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Jan Bergstrom - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tobacco Smoking and supragingival dental calculus
Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 1999Co-Authors: Jan BergstromAbstract:Abstract. Supragingival calculus is frequent in all ages from adolescence to old age. The influence of Tobacco Smoking on the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus has received surprisingly little attention. The present investigation conducted in a population of 258 dentally aware individuals in the age range 20–69 years, was initiated to elucidate the relationship between Tobacco Smoking and supragingival calculus, taking into account possible confounding factors such as age, gender, oral hygiene and gingival inflammation. The calculus deposition was bilaterally assessed on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular anteriors and the vestibular surfaces of the maxillary premolars and molars. The overall prevalence of supragingival calculus was 69% ranging from 59% in age group 20–34 years to 84% in age group 50–69 years. The prevalence rates for current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers were 86%, 66%, and 65%. The differences between Smoking groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). The influence of Smoking was independent of age, plaque and gingival inflammation. In former smokers who had stopped Smoking in the distant past, the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus were very close to those in individuals who had never smoked, suggesting that the effect of Smoking is reversible. The observations indicate a strong and independent association between Tobacco Smoking and supragingival calculus deposition. The avoidance of excess deposition of supragingival calculus, therefore, is a further argument for reducing Smoking in the population.
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Tobacco Smoking and supragingival dental calculus.
Journal of clinical periodontology, 1999Co-Authors: Jan BergstromAbstract:Abstract. Supragingival calculus is frequent in all ages from adolescence to old age. The influence of Tobacco Smoking on the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus has received surprisingly little attention. The present investigation conducted in a population of 258 dentally aware individuals in the age range 20–69 years, was initiated to elucidate the relationship between Tobacco Smoking and supragingival calculus, taking into account possible confounding factors such as age, gender, oral hygiene and gingival inflammation. The calculus deposition was bilaterally assessed on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular anteriors and the vestibular surfaces of the maxillary premolars and molars. The overall prevalence of supragingival calculus was 69% ranging from 59% in age group 20–34 years to 84% in age group 50–69 years. The prevalence rates for current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers were 86%, 66%, and 65%. The differences between Smoking groups were statistically significant (p
Thomas Eissenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acute effects of waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: a double-blind, placebo-control study
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2011Co-Authors: Melissa D. Blank, Caroline O. Cobb, Barbara Kilgalen, Janet Austin, Michael F. Weaver, Alan Shihadeh, Thomas EissenbergAbstract:Background Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking usually involves heating flavored Tobacco with charcoal and inhaling the resulting smoke after it has passed through water. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking increases heart rate and produces subjective effects similar to those reported by cigarette smokers. These responses are thought to be nicotine-mediated, though no placebo-control studies exist. Accordingly, this double-blind, placebo-control study compared the acute physiological and subjective effects of waterpipe Tobacco Smoking to those produced when participants used a waterpipe to smoke a flavor-matched, Tobacco-free preparation.
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Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: an emerging health crisis in the United States.
American journal of health behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Caroline O. Cobb, Alan Shihadeh, Kenneth D. Ward, Wasim Maziak, Thomas EissenbergAbstract:Objective: To examine the prevalence and potential health risks of waterpipe Tobacco Smoking. Methods: A literature review was performed to compile information relating to waterpipe Tobacco Smoking. Results: Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking is increasing in prevalence worldwide; in the United States, 10-20% of some young adult populations are current waterpipe users. Depending on the toxicant measured, a single waterpipe session produces the equivalent of at least 1 and as many as 50 cigarettes. Misconceptions about waterpipe smoke content may lead users to underestimate health risks. Conclusion: Inclusion of waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Tobacco control ac
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Water pipe Tobacco Smoking among university students in Jordan.
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2010Co-Authors: Mohammed Azab, Thomas Eissenberg, Omar F. Khabour, Almuthanna K. Alkaraki, Karem H. Alzoubi, Brian A. PrimackAbstract:Introduction: Although water pipe Tobacco Smoking is common in Lebanon and Syria, prevalence in neighboring Jordan is uncer- tain. The purposes of this study were (a) to assess the prevalence of water pipe Tobacco Smoking among university students in Jordan and (b) to determine associations between sociodemographic variables and water pipe Tobacco Smoking in this population. Methods: A trained interviewer administered a questionnaire among randomly selected students at four prominent universi- ties in Jordan. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic data, personal history of water pipe Tobacco use, and attitudes regarding water pipe Tobacco Smoking. We used logistic regres- sion to determine independent associations between sociode- mographic and attitudinal factors and each of two dependent variables: ever use of water pipe and use at least monthly. Results: Of the 548 participants, 51.8% were male and mean age was 21.7 years. More than half (61.1%) had ever smoked Tobacco from a water pipe, and use at least monthly was reported by 42.7%. Multivariable analyses controlling for all relevant fac- tors demonstrated significant associations between ever use and only two sociodemographic factors: (a) gender (for women compared with men, odds ratio (OR) = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.07- 0.17) and (b) income (for those earning 500-999 Jordanian dinar (JD) monthly vs.
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water pipe Tobacco Smoking among middle and high school students in arizona
Pediatrics, 2009Co-Authors: Brian A. Primack, Michele E Walsh, Cindy L Bryce, Thomas EissenbergAbstract:A water pipe, also known as a hookah, narghile, or shisha-pipe, consists of a head into which Tobacco is placed, a body that is half-filled with water, and a hose through which the user inhales. The Tobacco, which is generally moist, flavored, and sweetened, is heated by using a piece of charcoal. Smoke inhalation can be substantial: a single water-pipe use episode can last 30 to 60 minutes and can involve more than 100 inhalations, each ~500 mL in volume.1,2 Thus, whereas Smoking a single cigarette might produce a total of ~500 to 600 mL of smoke,3 a single water-pipe use episode might produce ~50 000 mL of smoke. Water-pipe smoke contains many of the same toxicants as cigarette smoke.1,4 Not surprisingly, carbon monoxide is found in water-pipe users’ breath5–7 and nicotine is found in their blood,8 to the extent that blood nicotine of a daily water-pipe user is similar to that of an individual who smokes 10 cigarettes per day.9 Although more epidemiologic research is needed, water-pipe Tobacco Smoking has been associated with substantial harm, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, decreased pulmonary function, and nicotine dependence.7,10–12 In the United States, the prevalence of this behavior seems to be growing, especially among college students. Nearly 300 new water-pipe cafes opened in the United States between 1999 and 2004, mostly in college towns.13–15 Convenience sample surveys have suggested 30-day college water-pipe Tobacco Smoking rates as high as 15% to 20%,16,17 and a college-based random sample survey found a 30-day use rate of 9.5%, a 1-year use rate of 30.6%, and an ever use rate of 40.5%.18 Although we are learning more about water-pipe Tobacco Smoking among college students, there is little information concerning how common this form of Tobacco use is among US high school students. The behavior clearly can appeal to this age group; surveys indicate previous 30-day water-pipe Tobacco Smoking rates as high as 25% among Israeli and Lebanese high school students,19,20 and 22% among a sample of Arab American high school students in the US Midwest.21 However, we are aware of no published studies reporting state- or national-level water-pipe Tobacco Smoking prevalence among US high school students. Identifying demographic characteristics associated with water-pipe Tobacco Smoking in the United States may help focus prevention efforts. Among college students, water-pipe Tobacco Smoking is associated with white race, younger age, and membership in a fraternity or sorority.16–18 Unfortunately, no such information is available for representative samples of high school students. Thus, in 2005, the state of Arizona included water- pipe Tobacco Smoking items in its Youth Tobacco Survey (YTS). To our knowledge, the 2005 Arizona YTS represents the first statewide standardized assessment of this behavior among US high school students. The purpose of this study was to examine the 30-day and lifetime prevalence of water-pipe Tobacco Smoking in a statewide sample of high school students in Arizona. In addition, we aimed to compare the prevalence of water-pipe Tobacco Smoking with that of other forms of Tobacco use and to determine associations between sociodemographic variables and water-pipe Tobacco use in this population. We hypothesized that water-pipe Tobacco Smoking would be present, but that it would be less common in high school than is cigarette Smoking. Based on previous information from other age groups, we also hypothesized that it would be associated with male gender and white race. Finally, consistent with uptake patterns of other substance use during high school, we expected that use would be associated with increased age.
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Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking on a U.S. College campus: prevalence and correlates.
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2007Co-Authors: Thomas Eissenberg, Kenneth D. Ward, Stephanie Smith-simone, Wasim MaziakAbstract:Abstract Purpose Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking is reported to be growing in popularity, particularly among college students. This study examined the prevalence of waterpipe Tobacco Smoking prevalence and perceptions in a university-based population. Method This was a cross-sectional Internet-based survey of first-year university students, which examined waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and other Tobacco use, risk perceptions, influences, and perceived social acceptability. Results Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking within the past 30 days was reported by 20% (151/744). Relative to never users, users were more likely to perceive waterpipe Tobacco Smoking as less harmful than cigarette use. Conclusions Because waterpipe Tobacco Smoking is increasing in prevalence and because it can involve toxicant inhalation at even greater levels than with cigarette Smoking, it represents a growing public health issue.
Shigeaki Matsuoka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the topographic EEG I
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 1994Co-Authors: E F Domino, Shigeaki MatsuokaAbstract:Abstract Domino, Edward F., Mona Riskalla, Yingfan Zhang and Edsel Kim. Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the topographic EEG II. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1992, 16(4):463–482. 1. 1. Tobacco smokers are well aware of the long term hazards of Tobacco Smoking, yet they continue to smoke. Presumably people smoke because of short term gains due to nicotine. 2. 2. The mechanism by which nicotine is a drug reinforcer still needs a great deal of study. The specific aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Tobacco Smoking on the topographic EEG of 12 hr deprived heavy Tobacco smokers. 3. 3. Seven normal adult Tobacco smokers of mixed sex were recruited into the study and compared with six normal nonsmokers of similar age and sex. 4. 4. A Grass Model 8-24D EEG and 16 different scalp monopolar electrodes were used to record the EEG using both ears as reference before and after Smoking. EKG lead II was recorded on channel 17. Blood pressure was measured by auscultation. Exhaled CO was measured using a CO detector. Computer analysis of the EEG data was run off line on a Zenith 386 25 microcomputer using RHYTHM 7.1. The same system was used to store the EEG in digitized form. The maximum number of 4 sec artifact free epochs in a 3 min recording period with eyes open and then closed was used before and after low and high nicotine Tobacco or sham Smoking. 5. 5. The hypothesis of this research was confirmed, i.e., that Tobacco Smoking of high nicotine cigarettes (about 2.0 mg/cigarette) would cause a shift in EEG alpha rhythm to higher frequencies in more diffuse midline cortical structures. In other studies an increase in alpha rhythm has been correlated with an awake relaxed behavioral state. 6. 6. A heart rate increase was a more sensitive index of Tobacco Smoking than an increase in arterial blood pressure. Exhaled Smoking CO levels correlated with the nicotine and tar content of the cigarette.
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Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the Hoffmann Reflex
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993Co-Authors: Chitoshi Kadoya, Shigeaki Matsuoka, E F DominoAbstract:Ten normal adult Tobacco Smoking volunteers 21 to 32 years of age were the subjects of this study. They were asked not to smoke for 12 hours prior to testing. The Hoffmann (H) reflex and its recovery cycle were measured before and just after Smoking (on different days) one nonfiltered, zero, low (0.27 mg), or high (2.16 mg) nicotine Tobacco cigarette. After Smoking the nicotine-containing cigarettes, the subjects showed a reduction of the H reflex recovery cycle. Individual differences were marked. Nevertheless, the data obtained are consistent with evidence in animals that nicotine and Tobacco smoke stimulate Renshaw inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, either directly or indirectly. This technique provides another objective measure of the effects of Tobacco Smoking in human volunteers.
E F Domino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the human pupil.
International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1999Co-Authors: T C Lie, E F DominoAbstract:Objective: Determine the effects of Tobacco cigarette or sham placebo-Smoking on pupil diameter. Subjects: Ten non-smokers and 10 Tobacco smokers (all healthy, drug free adults) were studied while resting in a comfortable lounger. Methods: Tobacco smokers abstained from Smoking and all subjects abstained from caffeine-containing products for at least 8 h prior to testing. The smokers each smoked one Tobacco cigarette, and the non-smokers each inhaled air through an unlit sham cigarette. Right pupil diameter, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before and after sham- or Tobacco-Smoking in each subject. Pupil size was measured from a colored photograph taken with a Polaroid camera equipped with a high-speed flash with the subject in a standardized, dimly lit quiet room. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline pupil diameter between non-smokers and smokers prior to sham- or Tobacco-Smoking. After sham- or Tobacco-Smoking, both non-smokers and smokers showed slight but statistically significant pupillary constriction. Conclusions: Shortly after Smoking one Tobacco cigarette, pupillary constriction was greater than after sham-Smoking.
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Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Neuropsychopharmacology: Some Future Research Directions
Neuropsychopharmacology, 1998Co-Authors: E F DominoAbstract:Although nicotine is acknowledged as the major pharmacologically active chemical in Tobacco that accounts for its continued use, there is a need for much further research. It is necessary to systematically compare the complex pharmacological actions of pure nicotine with those of Tobacco, using different routes of administration and, therefore, rates of absorption. Tobacco Smoking produces several important behavioral and central nervous system effects. More research is needed to determine the role of nicotine versus the many other substances present in Tobacco smoke. Although nicotine is the primary pharmacological agent in Tobacco that maintains its use, other chemicals and their biological mechanisms involved in Tobacco Smoking need to be studied further.
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Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the topographic EEG I
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 1994Co-Authors: E F Domino, Shigeaki MatsuokaAbstract:Abstract Domino, Edward F., Mona Riskalla, Yingfan Zhang and Edsel Kim. Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the topographic EEG II. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1992, 16(4):463–482. 1. 1. Tobacco smokers are well aware of the long term hazards of Tobacco Smoking, yet they continue to smoke. Presumably people smoke because of short term gains due to nicotine. 2. 2. The mechanism by which nicotine is a drug reinforcer still needs a great deal of study. The specific aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Tobacco Smoking on the topographic EEG of 12 hr deprived heavy Tobacco smokers. 3. 3. Seven normal adult Tobacco smokers of mixed sex were recruited into the study and compared with six normal nonsmokers of similar age and sex. 4. 4. A Grass Model 8-24D EEG and 16 different scalp monopolar electrodes were used to record the EEG using both ears as reference before and after Smoking. EKG lead II was recorded on channel 17. Blood pressure was measured by auscultation. Exhaled CO was measured using a CO detector. Computer analysis of the EEG data was run off line on a Zenith 386 25 microcomputer using RHYTHM 7.1. The same system was used to store the EEG in digitized form. The maximum number of 4 sec artifact free epochs in a 3 min recording period with eyes open and then closed was used before and after low and high nicotine Tobacco or sham Smoking. 5. 5. The hypothesis of this research was confirmed, i.e., that Tobacco Smoking of high nicotine cigarettes (about 2.0 mg/cigarette) would cause a shift in EEG alpha rhythm to higher frequencies in more diffuse midline cortical structures. In other studies an increase in alpha rhythm has been correlated with an awake relaxed behavioral state. 6. 6. A heart rate increase was a more sensitive index of Tobacco Smoking than an increase in arterial blood pressure. Exhaled Smoking CO levels correlated with the nicotine and tar content of the cigarette.
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Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the Hoffmann Reflex
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993Co-Authors: Chitoshi Kadoya, Shigeaki Matsuoka, E F DominoAbstract:Ten normal adult Tobacco Smoking volunteers 21 to 32 years of age were the subjects of this study. They were asked not to smoke for 12 hours prior to testing. The Hoffmann (H) reflex and its recovery cycle were measured before and just after Smoking (on different days) one nonfiltered, zero, low (0.27 mg), or high (2.16 mg) nicotine Tobacco cigarette. After Smoking the nicotine-containing cigarettes, the subjects showed a reduction of the H reflex recovery cycle. Individual differences were marked. Nevertheless, the data obtained are consistent with evidence in animals that nicotine and Tobacco smoke stimulate Renshaw inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, either directly or indirectly. This technique provides another objective measure of the effects of Tobacco Smoking in human volunteers.
P G Gopi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tobacco Smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis
Thorax, 2002Co-Authors: C Kolappan, P G GopiAbstract:Background: The prevalence of tuberculosis in adult men in India is 2–4 times higher than in women. Tobacco Smoking is prevalent almost exclusively among men, so it is possible that Tobacco Smoking may be a risk factor for developing pulmonary tuberculosis. A nested case control study was carried out to study the association between Tobacco Smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: A tuberculosis disease survey was carried out in two Panchayat unions in the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu in India. Eighty five men aged 20–50 years with bacteriological tuberculosis (smear and/or culture positive) were selected as cases and 459 age matched men without tuberculosis were selected randomly as controls. Information on Smoking status, type of Tobacco smoked, quantity of Tobacco smoked, and duration of Tobacco Smoking was collected from cases and controls using a questionnaire. Results: The estimated crude odds ratio (OR) of the association between Tobacco Smoking and bacillary tuberculosis was 2.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 4.37), p 20/day) smokers were 1.75, 3.17, and 3.68, respectively (p 20 years of Smoking were 1.72, 2.45, and 3.23, respectively (p Conclusion: There is a positive association between Tobacco Smoking and pulmonary (bacillary) tuberculosis (OR 2.5). The association also shows a strong dose-response relationship.
