malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), adenylate kinase (AK)], flagellar movement [Mg(2+) adenosine triposphatase (ATPase)] and oxidative defence [peroxidase (POX)] were measured in S. trutta and L. lota. Temperatures yielding the highest initial sperm motility rates and swimming velocities were 4-6° C for S. trutta [investigated range (IR) = 4-12° C] and L. lota (IR = 2-8° C) and 8-16° C (IR = 4-16° C) for T. Thymallus. Motility variables were re-measured after 30 s in S. trutta, after 45 s in T. Thymallus and after 60 s in L. lota in water and after 2 min in all investigated species in SMPS. Motility variables were increased by low temperatures and the results differed between water and SMPS. In S. trutta and L. lota, the temperature resulting in highest activities of MDH, PK, AK and ATPase was 4° C. POX had a very narrow temperature optimum at 20° C in both species. This may indicate that the temperature optimum of enzymes of energy supply and flagellar movement are closely related to motility. The present data show that the variables are affected by temperatures in an ecologically relevant range. Too low, as well as too high temperatures affected sperm motility, and the winter spawners (S. trutta and L. lota) have a narrower temperature optimum than the spring spawner T. Thymallus.
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Semen cryopreservation in the Salmonidae and in the northern pike.
Aquaculture Research, 2000Co-Authors: Franz LahnsteinerAbstract:The present paper summarizes the data on a semen cryopreservation method for the Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta f. lacustris, Salvelinus fontinalis, Salvelinus alpinus, Salmo trutta f. fario, Hucho hucho, Coregonus lavaretus, Thymallus Thymallus) and for the Northern pike (Esox lucius) published during recent years. It describes (1) methods used for the determination of sperm viability; (2) the protective efficiency of substances specifically for protection of internal and external parts of cells and the process of extender development; (3) the freezing, thawing and fertilization conditions; and (4) the tolerable deviations from the freezing protocol for more easy application. Finally, biomarkers are reported that predict the suitability of semen for cryopreservation and the quality of frozen–thawed semen.
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Methanol as cryoprotectant and the suitability of 1.2 ml and 5 ml straws for cryopreservation of semen from salmonid fishes
Aquaculture Research, 1997Co-Authors: Franz Lahnsteiner, T Weismann, R A PatznerAbstract:For salmonid semen, the cryoprotective action of 10% methanol was compared with a 5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 1% glycerol mixture, until now one of the most effective cryoprotectants. In Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salmo trutta L. f. fario, Salmo trutta L. f. lacustris and Salvelinus alpinus (L.), semen cryopreserved with both cryoprotectants yielded post-thaw fertilization rates of 90-100% of control with untreated semen at sperm-to-egg ratios of 1.8 x 106-2.4 x 106 spermatozoa per egg. However, at sperm-to-egg ratios of 0.9 x 106-1.2 x 106 spermatozoa per egg, semen cryopreserved with methanol had significantly higher fertilization rates than semen frozen with the DMSO/glycerol mixture. In other studies we obtained similar data for Coregonus sp., Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), Thymallus Thymallus (L.) and Hucho hucho (L.), proving that methanol is the most effective and generally applicable cryoprotectant for semen of the studied salmonid species. To facilitate the insemination of large egg batches we investigated the suitability of 1.2 ml and 5 ml straws for deep freezing of semen of Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta f. fario, Salmo trutta f. lacustris and Salvelinus alpinus. With 1.2 ml straws the fertilization rates were similar to 0.5 ml straws when using lower freezing and higher thawing temperatures. The 5 ml straws resulted in a fertilization success of only about 40% of fresh semen control
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Cryopreservation of semen of the grayling (Thymallus Thymallus) and the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho)
Aquaculture, 1996Co-Authors: Franz Lahnsteiner, T Weismann, R A PatznerAbstract:Abstract Cryopreservation of semen of Thymallus Thymallus and of Hucho hucho was investigated with a method that was originally developed for Oncorhynchus mykiss . Assessments of fertilization rate were used to establish the type and concentration of cryoprotectant, freezing rates and thawing conditions for the two species. In both H. hucho and T. Thymallus , 10% methanol was the most effective cryoprotectant, followed by a 5% DMSO-1% glycerol mixture, 10% DMSO, 10% n , n -dimethylacetamide and 5% glycerol. Using an open system and 0.5ml straws, freezing of semen was optimal 1.5 cm above the level of liquid nitrogen (at − 110 ± 2 °C) and thawing was best in a 25 °C water bath for 30s. Post-thaw fertilization rates were 90–100% of control with fresh semen at sperm/egg ratios of (1.2–1.6) × 10 6 spermatozoa per egg in T. Thymallus and at sperm/egg ratios of (4.3–5.5) × 10 6 spermatozoa per egg in H. hucho .
Mikko Koskinen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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contemporary fisherian life history evolution in small salmonid populations
Nature, 2002Co-Authors: Mikko Koskinen, Thrond O Haugen, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:The relative importance of natural selection1 and random drift2 in phenotypic evolution has been discussed since the introduction of the first population genetic models3,4,5. The empirical evidence used to evaluate the evolutionary theories of Fisher1 and Wright2 remains obscure because formal tests for neutral divergence6,7,8 or sensitive attempts to separate the effects of selection and drift are scarce, subject to error, and have not been interpreted in the light of well-known population demography. We combined quantitative genetic and microsatellite DNA analyses to investigate the determinants of contemporary life-history evolution in isolated populations of grayling (Thymallus Thymallus, Salmonidae) that originated from a common source 80–120 years ago. Here we show that natural selection was the dominant diversifying agent in the evolution of the quantitative traits. However, the populations were founded by a small number of individuals, exhibit very low microsatellite-based effective sizes and show genetic imprints of severe ‘bottlenecks’; which are conditions often suggested to constrain selection and favour drift6,8,9. This study demonstrates a very clear case of fisherian evolution in small natural populations across a contemporary timescale.
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microsatellite data resolve phylogeographic patterns in european grayling Thymallus Thymallus salmonidae
Heredity, 2002Co-Authors: Mikko Koskinen, Esa Ranta, Jan Nilsson, Je A Veselov, A G Potutkin, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:The phylogeography of an endangered salmonid, European grayling (Thymallus Thymallus), was studied based on analysis of 17 nuclear microsatellite DNA loci. In agreement with earlier mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies, phylogenetic relationships of the populations suggested that northern Europe was colonized from two distinct Pleistocene refugia. Furthermore, microsatellites revealed highly supported grouping of mainland Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, German and Slovenian populations, suggesting that grayling from the northwestern and central Europe have descended from their southern conspecifics. The level of divergence between populations was substantial, even across short geographical distances. Although this was in part due to postglacial colonization patterns and contemporary barriers for gene flow, the high divergence estimates between hydrologically connected sampling locations implied efficient interpopulation reproductive isolation. Microsatellites revealed that the populations exhibited, on average, only 3.5 (+/-2.2) alleles per locus, indicating that T. Thymallus has strikingly low levels of intrapopulation genetic diversity as compared with other freshwater fish species. Accordingly, as indicated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), only 49.1-58.0% of the total grayling microsatellite diversity resided within populations. A latitudinal genetic diversity gradient, potentially resulting from glaciation-mediated founder events, was not evident. Alternatively, it is possible that grayling display limited dispersal behaviour/capability, leading to low long-term effective population sizes and, consequently, depauperate intrapopulation polymorphism. These findings have implications for conservation of T. Thymallus. Importantly, they exemplify that microsatellites can be highly informative for intraspecific phylogeography studies dealing with substantial divergence scales.
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genetic lineages and postglacial colonization of grayling Thymallus Thymallus salmonidae in europe as revealed by mitochondrial dna analyses
Molecular Ecology, 2000Co-Authors: Mikko Koskinen, Esa Ranta, Jorma Piironen, Alexey E Veselov, Sergey Titov, Thrond O Haugen, Jan Nilsson, M Carlstein, Craig R PrimmerAbstract:In stark contrast to other species within the Salmonidae family, phylogeographic information on European grayling, Thymallus Thymallus, is virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we utilized mitochondrial DNA polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA PCR–RFLP) and sequence variation to infer the postglacial dispersal routes of T. Thymallus into and within northern Europe, and to locate geographically, potential evolutionarily distinct populations. Mitochondrial analyses revealed a total of 27 T. Thymallus haplotypes which clustered into three distinct lineages. Average pairwise interlineage divergence was four and nine times higher than average intralineage divergence for RFLP and sequence data, respectively. Two European grayling individuals from the easternmost sample in Russia exhibited haplotypes more genetically diverged from any T. Thymallus haplotype than T. arcticus haplotype, and suggested that hybridization/introgression zone of these two sister species may extend much further west than previously thought. Geographic division of the lineages was generally very clear with northern Europe comprising of two genetically differentiated areas: (i) Finland, Estonia and north-western Russia; and (ii) central Germany, Poland and western Fennoscandia. Average interpopulation divergence in North European T. Thymallus was 10 times higher than that observed in a recent mtDNA study of North American T. arcticus. We conclude that (i) North European T. Thymallus populations have survived dramatic Pleistocene temperature oscillations and originate from ancient eastern and central European refugia; (ii) genetic divergence of population groups within northern Europe is substantial and geographically distinct; and (iii) the remainder of Europe harbours additional differentiated assemblages that likely descend from a Danubian refugium. These findings should provide useful information for developing appropriate conservation strategies for European grayling and exemplify a case with a clear need for multinational co-operation for managing and conserving biodiversity.
