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Michael P. Ward - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Are recreational areas a risk factor for Tick Paralysis in urban environments
    Veterinary parasitology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Gerasimova, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Abstract In Australia, Tick Paralysis in dogs (caused by a toxin in the saliva of Ixodes species during feeding) is a serious, distressing condition, and untreated it is often fatal. The aim of this study was to quantify the association between parkland (recreational or natural) in an urban area and the occurrence of canine Tick Paralysis. Brisbane, as a large urban centre located within the zone of Paralysis Tick habitat along the east coast of Australia, was selected as the study area. Postcodes selected for inclusion were those defined as being of an urban character (Australian Bureau of Statistics). The number of natural and recreational parkland polygons and total land area per postcode were derived. Tick Paralysis case data for the selected postcodes were extracted from a national companion animal disease surveillance database. Between October 2010 and January 2017, 1650 cases of Tick Paralysis in dogs were reported and included in this study. Significant correlations were found between the number of reported cases per postcode and parklands: natural counts, 0.584 (P

  • delineation of an endemic Tick Paralysis zone in southeastern australia
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zoe Whitfield, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Tick Paralysis has a major impact on pet dog and cat populations in southeastern Australia. It results from envenomation by Ixodes holocyclus and Ixodes cornuatus Ticks, the role of Ixodes cornuatus in the epidemiology of this disease in Australia being unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the geographical distribution of Tick Paralysis cases in southeastern Australia using data from a national disease surveillance system and to compare characteristics of "endemic" cases with those reported outside this endemic zone ("sporadic" cases). Data were collated and a proportional symbol map of all cases by postcode was created. A 15-case isopleth was developed based on descriptive spatial statistics (directional ellipses) and then kernel smoothing to distinguish endemic from sporadic cases. During the study period (January 2010-December 2015) 12,421 cases were reported, and 10,839 of these reported by clinics located in 434 postcodes were included in the study. Endemic cases were predominantly reported from postcodes in coastal southeastern Australia, from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria. Of those cases meeting selection criteria, within the endemic zone 10,767 cases were reported from 351 (88%) postcodes and outside this zone 72 cases were reported from 48 (12%) postcodes. Of these latter 48 postcodes, 18 were in Victoria (26 cases), 16 in New South Wales (28 cases), 7 in Tasmania (9 cases), 5 in South Australia (7 cases) and 2 in Queensland (2 cases). Seasonal distribution in reporting was found: 62% of endemic and 52% of sporadic cases were reported in spring. The number of both endemic and sporadic cases reported peaked in October and November, but importantly a secondary peak in reporting of sporadic cases in April was found. In non-endemic areas, summer was the lowest risk season whilst in endemic areas, autumn was the lowest risk season. Two clusters of sporadic cases were identified, one in South Australia (P=0.022) during the period 22 May to 2 June 2012 and another in New South Wales (P=0.059) during the period 9 October to 29 November 2012. Endemic and sporadic cases did not differ with respect to neuter status (P=0.188), sex (P=0.205), case outcome (P=0.367) or method of diagnosis (P=0.413). However, sporadic cases were 4.2-times more likely to be dogs than cats (P<0.001). The endemic Tick Paralysis zone described is consistent with previous anecdotal reports. Sporadic cases reported outside this zone might be due to a history of pet travel to endemic areas, small foci of I. holocyclus outside of the endemic zone, or in the case of southern areas, Tick Paralysis caused by I. cornuatus.

  • Delineation of an endemic Tick Paralysis zone in southeastern Australia.
    Veterinary parasitology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zoe Whitfield, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Tick Paralysis has a major impact on pet dog and cat populations in southeastern Australia. It results from envenomation by Ixodes holocyclus and Ixodes cornuatus Ticks, the role of Ixodes cornuatus in the epidemiology of this disease in Australia being unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the geographical distribution of Tick Paralysis cases in southeastern Australia using data from a national disease surveillance system and to compare characteristics of "endemic" cases with those reported outside this endemic zone ("sporadic" cases). Data were collated and a proportional symbol map of all cases by postcode was created. A 15-case isopleth was developed based on descriptive spatial statistics (directional ellipses) and then kernel smoothing to distinguish endemic from sporadic cases. During the study period (January 2010-December 2015) 12,421 cases were reported, and 10,839 of these reported by clinics located in 434 postcodes were included in the study. Endemic cases were predominantly reported from postcodes in coastal southeastern Australia, from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria. Of those cases meeting selection criteria, within the endemic zone 10,767 cases were reported from 351 (88%) postcodes and outside this zone 72 cases were reported from 48 (12%) postcodes. Of these latter 48 postcodes, 18 were in Victoria (26 cases), 16 in New South Wales (28 cases), 7 in Tasmania (9 cases), 5 in South Australia (7 cases) and 2 in Queensland (2 cases). Seasonal distribution in reporting was found: 62% of endemic and 52% of sporadic cases were reported in spring. The number of both endemic and sporadic cases reported peaked in October and November, but importantly a secondary peak in reporting of sporadic cases in April was found. In non-endemic areas, summer was the lowest risk season whilst in endemic areas, autumn was the lowest risk season. Two clusters of sporadic cases were identified, one in South Australia (P=0.022) during the period 22 May to 2 June 2012 and another in New South Wales (P=0.059) during the period 9 October to 29 November 2012. Endemic and sporadic cases did not differ with respect to neuter status (P=0.188), sex (P=0.205), case outcome (P=0.367) or method of diagnosis (P=0.413). However, sporadic cases were 4.2-times more likely to be dogs than cats (P

  • The relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index, rainfall and the occurrence of canine Tick Paralysis, feline Tick Paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia.
    Veterinary journal (London England : 1997), 2015
    Co-Authors: Tamara Rika-heke, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the association between climate, weather and the occurrence of canine Tick Paralysis, feline Tick Paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and monthly average rainfall (mm) data were used as indices for climate and weather, respectively. Case data were extracted from a voluntary national companion animal disease surveillance resource. Climate and weather data were obtained from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. During the 4-year study period (January 2010–December 2013), a total of 4742 canine parvovirus cases and 8417 Tick Paralysis cases were reported. No significant ( P  ≥ 0.05) correlations were found between the SOI and parvovirus, canine Tick Paralysis or feline Tick Paralysis. A significant (P  P These findings may offer a useful tool for the management and prevention of Tick Paralysis and canine parvovirus, by providing an evidence base supporting the recommendations of veterinarians to clients thus reducing the impact of these diseases.

  • The association between landscape and climate and reported Tick Paralysis cases in dogs and cats in Australia.
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Isabel Brazier, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the association between landscape and climate factors and the occurrence of Tick Paralysis cases in dogs and cats reported by veterinarians in Australia. Data were collated based on postcode of residence of the animal and the corresponding landscape (landcover and elevation) and climate (precipitation, temperature) information was derived. During the study period (October 2010–December 2012), a total of 5560 cases (4235 [76%] canine and 1325 [24%] feline cases) were reported from 341 postcodes, mostly along the eastern seaboard of Australia and from the states of New South Wales and Queensland. Significantly more cases were reported from postcodes which contained areas of broadleaved, evergreen tree coverage (P = 0.0019); broadleaved, deciduous open tree coverage (P = 0.0416); and water bodies (P = 0.0394). Significantly fewer Tick Paralysis cases were reported from postcodes which contained areas of sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub coverage (P = 0.0297) and areas that were cultivated and managed (P = 0.0005). No significant (P = 0.6998) correlation between number of Tick Paralysis cases reported per postcode and elevation was found. Strong positive correlations were found between number of cases reported per postcode and the annual minimum (rSP = 0.9552, P

Timothy J. Lysyk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • can subclinical infestation by paralyzing dermacentor andersoni acari ixodidae induce immunity to Tick Paralysis in sheep
    Journal of Medical Entomology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Timothy J. Lysyk, Shaun J Dergousoff
    Abstract:

    Cattle and sheep can develop immunity to Paralysis caused by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles; however, this has been reported only in animals that were initially challenged with a high dose of Ticks and exhibited clear symptoms of Paralysis. Paralysis in sheep occurs in a dose-dependent fashion, with no Paralysis occurring in sheep exposed to 0.8 Ticks per kilogram. This experiment was conducted to determine if sheep exposed to a low dose of Ticks would also develop immunity to Paralysis. Sheep were exposed to either a low (0.2 Ticks per kilogram) or high dose of Ticks (0.8 Ticks per kilogram), then re-exposed to a second challenge of a paralyzing dose of Ticks. All naive sheep (eight of the eight) were paralyzed, while Paralysis occurred in only four of the eight sheep previously exposed to a low dose, and one of the eight sheep previously exposed to a high dose. Results indicate that immunity can develop when sheep are exposed to a subclinical dose of paralyzing Ticks, but in a smaller percentage of animals than those exposed to a high dose of Ticks. Vaccine development perhaps remains the best option for nonacaricidal control of Tick Paralysis.

  • Inducing Active and Passive Immunity in Sheep to Paralysis Caused by Dermacentor andersoni
    Journal of Medical Entomology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Timothy J. Lysyk, D. M. Veira, John P. Kastelic, Walter Majak
    Abstract:

    Arcott sheep were evaluated as a model for studying active and passive immunity to Tick Paralysis caused by Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles). The incidence of Tick Paralysis in sheep increased from 0 at doses ≤0.33 Ticks per kg to 100% at ≥0.8 Ticks per kg. The dose required for 50% Paralysis was 0.42 Ticks per kg. Expressing dose as a ratio of initial Ticks per unit body weight removed differences in response due to sheep weight. The interval from infestation to Paralysis decreased from >12 d at 0.4 Ticks per kg to

Mark Kelman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Are recreational areas a risk factor for Tick Paralysis in urban environments
    Veterinary parasitology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Gerasimova, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Abstract In Australia, Tick Paralysis in dogs (caused by a toxin in the saliva of Ixodes species during feeding) is a serious, distressing condition, and untreated it is often fatal. The aim of this study was to quantify the association between parkland (recreational or natural) in an urban area and the occurrence of canine Tick Paralysis. Brisbane, as a large urban centre located within the zone of Paralysis Tick habitat along the east coast of Australia, was selected as the study area. Postcodes selected for inclusion were those defined as being of an urban character (Australian Bureau of Statistics). The number of natural and recreational parkland polygons and total land area per postcode were derived. Tick Paralysis case data for the selected postcodes were extracted from a national companion animal disease surveillance database. Between October 2010 and January 2017, 1650 cases of Tick Paralysis in dogs were reported and included in this study. Significant correlations were found between the number of reported cases per postcode and parklands: natural counts, 0.584 (P

  • delineation of an endemic Tick Paralysis zone in southeastern australia
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zoe Whitfield, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Tick Paralysis has a major impact on pet dog and cat populations in southeastern Australia. It results from envenomation by Ixodes holocyclus and Ixodes cornuatus Ticks, the role of Ixodes cornuatus in the epidemiology of this disease in Australia being unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the geographical distribution of Tick Paralysis cases in southeastern Australia using data from a national disease surveillance system and to compare characteristics of "endemic" cases with those reported outside this endemic zone ("sporadic" cases). Data were collated and a proportional symbol map of all cases by postcode was created. A 15-case isopleth was developed based on descriptive spatial statistics (directional ellipses) and then kernel smoothing to distinguish endemic from sporadic cases. During the study period (January 2010-December 2015) 12,421 cases were reported, and 10,839 of these reported by clinics located in 434 postcodes were included in the study. Endemic cases were predominantly reported from postcodes in coastal southeastern Australia, from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria. Of those cases meeting selection criteria, within the endemic zone 10,767 cases were reported from 351 (88%) postcodes and outside this zone 72 cases were reported from 48 (12%) postcodes. Of these latter 48 postcodes, 18 were in Victoria (26 cases), 16 in New South Wales (28 cases), 7 in Tasmania (9 cases), 5 in South Australia (7 cases) and 2 in Queensland (2 cases). Seasonal distribution in reporting was found: 62% of endemic and 52% of sporadic cases were reported in spring. The number of both endemic and sporadic cases reported peaked in October and November, but importantly a secondary peak in reporting of sporadic cases in April was found. In non-endemic areas, summer was the lowest risk season whilst in endemic areas, autumn was the lowest risk season. Two clusters of sporadic cases were identified, one in South Australia (P=0.022) during the period 22 May to 2 June 2012 and another in New South Wales (P=0.059) during the period 9 October to 29 November 2012. Endemic and sporadic cases did not differ with respect to neuter status (P=0.188), sex (P=0.205), case outcome (P=0.367) or method of diagnosis (P=0.413). However, sporadic cases were 4.2-times more likely to be dogs than cats (P<0.001). The endemic Tick Paralysis zone described is consistent with previous anecdotal reports. Sporadic cases reported outside this zone might be due to a history of pet travel to endemic areas, small foci of I. holocyclus outside of the endemic zone, or in the case of southern areas, Tick Paralysis caused by I. cornuatus.

  • Delineation of an endemic Tick Paralysis zone in southeastern Australia.
    Veterinary parasitology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zoe Whitfield, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Tick Paralysis has a major impact on pet dog and cat populations in southeastern Australia. It results from envenomation by Ixodes holocyclus and Ixodes cornuatus Ticks, the role of Ixodes cornuatus in the epidemiology of this disease in Australia being unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the geographical distribution of Tick Paralysis cases in southeastern Australia using data from a national disease surveillance system and to compare characteristics of "endemic" cases with those reported outside this endemic zone ("sporadic" cases). Data were collated and a proportional symbol map of all cases by postcode was created. A 15-case isopleth was developed based on descriptive spatial statistics (directional ellipses) and then kernel smoothing to distinguish endemic from sporadic cases. During the study period (January 2010-December 2015) 12,421 cases were reported, and 10,839 of these reported by clinics located in 434 postcodes were included in the study. Endemic cases were predominantly reported from postcodes in coastal southeastern Australia, from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria. Of those cases meeting selection criteria, within the endemic zone 10,767 cases were reported from 351 (88%) postcodes and outside this zone 72 cases were reported from 48 (12%) postcodes. Of these latter 48 postcodes, 18 were in Victoria (26 cases), 16 in New South Wales (28 cases), 7 in Tasmania (9 cases), 5 in South Australia (7 cases) and 2 in Queensland (2 cases). Seasonal distribution in reporting was found: 62% of endemic and 52% of sporadic cases were reported in spring. The number of both endemic and sporadic cases reported peaked in October and November, but importantly a secondary peak in reporting of sporadic cases in April was found. In non-endemic areas, summer was the lowest risk season whilst in endemic areas, autumn was the lowest risk season. Two clusters of sporadic cases were identified, one in South Australia (P=0.022) during the period 22 May to 2 June 2012 and another in New South Wales (P=0.059) during the period 9 October to 29 November 2012. Endemic and sporadic cases did not differ with respect to neuter status (P=0.188), sex (P=0.205), case outcome (P=0.367) or method of diagnosis (P=0.413). However, sporadic cases were 4.2-times more likely to be dogs than cats (P

  • The relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index, rainfall and the occurrence of canine Tick Paralysis, feline Tick Paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia.
    Veterinary journal (London England : 1997), 2015
    Co-Authors: Tamara Rika-heke, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the association between climate, weather and the occurrence of canine Tick Paralysis, feline Tick Paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and monthly average rainfall (mm) data were used as indices for climate and weather, respectively. Case data were extracted from a voluntary national companion animal disease surveillance resource. Climate and weather data were obtained from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. During the 4-year study period (January 2010–December 2013), a total of 4742 canine parvovirus cases and 8417 Tick Paralysis cases were reported. No significant ( P  ≥ 0.05) correlations were found between the SOI and parvovirus, canine Tick Paralysis or feline Tick Paralysis. A significant (P  P These findings may offer a useful tool for the management and prevention of Tick Paralysis and canine parvovirus, by providing an evidence base supporting the recommendations of veterinarians to clients thus reducing the impact of these diseases.

  • The association between landscape and climate and reported Tick Paralysis cases in dogs and cats in Australia.
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Isabel Brazier, Mark Kelman, Michael P. Ward
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the association between landscape and climate factors and the occurrence of Tick Paralysis cases in dogs and cats reported by veterinarians in Australia. Data were collated based on postcode of residence of the animal and the corresponding landscape (landcover and elevation) and climate (precipitation, temperature) information was derived. During the study period (October 2010–December 2012), a total of 5560 cases (4235 [76%] canine and 1325 [24%] feline cases) were reported from 341 postcodes, mostly along the eastern seaboard of Australia and from the states of New South Wales and Queensland. Significantly more cases were reported from postcodes which contained areas of broadleaved, evergreen tree coverage (P = 0.0019); broadleaved, deciduous open tree coverage (P = 0.0416); and water bodies (P = 0.0394). Significantly fewer Tick Paralysis cases were reported from postcodes which contained areas of sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub coverage (P = 0.0297) and areas that were cultivated and managed (P = 0.0005). No significant (P = 0.6998) correlation between number of Tick Paralysis cases reported per postcode and elevation was found. Strong positive correlations were found between number of cases reported per postcode and the annual minimum (rSP = 0.9552, P

Shaun J Dergousoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • can subclinical infestation by paralyzing dermacentor andersoni acari ixodidae induce immunity to Tick Paralysis in sheep
    Journal of Medical Entomology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Timothy J. Lysyk, Shaun J Dergousoff
    Abstract:

    Cattle and sheep can develop immunity to Paralysis caused by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles; however, this has been reported only in animals that were initially challenged with a high dose of Ticks and exhibited clear symptoms of Paralysis. Paralysis in sheep occurs in a dose-dependent fashion, with no Paralysis occurring in sheep exposed to 0.8 Ticks per kilogram. This experiment was conducted to determine if sheep exposed to a low dose of Ticks would also develop immunity to Paralysis. Sheep were exposed to either a low (0.2 Ticks per kilogram) or high dose of Ticks (0.8 Ticks per kilogram), then re-exposed to a second challenge of a paralyzing dose of Ticks. All naive sheep (eight of the eight) were paralyzed, while Paralysis occurred in only four of the eight sheep previously exposed to a low dose, and one of the eight sheep previously exposed to a high dose. Results indicate that immunity can develop when sheep are exposed to a subclinical dose of paralyzing Ticks, but in a smaller percentage of animals than those exposed to a high dose of Ticks. Vaccine development perhaps remains the best option for nonacaricidal control of Tick Paralysis.

Walter Majak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.