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Hanna Mizgajska-wiktor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular data reveal cryptic speciation and host specificity in Toxascaris leonina (Nematoda: Ascarididae)
Veterinary Parasitology, 2019Co-Authors: Renata Fogt-wyrwas, Bogumiła Pilarczyk, Miroslawa Dabert, Wojciech Jarosz, Izabela Rząd, Hanna Mizgajska-wiktorAbstract:Toxascaris leonina (Ascarididae) is a cosmopolitan and polyxenical parasite whose host are canids and felids. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies included toxascarid representatives collected only from dogs or felids, therefore the intra-species differences between T. leonina collected from different host species has not been noticed. In this paper, we test the hypothesis of cryptic speciation in the T. leonina complex based on extended sequence data (ITS1, nad1, cox1) and individuals collected from dogs, felids and foxes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered T. leonina representatives into three well-supported clades depending on their host species, i.e. dogs and wolves, wild felids and foxes. Both genetic distances and the barcoding-gap analysis strongly support the species status of populations inhabiting different hosts. The results suggest additional genetic separation in felids. However, to determine the actual size of the Toxascaris complex, it would be necessary to analyse individuals collected from other canid and felid Toxascaris leonina host species.
J.l. Guillén - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cross-reactions of sera from Toxascaris leonina and Ascaris suum infected mice with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Ascaris suum antigens
International journal for parasitology, 1995Co-Authors: Carmen Cuéllar, S. Fenoy, J.l. GuillénAbstract:Abstract The ELISA method using larval ES products and homogenized Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Ascaris suum adult worms extract, was used to determine the possible cross-reactions in BALB c and C57BL 10 mice inoculated with embryonated eggs or adult worms extract of T. leonina or A. suum in single and multiple doses. When we used sera of mice infected with embryonated eggs of T. leonina against different heterologous Ag, no cross-reactions against T. canis ES and A. suum ES Ag were observed using a single dose. Similarly, in multiple doses no response against T. canis ES Ag was observed. In mice inoculated with adult worms extract of T. leonina cross-reactions with T. canis ES and A. suum ES Ag did not occur. Sera from BALB c mice infected with embryonated eggs of A. suum, was tested using ES Ag from both A. suum and T. canis and no reactions were observed. This fact confirmed the resistance of this murine strain to A. suum embryonated eggs. When we used sera of susceptible C57BL 10 mice infected against different heterologous Ag, we observed no cross-reactions against T. canis ES Ag. In the case of both BALB c and C57BL 10 mice immunized with a single dose of A. suum adult crude extract no cross-reactions were seen against ES T. canis Ag and with sera from C57BL 10 mice against ES T. leonina. These facts confirmed the specificity of the ES T. canis Ag.
Steffen Rehbein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy against nematode infections and safety of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets in domestic dogs under field conditions in Europe
Parasitology Research, 2017Co-Authors: Steffen Rehbein, Martin Knaus, Yasmina Mallouk, Tatjana Breiltgens, Emanuele Brianti, Balázs Capári, Filipe Dantas-torres, Anja Joachim, Karl-heinz Kaulfuß, Zvezdelina KirkovaAbstract:Afoxolaner (AFX) plus milbemycin oxime (MO) combination chewable tablets (NexGard Spectra®, Merial) were evaluated for safety and efficacy against naturally acquired nematode infections in domestic dogs in a multi-centre, positive control, blinded field study using a randomized block design based on the order of presentation for allocation. In total, 408 dogs confirmed positive for naturally acquired infections of intestinal nematodes by pre-treatment faecal examination were studied in ten countries in Europe (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia). Pre-treatment faecal examination revealed Toxocara , Toxascaris , hookworm, Trichuris and/or Capillaria nematode infections in 134, 30, 223, 155 and 14 dogs, respectively. Dogs were allocated to one of two treatment groups in a ratio of 1, AFX + MO chewables (≥2.5 mg AFX + ≥0.5 mg MO per kg body weight, according to dose bands; 207 dogs), and 1, MO plus praziquantel (PRZ) chewables (Milbemax®, Novartis; ≥0.5 mg MO + ≥5 mg PRZ per kg body weight, according to the manufacturer’s instructions; 201 dogs) and treated once. For evaluation of efficacy based on reduction of faecal nematode egg counts, two faecal samples, one collected prior to treatment and one collected 9 to 21 days after treatment, were examined using modified McMaster techniques. For evaluation of systemic safety, dogs were examined by a veterinarian before treatment administration and at study end, and dog owners observed the health status of their dogs until the end of the study and reported any abnormal observation. For dogs treated with AFX + MO chewables, the efficacy was 99.7, 99.7, 97.2, 99.7 and 99.7 % for Toxocara , Toxascaris , hookworm, Trichuris and Capillaria , respectively; and the efficacy was 99.5, 99.4, 94.3, 99.9 and 98.0 %, respectively, for the MO + PRZ-treated dogs ( p ≤ 0.002 for all nematodes and both treatments). For Toxocara , hookworm and Trichuris , non-inferiority analysis demonstrated that the efficacy of AFX + MO chewable tablets was equal to or better than that of MO + PRZ. In spite that both treatments were ≥98 % efficacious against Toxascaris and Capillaria , a hypothesis of non-inferiority for both genera could not be established due to the low number of dogs infected with these parasites. No treatment-related adverse experiences were observed throughout the study. For both treatments, all dogs were given a systemic safety score of ‘excellent’ apart from one dog in each treatment group which received a score of ‘acceptable’. AFX + MO combination chewables were shown to be safe and demonstrated a high level of efficacy when administered once to dogs infected with a broad range of parasitic nematodes under field conditions.
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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel against experimental infections of Toxascaris leonina in cats☆
Veterinary parasitology, 2014Co-Authors: Martin Knaus, S. Theodore Chester, Rosentel Joseph K, Martin Visser, Steffen RehbeinAbstract:a b s t r a c t , Merial) was evaluated against adult Toxascaris leon- ina ascarids in experimentally infected cats in two controlled studies under an identical protocol. For each study, 30 nematode-naive, purpose-bred European Short Hair cats were inoculated orally with approximately 300 larvated T. leonina eggs. Twenty-two and 24 cats, respectively, that were shown to be positive for Toxascaris eggs by pre-treatment faecal examination were subsequently included in the two studies. In each study, the animals were allocated randomly to an untreated (control) group or to a treatment group. The treatment was a novel topical combination: fipronil (8.3%, w/v), (S)-methoprene (10%, w/v), eprinomectin (0.4% w/v) and praziquantel (8.3% w/v). Treatment was applied on Day 0 at 0.12 mL/kg bodyweight. For parasite recovery and count, cats were euthanized humanely seven days after treatment and necropsied. All untreated cats harboured adult T. leonina (range, 1-31 nematodes). The treatment provided a high level of efficacy against adult T. leonina in both studies (95.8% and 98.1%, respectively p < 0.001). All cats accepted the treatment well based on hourly post-treatment observations for 4 h and daily observations thereafter. No adverse experiences or other health problems were observed throughout the studies. Thus the data indicate that this novel combination product will provide a safe and effective treatment against T. leonina in cats. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Christina Strube - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogenetic relationships among Toxocara spp. and Toxascaris sp. from different regions of the world.
Veterinary parasitology, 2020Co-Authors: Natália M. N. Fava, Christina Strube, Xing-quan Zhu, Márcia Cristina Cury, Hudson Andrade Dos Santos, Nao Takeuchi-storm, Kensuke Taira, Irina M. Odoevskaya, Olga Panovag, Teresa Letra MateusAbstract:Abstract Toxocara and Toxascaris are parasitic nematodes that infect canids and felids although species of the genus Toxocara also infect humans. This work aimed to establish the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationship between specimens of T. canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis and Toxascaris leonina and to evaluate the degree of host specificity. In total, 437 samples (adults and pools of eggs) were collected from canids and felids from eight countries. Parasites were identified by morphology, PCR linked Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial gene cox1. Phylogenetic trees were constructed and genetic distance among isolates was estimated. Based on the molecular characterization all worms were identified in agreement with their respective hosts with the exception of three samples; two from cats and one from dogs identified as T. canis and T. cati, respectively. There was no clear geographical clustering of the samples despite this study including parasites from three continents. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use molecular methods to identify T. canis in cats and T. cati in dogs with host specificity being the most common finding. Our developed PCR-RFLP method was found to be a facile and reliable method for identifying Toxocara species.
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Helminth Fauna in Captive European Gray Wolves (Canis lupus lupus) in Germany.
Frontiers in veterinary science, 2017Co-Authors: Johanna Daniela Bindke, Andrea Springer, Michael Böer, Christina StrubeAbstract:Captive as well as free-ranging wolves, which are currently recolonizing Germany, may harbor a variety of gastrointestinal parasites. This study investigated endoparasites in captive European gray wolves (Canis lupus lupus) using coproscopical methods. Fecal samples were collected monthly between October 2012 and November 2013 from 18 wolf enclosures in 14 German zoological gardens, representing 72 individual wolves. In total, 1,041 fecal samples including 26 bulk samples were analyzed by the sedimentation and flotation method. The most frequently detected egg morphotypes included five nematodes [Ancylostomatidae (Ancylostoma or Uncinaria spp.), Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, and Capillaria/Eucoleus spp.], one cestode (Taeniidae) and one trematode (Alaria alata). 44.76% of all samples were positive for at least one of these egg morphotypes. Overall, Ancylostomatidae showed the highest frequency (30.84% of all samples), followed by Capillaria/Eucoleus spp. (19.88%), Toxocara canis (5.19%), taeniids (3.75%), Trichuris vulpis and Alaria alata (3.65% each), and Toxascaris leonina (1.25%). As fecal samples were collected from the environment and could not be assigned to individual wolves, sample results were combined per zoo and month. General linear mixed models were employed to analyze the effect of season and management factors on the occurrence of Ancylostomatidae, Capillaria/Eucoleus spp., Toxocara canis and taeniids. No statistically significant effect of season was found, whereas anthelmintic treatment negatively affected Ancylostomatidae egg excretion. Detected parasites and their prevalences are comparable to previous studies on wolf parasitism conducted elsewhere in Europe. As many of the most prevalent helminths are of zoonotic importance, routine anthelmintic treatment of captive wolves should be recommended.
Renata Fogt-wyrwas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular data reveal cryptic speciation and host specificity in Toxascaris leonina (Nematoda: Ascarididae)
Veterinary Parasitology, 2019Co-Authors: Renata Fogt-wyrwas, Bogumiła Pilarczyk, Miroslawa Dabert, Wojciech Jarosz, Izabela Rząd, Hanna Mizgajska-wiktorAbstract:Toxascaris leonina (Ascarididae) is a cosmopolitan and polyxenical parasite whose host are canids and felids. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies included toxascarid representatives collected only from dogs or felids, therefore the intra-species differences between T. leonina collected from different host species has not been noticed. In this paper, we test the hypothesis of cryptic speciation in the T. leonina complex based on extended sequence data (ITS1, nad1, cox1) and individuals collected from dogs, felids and foxes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered T. leonina representatives into three well-supported clades depending on their host species, i.e. dogs and wolves, wild felids and foxes. Both genetic distances and the barcoding-gap analysis strongly support the species status of populations inhabiting different hosts. The results suggest additional genetic separation in felids. However, to determine the actual size of the Toxascaris complex, it would be necessary to analyse individuals collected from other canid and felid Toxascaris leonina host species.
