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C. Jaco Klok - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Developmental plasticity and stability in the tracheal networks supplying Drosophila flight muscle in response to rearing oxygen level.
Journal of insect physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Jon F. Harrison, James S. Waters, Taylor A. Biddulph, Aleksandra Kovacevic, C. Jaco Klok, John J. SochaAbstract:While it is clear that the insect tracheal system can respond in a compensatory manner to both hypoxia and hyperoxia, there is substantial variation in how different parts of the system respond. However, the response of tracheal structures, from the Tracheoles to the largest tracheal trunks, have not been studied within one species. In this study, we examined the effect of larval/pupal rearing in hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia (10, 21 or 40kPa oxygen) on body size and the tracheal supply to the flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster, using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT) to assess flight muscle volumes and the major tracheal trunks, and confocal microscopy to assess the Tracheoles. Hypoxic rearing decreased thorax length whereas hyperoxic-rearing decreased flight muscle volumes, suggestive of negative effects of both extremes. Tomography at the broad organismal scale revealed no evidence for enlargement of the major tracheae in response to lower rearing oxygen levels, although tracheal size scaled with muscle volume. However, using confocal imaging, we found a strong inverse relationship between Tracheole density within the flight muscles and rearing oxygen level, and shorter tracheolar branch lengths in hypoxic-reared animals. Although prior studies of larger tracheae in other insects indicate that axial diffusing capacity should be constant with sequential generations of branching, this pattern was not found in the fine tracheolar networks, perhaps due to the increasing importance of radial diffusion in this regime. Overall, D. melanogaster responded to rearing oxygen level with compensatory morphological changes in the small tracheae and Tracheoles, but retained stability in most of the other structural components of the tracheal supply to the flight muscles.
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TRACHEAE & TracheoleS: A FORTUITOUS DISCOVERY REFINES A KEY DEFINITION
Journal of Experimental Biology, 2011Co-Authors: C. Jaco KlokAbstract:![Figure][1] It is always interesting when a seemingly minor study actually contributes significantly to our understanding of a key concept in animal biology. A key concept in the field of insect respiratory biology is understanding the structure, function and formation of the insect tracheal
Michael Locke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The localization of surface integument peptides in tracheae and Tracheoles
Journal of Insect Physiology, 1994Co-Authors: Mikos Sass, Agnes Kiss, Michael LockeAbstract:Abstract The surface epidermis of the caterpillar of Calpodes ethlius is involved with four routing classes of peptide. It secretes peptides apically into the cuticle (C), basally into the hemolymph (H), some in both directions (BD) and a fourth class (T), presumed to be transported to the cuticle across the epidermis from the hemolymph. These peptides were isolated from lamellate endocuticle or hemolymph. We have now located them in tracheae and Tracheoles by immunoblotting and immunogold labeling, where they are associated with other kinds of cuticle. Tracheae contain peptides from all four classes. Tracheal cuticle contains the surface cuticle peptides C180, 55, 43, 36, 30, 17 and 11 kDa peptides, which they presumably make, since these peptides are not present in the hemolymph. They also contain H235 and H45, BD89, 82, and 53, and T66, which could have been synthesized or transported across the tracheal epithelium from the hemolymph. The finding that a particular peptide can be basally directed by the surface epidermis but apical in tracheae shows that routing direction varies with the tissue. The peptides localized in tracheal cuticle fall into one of three main categories in relation to chitin. Chitin occurs in the taenidia and the rest of the cuticle but not in the taenidial cushion. Some C peptides only occur associated with chitin in taenidia (C17 and 30). Other C peptides (C180, 55, 43, 36 and 11) and T66 are in the general matrix with and without chitin. H and BD peptides are restricted to non-chitinous cuticle of the taenidial cushion. Tracheoles also contain surface cuticle peptides together with chitin in taenidia. C30 and C17 are associated with taenidial chitin as they are in tracheae. C180, 55 and 11 and H235, occur where chitin is absent below and between taenidia.
Craig R. White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Symmorphosis and the insect respiratory system: a comparison between flight and hopping muscle
Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Edward P. Snelling, Roger S. Seymour, Sue Runciman, Philip G. D. Matthews, Craig R. WhiteAbstract:Weibel and Taylor's theory of symmorphosis predicts that the structural components of the respiratory system are quantitatively adjusted to satisfy, but not exceed, an animal's maximum requirement for oxygen. We tested this in the respiratory system of the adult migratory locust Locusta migratoria by comparing the aerobic capacity of hopping and flight muscle with the morphology of the oxygen cascade. Maximum oxygen uptake by flight muscle during tethered flight is 967±76 μmol h−1 g−1 (body mass specific, ±95% confidence interval CI), whereas the hopping muscles consume a maximum of 158±8 μmol h−1 g−1 during jumping. The 6.1-fold difference in aerobic capacity between the two muscles is matched by a 6.4-fold difference in Tracheole lumen volume, which is 3.5×108±1.2×108 μm3 g−1 in flight muscle and 5.5×107±1.8×107 μm3 g−1 in the hopping muscles, a 6.4-fold difference in Tracheole inner cuticle surface area, which is 3.2×109±1.1×109 μm2 g−1 in flight muscle and 5.0×108±1.7×108 μm2 g−1 in the hopping muscles, and a 6.8-fold difference in Tracheole radial diffusing capacity, which is 113±47 μmol kPa−1 h−1 g−1 in flight muscle and 16.7±6.5 μmol kPa−1 h−1 g−1 in the hopping muscles. However, there is little congruence between the 6.1-fold difference in aerobic capacity and the 19.8-fold difference in mitochondrial volume, which is 3.2×1010±3.9×109 μm3 g−1 in flight muscle and only 1.6×109±1.4×108 μm3 g−1 in the hopping muscles. Therefore, symmorphosis is upheld in the design of the tracheal system, but not in relation to the amount of mitochondria, which might be due to other factors operating at the molecular level.
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Symmorphosis and the insect respiratory system: a comparison
2012Co-Authors: Edward P. Snelling, Roger S. Seymour, Sue Runciman, Philip G. D. Matthews, Craig R. WhiteAbstract:12 13 SUMMARY 14 Weibel and Taylor"s theory of symmorphosis predicts that the structural components of the 15 respiratory system are quantitatively adjusted to satisfy, but not exceed, an animal"s maximum 16 requirement for oxygen. We test this in the respiratory system of the adult migratory locust Locusta 17 migratoria by comparing the aerobic capacity of hopping and flight muscle with the morphology of 18 the oxygen cascade. Maximum oxygen uptake by flight muscle during tethered-flight is 967 76 19 mol h -1 g -1 (body mass-specific, 95% CI), whereas the hopping muscles consume a maximum of 20 158 8 during jumping. The 6.1-fold difference in aerobic capacity between the two muscles is 21 matched by a 6.4-fold difference in Tracheole lumen volume, which is 3.5×10 8 1.2×10 8 m 3 g -1 in 22 flight muscle and 5.5×10 7 1.8×10 7 in the hopping muscles, a 6.4-fold difference in Tracheole inner 23 cuticle surface area, which is 3.2×10 9 1.1×10 9 m 2 g -1 in flight muscle and 5.0×10 8 1.7×10 8 in the 24 hopping muscles, and a 6.8-fold difference in Tracheole radial diffusing capacity, which is 113 47 25 mol kPa -1 h -1 g -1 in flight muscle and 16.7 6.5 in the hopping muscles. However, there is little 26
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Symmorphosis and the insect respiratory system: allometric variation.
The Journal of experimental biology, 2011Co-Authors: Edward P. Snelling, Roger S. Seymour, Sue Runciman, Philip G. D. Matthews, Craig R. WhiteAbstract:Taylor and Weibel's theory of symmorphosis predicts that structures of the respiratory system are matched to maximum functional requirements with minimal excess capacity. We tested this hypothesis in the respiratory system of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, by comparing the aerobic capacity of the jumping muscles with the morphology of the oxygen cascade in the hopping legs using an intraspecific allometric analysis of different body mass (M(b)) at selected juvenile life stages. The maximum oxygen consumption rate of the hopping muscle during jumping exercise scales as M(b)(1.02±0.02), which parallels the scaling of mitochondrial volume in the hopping muscle, M(b)(1.02±0.08), and the total surface area of inner mitochondrial membrane, M(b)(0.99±0.10). Likewise, at the oxygen supply end of the insect respiratory system, there is congruence between the aerobic capacity of the hopping muscle and the total volume of Tracheoles in the hopping muscle, M(b)(0.99±0.16), the total inner surface area of the Tracheoles, M(b)(0.99±0.16), and the anatomical radial diffusing capacity of the Tracheoles, M(b)(0.99±0.18). Therefore, the principles of symmorphosis are upheld at each step of the oxygen cascade in the respiratory system of the migratory locust.
Jon F. Harrison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Developmental plasticity and stability in the tracheal networks supplying Drosophila flight muscle in response to rearing oxygen level.
Journal of insect physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Jon F. Harrison, James S. Waters, Taylor A. Biddulph, Aleksandra Kovacevic, C. Jaco Klok, John J. SochaAbstract:While it is clear that the insect tracheal system can respond in a compensatory manner to both hypoxia and hyperoxia, there is substantial variation in how different parts of the system respond. However, the response of tracheal structures, from the Tracheoles to the largest tracheal trunks, have not been studied within one species. In this study, we examined the effect of larval/pupal rearing in hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia (10, 21 or 40kPa oxygen) on body size and the tracheal supply to the flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster, using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT) to assess flight muscle volumes and the major tracheal trunks, and confocal microscopy to assess the Tracheoles. Hypoxic rearing decreased thorax length whereas hyperoxic-rearing decreased flight muscle volumes, suggestive of negative effects of both extremes. Tomography at the broad organismal scale revealed no evidence for enlargement of the major tracheae in response to lower rearing oxygen levels, although tracheal size scaled with muscle volume. However, using confocal imaging, we found a strong inverse relationship between Tracheole density within the flight muscles and rearing oxygen level, and shorter tracheolar branch lengths in hypoxic-reared animals. Although prior studies of larger tracheae in other insects indicate that axial diffusing capacity should be constant with sequential generations of branching, this pattern was not found in the fine tracheolar networks, perhaps due to the increasing importance of radial diffusion in this regime. Overall, D. melanogaster responded to rearing oxygen level with compensatory morphological changes in the small tracheae and Tracheoles, but retained stability in most of the other structural components of the tracheal supply to the flight muscles.
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Chapter 256 – Tracheal System
Encyclopedia of Insects, 2009Co-Authors: Jon F. HarrisonAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter describes tracheal system of insects. Insects have a tracheal respiratory system in which oxygen and carbon dioxide travel primarily through air-filled tubes called tracheae. Usually the tracheal system penetrates the cuticle via closeable valves called spiracles and ends near or within the tissues in tiny tubes called Tracheoles. The tracheae primarily serve as pipes that transport gases between the spiracles and the Tracheoles, whereas the thin-walled Tracheoles are thought to be the main sites of gas exchange with the tissues. However, in many insects, the tracheae are compressible, and dilations of the tracheae form thin walled air sacs that together serve as bellows for enhancing the flow of gases through the tracheal system. In general, the size of the tracheal system increases with age in order to support the increased gas exchange needs of the larger insect. Major changes in tracheal structure, including changes in spiracle number and tracheal system organization, can occur at each molt and during the pupal period for endopterygote insects. The organization of the tracheal system varies dramatically among insects, with spiracle number ranging from 0 to 20 and with tracheal branching patterns varying widely across species, between body regions, and during the developmental stages of holometabolous insects.
Mikos Sass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The localization of surface integument peptides in tracheae and Tracheoles
Journal of Insect Physiology, 1994Co-Authors: Mikos Sass, Agnes Kiss, Michael LockeAbstract:Abstract The surface epidermis of the caterpillar of Calpodes ethlius is involved with four routing classes of peptide. It secretes peptides apically into the cuticle (C), basally into the hemolymph (H), some in both directions (BD) and a fourth class (T), presumed to be transported to the cuticle across the epidermis from the hemolymph. These peptides were isolated from lamellate endocuticle or hemolymph. We have now located them in tracheae and Tracheoles by immunoblotting and immunogold labeling, where they are associated with other kinds of cuticle. Tracheae contain peptides from all four classes. Tracheal cuticle contains the surface cuticle peptides C180, 55, 43, 36, 30, 17 and 11 kDa peptides, which they presumably make, since these peptides are not present in the hemolymph. They also contain H235 and H45, BD89, 82, and 53, and T66, which could have been synthesized or transported across the tracheal epithelium from the hemolymph. The finding that a particular peptide can be basally directed by the surface epidermis but apical in tracheae shows that routing direction varies with the tissue. The peptides localized in tracheal cuticle fall into one of three main categories in relation to chitin. Chitin occurs in the taenidia and the rest of the cuticle but not in the taenidial cushion. Some C peptides only occur associated with chitin in taenidia (C17 and 30). Other C peptides (C180, 55, 43, 36 and 11) and T66 are in the general matrix with and without chitin. H and BD peptides are restricted to non-chitinous cuticle of the taenidial cushion. Tracheoles also contain surface cuticle peptides together with chitin in taenidia. C30 and C17 are associated with taenidial chitin as they are in tracheae. C180, 55 and 11 and H235, occur where chitin is absent below and between taenidia.