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T Braunbeck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • oecd validation study to assess intra and inter laboratory reproducibility of the zebrafish embryo Toxicity Test for acute aquatic Toxicity Testing
    Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Francois Busquet, Gregory J Carr, Jane M Rawlings, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck, Ruben Strecker, P H Cenijn, Przemyslaw Fochtman, Anne Gourmelon, Nicole Hubler
    Abstract:

    Abstract The OECD validation study of the zebrafish embryo acute Toxicity Test (ZFET) for acute aquatic Toxicity Testing evaluated the ZFET reproducibility by Testing 20 chemicals at 5 different concentrations in 3 independent runs in at least 3 laboratories. Stock solutions and Test concentrations were analytically confirmed for 11 chemicals. Newly fertilised zebrafish eggs (20/concentration and control) were exposed for 96 h to chemicals. Four apical endpoints were recorded daily as indicators of acute lethality: coagulation of the embryo, lack of somite formation, non-detachment of the tail bud from the yolk sac and lack of heartbeat. Results (LC50 values for 48/96 h exposure) show that the ZFET is a robust method with a good intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility (CV   30%) for some very toxic or volatile chemicals, and chemicals Tested close to their limit of solubility. The ZFET is now available as OECD Test Guideline 236. Considering the high predictive capacity of the ZFET demonstrated by Belanger et al. (2013) in their retrospective analysis of acute fish Toxicity and fish embryo acute Toxicity data, the ZFET is ready to be considered for acute fish Toxicity for regulatory purposes.

  • the fish embryo Toxicity Test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research
    Aquatic Toxicology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Michelle R Embry, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck, Malyka Galayburgos, Marlies Halder, David E Hinton, Marc Leonard, Adam Lillicrap, Teresa J Norbergking, Graham Whale
    Abstract:

    Animal alternatives research has historically focused on human safety assessments and has only recently been extended to environmental Testing. This is particularly for those assays that involve the use of fish. A number of alternatives are being pursued by the scientific community including the fish embryo Toxicity (FET) Test, a proposed replacement alternative to the acute fish Test. Discussion of the FET methodology and its application in environmental assessments on a global level was needed. With this emerging issue in mind, the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) and the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) held an International Workshop on the Application of the Fish Embryo Test as an Animal Alternative Method in Hazard and Risk Assessment and Scientific Research in March, 2008. The workshop included approximately 40 scientists and regulators representing government, industry, academia, and non-governmental organizations from North America, Europe, and Asia. The goal was to review the state of the science regarding the investigation of fish embryonic Tests, pain and distress in fish, emerging approaches utilizing fish embryos, and the use of fish embryo Toxicity Test data in various types of environmental assessments (e.g., hazard, risk, effluent, and classification and labeling of chemicals). Some specific key outcomes included agreement that risk assessors need fish data for decision-making, that extending the FET to include eluethereombryos was desirable, that relevant endpoints are being used, and that additional endpoints could facilitate additional uses beyond acute Toxicity Testing. The FET was, however, not yet considered validated sensu OECD. An important action step will be to provide guidance on how all fish Tests can be used to assess chemical hazard and to harmonize the diverse terminology used in Test guidelines adopted over the past decades. Use of the FET in context of effluent assessments was considered and it is not known if fish embryos are sufficiently sensitive for consideration as a surrogate to the sub-chronic 7-day larval fish growth and survival Test used in the United States, for example. Addressing these needs by via workshops, research, and additional data reviews were identified for future action by scientists and regulators.

  • development of a flow through system for the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio
    Toxicology in Vitro, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, K Wendler, H G Kamp, V Hisgen, M Koch, D Reinhard, E R Salinas, S Zok, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The acute fish Test is still a mandatory component in chemical hazard and risk assessment. However, one of the objectives of the new European chemicals policy (REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) is to promote non-animal Testing. For whole effluent Testing in Germany, the fish embryo Toxicity Test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been an accepted and mandatory replacement of the fish Test since January 2005. For chemical Testing, however, further optimization of the FET is required to improve the correlation between the acute fish Test and the alternative FET. Since adsorption of the Test chemical to surfaces may reduce available exposure concentrations, a flow-through system for the FET using modified commercially available polystyrene 24-well microtiter plates was developed, thus combining the advantages of the standard FET with those of continuous delivery of Test substances. The advantages of the design presented include: small Test footprint, availability of adequate volumes of Test solution for subsequent chemical analysis, and sufficient flow to compensate for effects of non-specific adsorption within 24h. The flow-through Test system can also be utilized to conduct longer-term embryo larval fish Tests, thus offering the possibility for teratogenicity Testing.

  • is the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio a potential alternative for the fish acute Toxicity Test
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, Gregory J Carr, K Wendler, Jane M Rawlings, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The fish acute Toxicity Test is a mandatory component in the base set of data requirements for ecoToxicity Testing. The fish acute Toxicity Test is not compatible with most current animal welfare legislation because mortality is the primary endpoint and it is often hypothesized that fish suffer distress and perhaps pain. Animal alternative considerations have also been incorporated into new European REACH regulations through strong advocacy for the reduction of Testing with live animals. One of the most promising alternative approaches to classical acute fish Toxicity Testing with live fish is the fish embryo Toxicity (FET) Test. The FET has been a mandatory component in routine whole effluent Testing in Germany since 2005 and has already been standardized at the international level. In order to analyze the applicability of the FET also in chemical Testing, a comparative re-evaluation of both fish and fish embryo Toxicity data was carried out for a total of 143 substances, and statistical approaches were developed to evaluate the correlation between fish and fish embryo Toxicity data. Results confirm that fish embryo Tests are neither better nor worse than acute fish Toxicity Tests and provide strong scientific support for the FET as a surrogate for the acute fish Toxicity Test.

E Lammer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • development of a flow through system for the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio
    Toxicology in Vitro, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, K Wendler, H G Kamp, V Hisgen, M Koch, D Reinhard, E R Salinas, S Zok, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The acute fish Test is still a mandatory component in chemical hazard and risk assessment. However, one of the objectives of the new European chemicals policy (REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) is to promote non-animal Testing. For whole effluent Testing in Germany, the fish embryo Toxicity Test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been an accepted and mandatory replacement of the fish Test since January 2005. For chemical Testing, however, further optimization of the FET is required to improve the correlation between the acute fish Test and the alternative FET. Since adsorption of the Test chemical to surfaces may reduce available exposure concentrations, a flow-through system for the FET using modified commercially available polystyrene 24-well microtiter plates was developed, thus combining the advantages of the standard FET with those of continuous delivery of Test substances. The advantages of the design presented include: small Test footprint, availability of adequate volumes of Test solution for subsequent chemical analysis, and sufficient flow to compensate for effects of non-specific adsorption within 24h. The flow-through Test system can also be utilized to conduct longer-term embryo larval fish Tests, thus offering the possibility for teratogenicity Testing.

  • is the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio a potential alternative for the fish acute Toxicity Test
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, Gregory J Carr, K Wendler, Jane M Rawlings, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The fish acute Toxicity Test is a mandatory component in the base set of data requirements for ecoToxicity Testing. The fish acute Toxicity Test is not compatible with most current animal welfare legislation because mortality is the primary endpoint and it is often hypothesized that fish suffer distress and perhaps pain. Animal alternative considerations have also been incorporated into new European REACH regulations through strong advocacy for the reduction of Testing with live animals. One of the most promising alternative approaches to classical acute fish Toxicity Testing with live fish is the fish embryo Toxicity (FET) Test. The FET has been a mandatory component in routine whole effluent Testing in Germany since 2005 and has already been standardized at the international level. In order to analyze the applicability of the FET also in chemical Testing, a comparative re-evaluation of both fish and fish embryo Toxicity data was carried out for a total of 143 substances, and statistical approaches were developed to evaluate the correlation between fish and fish embryo Toxicity data. Results confirm that fish embryo Tests are neither better nor worse than acute fish Toxicity Tests and provide strong scientific support for the FET as a surrogate for the acute fish Toxicity Test.

K Wendler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • development of a flow through system for the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio
    Toxicology in Vitro, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, K Wendler, H G Kamp, V Hisgen, M Koch, D Reinhard, E R Salinas, S Zok, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The acute fish Test is still a mandatory component in chemical hazard and risk assessment. However, one of the objectives of the new European chemicals policy (REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) is to promote non-animal Testing. For whole effluent Testing in Germany, the fish embryo Toxicity Test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been an accepted and mandatory replacement of the fish Test since January 2005. For chemical Testing, however, further optimization of the FET is required to improve the correlation between the acute fish Test and the alternative FET. Since adsorption of the Test chemical to surfaces may reduce available exposure concentrations, a flow-through system for the FET using modified commercially available polystyrene 24-well microtiter plates was developed, thus combining the advantages of the standard FET with those of continuous delivery of Test substances. The advantages of the design presented include: small Test footprint, availability of adequate volumes of Test solution for subsequent chemical analysis, and sufficient flow to compensate for effects of non-specific adsorption within 24h. The flow-through Test system can also be utilized to conduct longer-term embryo larval fish Tests, thus offering the possibility for teratogenicity Testing.

  • is the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio a potential alternative for the fish acute Toxicity Test
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, Gregory J Carr, K Wendler, Jane M Rawlings, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The fish acute Toxicity Test is a mandatory component in the base set of data requirements for ecoToxicity Testing. The fish acute Toxicity Test is not compatible with most current animal welfare legislation because mortality is the primary endpoint and it is often hypothesized that fish suffer distress and perhaps pain. Animal alternative considerations have also been incorporated into new European REACH regulations through strong advocacy for the reduction of Testing with live animals. One of the most promising alternative approaches to classical acute fish Toxicity Testing with live fish is the fish embryo Toxicity (FET) Test. The FET has been a mandatory component in routine whole effluent Testing in Germany since 2005 and has already been standardized at the international level. In order to analyze the applicability of the FET also in chemical Testing, a comparative re-evaluation of both fish and fish embryo Toxicity data was carried out for a total of 143 substances, and statistical approaches were developed to evaluate the correlation between fish and fish embryo Toxicity data. Results confirm that fish embryo Tests are neither better nor worse than acute fish Toxicity Tests and provide strong scientific support for the FET as a surrogate for the acute fish Toxicity Test.

Scott E Belanger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • oecd validation study to assess intra and inter laboratory reproducibility of the zebrafish embryo Toxicity Test for acute aquatic Toxicity Testing
    Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Francois Busquet, Gregory J Carr, Jane M Rawlings, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck, Ruben Strecker, P H Cenijn, Przemyslaw Fochtman, Anne Gourmelon, Nicole Hubler
    Abstract:

    Abstract The OECD validation study of the zebrafish embryo acute Toxicity Test (ZFET) for acute aquatic Toxicity Testing evaluated the ZFET reproducibility by Testing 20 chemicals at 5 different concentrations in 3 independent runs in at least 3 laboratories. Stock solutions and Test concentrations were analytically confirmed for 11 chemicals. Newly fertilised zebrafish eggs (20/concentration and control) were exposed for 96 h to chemicals. Four apical endpoints were recorded daily as indicators of acute lethality: coagulation of the embryo, lack of somite formation, non-detachment of the tail bud from the yolk sac and lack of heartbeat. Results (LC50 values for 48/96 h exposure) show that the ZFET is a robust method with a good intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility (CV   30%) for some very toxic or volatile chemicals, and chemicals Tested close to their limit of solubility. The ZFET is now available as OECD Test Guideline 236. Considering the high predictive capacity of the ZFET demonstrated by Belanger et al. (2013) in their retrospective analysis of acute fish Toxicity and fish embryo acute Toxicity data, the ZFET is ready to be considered for acute fish Toxicity for regulatory purposes.

  • the fish embryo Toxicity Test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research
    Aquatic Toxicology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Michelle R Embry, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck, Malyka Galayburgos, Marlies Halder, David E Hinton, Marc Leonard, Adam Lillicrap, Teresa J Norbergking, Graham Whale
    Abstract:

    Animal alternatives research has historically focused on human safety assessments and has only recently been extended to environmental Testing. This is particularly for those assays that involve the use of fish. A number of alternatives are being pursued by the scientific community including the fish embryo Toxicity (FET) Test, a proposed replacement alternative to the acute fish Test. Discussion of the FET methodology and its application in environmental assessments on a global level was needed. With this emerging issue in mind, the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) and the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) held an International Workshop on the Application of the Fish Embryo Test as an Animal Alternative Method in Hazard and Risk Assessment and Scientific Research in March, 2008. The workshop included approximately 40 scientists and regulators representing government, industry, academia, and non-governmental organizations from North America, Europe, and Asia. The goal was to review the state of the science regarding the investigation of fish embryonic Tests, pain and distress in fish, emerging approaches utilizing fish embryos, and the use of fish embryo Toxicity Test data in various types of environmental assessments (e.g., hazard, risk, effluent, and classification and labeling of chemicals). Some specific key outcomes included agreement that risk assessors need fish data for decision-making, that extending the FET to include eluethereombryos was desirable, that relevant endpoints are being used, and that additional endpoints could facilitate additional uses beyond acute Toxicity Testing. The FET was, however, not yet considered validated sensu OECD. An important action step will be to provide guidance on how all fish Tests can be used to assess chemical hazard and to harmonize the diverse terminology used in Test guidelines adopted over the past decades. Use of the FET in context of effluent assessments was considered and it is not known if fish embryos are sufficiently sensitive for consideration as a surrogate to the sub-chronic 7-day larval fish growth and survival Test used in the United States, for example. Addressing these needs by via workshops, research, and additional data reviews were identified for future action by scientists and regulators.

  • is the fish embryo Toxicity Test fet with the zebrafish danio rerio a potential alternative for the fish acute Toxicity Test
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Lammer, Gregory J Carr, K Wendler, Jane M Rawlings, Scott E Belanger, T Braunbeck
    Abstract:

    The fish acute Toxicity Test is a mandatory component in the base set of data requirements for ecoToxicity Testing. The fish acute Toxicity Test is not compatible with most current animal welfare legislation because mortality is the primary endpoint and it is often hypothesized that fish suffer distress and perhaps pain. Animal alternative considerations have also been incorporated into new European REACH regulations through strong advocacy for the reduction of Testing with live animals. One of the most promising alternative approaches to classical acute fish Toxicity Testing with live fish is the fish embryo Toxicity (FET) Test. The FET has been a mandatory component in routine whole effluent Testing in Germany since 2005 and has already been standardized at the international level. In order to analyze the applicability of the FET also in chemical Testing, a comparative re-evaluation of both fish and fish embryo Toxicity data was carried out for a total of 143 substances, and statistical approaches were developed to evaluate the correlation between fish and fish embryo Toxicity data. Results confirm that fish embryo Tests are neither better nor worse than acute fish Toxicity Tests and provide strong scientific support for the FET as a surrogate for the acute fish Toxicity Test.

Phillip R Scheuerman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.