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Teresa Szklarzewicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular characterization, ultrastructure, and Transovarial Transmission of Tremblaya phenacola in six mealybugs of the Phenacoccinae subfamily (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coccomorpha)
Protoplasma, 2019Co-Authors: Katarzyna Michalik, Beata Grzywacz, Małgorzata Kalandyk-kołodziejczyk, Teresa SzklarzewiczAbstract:Mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) are plant sap-sucking insects which require close association with nutritional microorganisms for their proper development and reproduction. Here, we present the results of histological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses of symbiotic systems of six mealybugs belonging to the Phenacoccinae subfamily: Phenacoccus aceris , Rhodania porifera , Coccura comari , Mirococcus clarus , Peliococcus calluneti , and Ceroputo pilosellae . Molecular analyses based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes have revealed that all the investigated species of Phenacoccinae are host to only one type of symbiotic bacteria—a large pleomorphic betaproteobacteria— Tremblaya phenacola . In all the species examined, bacteria are localized in the specialized cells of the host-insect termed bacteriocytes and are Transovarially transmitted between generations. The mode of Transovarial Transmission is similar in all of the species investigated. Infection takes place in the neck region of the ovariole, between the tropharium and vitellarium. The co-phylogeny between mealybugs and bacteria Tremblaya has been also analyzed.
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Transovarial Transmission of Symbionts in Insects.
Results and problems in cell differentiation, 2017Co-Authors: Teresa Szklarzewicz, Anna MichalikAbstract:Many insects, on account of their unbalanced diet, live in obligate symbiotic associations with microorganisms (bacteria or yeast-like symbionts), which provide them with substances missing in the food they consume. In the body of host insect, symbiotic microorganisms may occur intracellularly (e.g., in specialized cells of mesodermal origin termed bacteriocytes, in fat body cells, in midgut epithelium) or extracellularly (e.g., in hemolymph, in midgut lumen). As a rule, symbionts are vertically transmitted to the next generation. In most insects, symbiotic microorganisms are transferred from mother to offspring Transovarially within female germ cells. The results of numerous ultrastructural and molecular studies on symbiotic systems in different groups of insects have shown that they have a large diversity of symbiotic microorganisms and different strategies of their Transmission from one generation to the next. This chapter reviews the modes of Transovarial Transmission of symbionts between generations in insects.
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Endosymbiotic microorganisms of aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea): Ultrastructure, distribution and Transovarial Transmission
European Journal of Entomology, 2014Co-Authors: Teresa Szklarzewicz, Karina WieczorekAbstract:Aphidoidea, endosymbiotic bacteria, bacteriocytes, Transovarial Transmission of endosymbiotic bacteria The ultrastructure, distribution and Transovarial Transmission of endosymbiotic bacteria in representatives of six aphid families: Eriosomatidae (Pemphigus spyrothecae, Prociphilus fraxini), Anoeciidae [Anoecia (Anoecia) corni], Drepanosiphidae [Mindarus abietinus, Sipha (Rungsia) maydis, Clethrobius comes, Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) walshii], Thelaxidae (Thelaxes dryophila), Aphididae (Delphiniobium junackianum, Aphis viburni, Cavariella theobaldi, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria) and Lachnidae (Schizolachnus pineti, Eulachnus rileyi) were studied at the ultrastructural level. The ovaries of aphids are accompanied by large organs termed bacteriomes that consist of giant cells termed bacteriocytes. The bacteriocyte cytoplasm is tightly packed with endosymbiotic bacteria. Ultrastructural observations have shown that the bacteria Buchnera aphidicola (primary symbiont of aphids) present in various species are characterized by significant differences in both size and organization of their cytoplasm. In the aphids, Prociphilus fraxini, Sipha (Rungsia) maydis, Thelaxes dryophila, Aphis viburni, Cavariella theobaldi, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, Eulachnus rileyi and Schizolachnus pineti, in addition to Buchnera aphidicola, secondary endosymbionts are also present. The bacteriocytes containing secondary endosymbionts are less numerous than those with Buchnera. In Eulachnus rileyi (Lachnidae), in addition to primary and secondary endosymbionts, there is a third type of microorganism. In all species examined both the primary and secondary endosymbionts are Transovarially transmitted from mother to offspring.
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ovary structure and Transovarial Transmission of endosymbiotic microorganisms in marchalina hellenica insecta hemiptera coccomorpha marchalinidae
Acta Zoologica, 2013Co-Authors: Teresa Szklarzewicz, Malgorzata Kalandykkolodziejczyk, Marta Kot, Anna MichalikAbstract:Szklarzewicz, T., Kalandyk-Kolodziejczyk, M., Kot, M. and Michalik, A. 2011. Ovary structure and Transovarial Transmission of endosymbiotic microorganisms in Marchalina hellenica (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Marchalinidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00:1–9. The paired ovaries of Marchalina hellenica are composed of about 200 ovarioles of telotrophic type. In each ovariole, a trophic chamber, vitellarium and ovariolar stalk can be distinguished. The tropharia comprise trophocytes and early previtellogenic oocytes (termed arrested oocytes) or trophocytes only. The arrested oocytes are not capable of further development. In the vitellaria, single oocytes develop that are connected to the tropharium by means of broad nutritive cords. The number of germ cells (trophocytes and oocytes) constituting ovarioles is not constant and may range between 25 and 32. Numerous endosymbiotic bacteria occur in the cytoplasm of trophocytes. The endosymbionts are transported via nutritive cords to the developing oocyte. The obtained results are discussed in a phylogenetic context.
Robert S Lane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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host blood meal dependent growth ensures Transovarial Transmission and transstadial passage of rickettsia sp phylotype g021 in the western black legged tick ixodes pacificus
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 2013Co-Authors: Du Cheng, Robert S Lane, Benjamin D Moore, Jianmin ZhongAbstract:In this study, we explored the growth dynamics of Rickettsia sp. phylotype G021 during Transovarial Transmission and transstadial passage by Ixodes pacificus using real-time quantitative PCR. Four parental engorged I. pacificus females were allowed to complete their developmental stages until the F2-generation eggs yielded unfed larvae. All eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults tested through 2 generations were found to be infected with phylotype G021. Hence, we conclude that the efficiency of Transovarial Transmission and transstadial passage of this phylotype in I. pacificus was 100%. Acquisition of a blood meal by all 3 parasitic stages (larva, nymph, adult) significantly increased the rickettsial burden as fed larvae, nymphs, and adults had respective 19-, 12-, and 313-fold increases of rickettsiae compared with unfed ticks representing each developmental stage. I. pacificus eggs contained high rickettsial burdens at the time of oviposition. While I. pacificus egg cells underwent rapid proliferation during early embryonic development, the rickettsiae remained relatively quiescent, which resulted in depressed numbers of phylotype G021 per tick cell. However, the rickettsial burden remained constant over a period of 56 days, as the rate of I. pacificus cell division slowed during later embryonic development.
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efficiency of Transovarial Transmission of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in the western blacklegged tick ixodes pacificus acari ixodidae
Journal of Medical Entomology, 1993Co-Authors: George B Schoeler, Robert S LaneAbstract:The efficiency of Transovarial Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner was evaluated in Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls collected from two areas of northern California where Lyme disease is endemic. In total, 132 (8.8%) of 1,499 replete females examined by direct immunofluorescence were demonstrated to be infected with B. burgdorferi. Larvae or eggs from 119 of these females were examined for the presence of spirochetes by direct immunofluorescence, placing them in culture, or both; none was found to contain B. burgdorferi. The fecundity of 20 midgutinfected (mean = 874.2) and 20 uninfected (mean = 1,048.3) I. pacificus females did not differ statistically. Likewise, the fertility of infected (mean = 87.0%) and uninfected (mean = 89.9%) females and the mean engorged weights of both groups (infected, 120.8 mg versus uninfected, 132.7 mg), were comparable. The fecundity, fertility, and mean weights of six replete females having ovarian infections, six females having midgut-restricted infections, and six uninfected females were also similar. We conclude that Transovarial Transmission is not efficient for maintaining B. burgdorferi in populations of I. pacificus, a known vector of that pathogen. Infection with the spirochete does not appear to affect either feeding or reproductive success adversely in females of this tick.
Taiyun Wei - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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interaction of viral pathogen with porin channels on the outer membrane of insect bacterial symbionts mediates their joint Transovarial Transmission
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2019Co-Authors: Lingzhi Huang, Dongsheng Jia, Jing Wei, Qianzhuo Mao, Yu Zhao, Qian Zhang, Taiyun WeiAbstract:Many hemipteran insects that can transmit plant viruses in a persistent and Transovarial manner are generally associated with a common obligate bacterial symbiont Sulcia and its β-proteobacterial partner. Rice dwarf virus (RDV), a plant reovirus, can bind to the envelope of Sulcia through direct interaction of the viral minor outer capsid protein P2 with the bacterial outer membrane protein, allowing the virus to exploit the ancient oocyte entry path of Sulcia in rice leafhopper vectors. Here, we show that RDV can hitchhike with both Sulcia and its β-proteobacterial partner Nasuia to ensure their simultaneous Transovarial Transmission. Interestingly, RDV can move through the outer envelope of Nasuia and reside in the periplasmic space, which is mediated by the specific interaction of the viral major outer capsid protein P8 and the porin channel on the bacterial outer envelope. Nasuia porin-specific antibody efficiently interferes with the binding between RDV and the Nasuia envelope, thus strongly preventing viral Transmission to insect offspring. Thus, RDV has evolved different strategies to exploit the ancient oocyte entry paths used by two obligate bacterial symbionts in rice leafhoppers. Our results thus reveal that RDV has formed complex, cooperative interactions with both Sulcia and Nasuia during their joint Transovarial Transmission. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Insect symbiotic bacteria harbour viral pathogens for Transovarial Transmission.
Nature microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Dongsheng Jia, Mao Qianzhuo, Chen Yong, Yuyan Liu, Qian Chen, Xiaofeng Zhang, Hongyan Chen, Taiyun WeiAbstract:Many insects, including mosquitoes, planthoppers, aphids and leafhoppers, are the hosts of bacterial symbionts and the vectors for transmitting viral pathogens1-3. In general, symbiotic bacteria can indirectly affect viral Transmission by enhancing immunity and resistance to viruses in insects3-5. Whether symbiotic bacteria can directly interact with the virus and mediate its Transmission has been unknown. Here, we show that an insect symbiotic bacterium directly harbours a viral pathogen and mediates its Transovarial Transmission to offspring. We observe rice dwarf virus (a plant reovirus) binding to the envelopes of the bacterium Sulcia, a common obligate symbiont of leafhoppers6-8, allowing the virus to exploit the ancient oocyte entry path of Sulcia in rice leafhopper vectors. Such virus-bacterium binding is mediated by the specific interaction of the viral capsid protein and the Sulcia outer membrane protein. Treatment with antibiotics or antibodies against Sulcia outer membrane protein interferes with this interaction and strongly prevents viral Transmission to insect offspring. This newly discovered virus-bacterium interaction represents the first evidence that a viral pathogen can directly exploit a symbiotic bacterium for its Transmission. We believe that such a model of virus-bacterium communication is a common phenomenon in nature.
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Transovarial Transmission of a plant virus is mediated by vitellogenin of its insect vector
PLOS Pathogens, 2014Co-Authors: Yan Huo, Taiyun Wei, Wenwen Liu, F Zhang, Xiaoying Chen, Qifei Liu, Yijun Zhou, Rongxiang Fang, Xifeng WangAbstract:Most plant viruses are transmitted by hemipteroid insects. Some viruses can be transmitted from female parent to offspring usually through eggs, but the mechanism of this Transovarial Transmission remains unclear. Rice stripe virus (RSV), a Tenuivirus, transmitted mainly by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), is also spread to the offspring through the eggs. Here, we used the RSV-planthopper system as a model to investigate the mechanism of Transovarial Transmission and demonstrated the central role of vitellogenin (Vg) of L. striatellus in the process of virus Transmission into the eggs. Our data showed Vg can bind to pc3 in vivo and in vitro and colocalize in the germarium. RSV filamentous ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) only accumulated in the terminal filaments and pedicel areas prior to Vg expression and was not present in the germarium until Vg was expressed, where RSV RNPs and Vg had colocalized. Observations by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) also indicated that these two proteins colocalized in nurse cells. Knockdown of Vg expression due to RNA interference resulted in inhibition of the invasion of ovarioles by RSV. Together, the data obtained indicated that RSV RNPs may enter the nurse cell of the germarium via endocytosis through binding with Vg. Finally, the virus enters the oocytes through nutritive cords, using the same route as for Vg transport. Our results show that the Vg of L. striatellus played a critical role in Transovarial Transmission of RSV and shows how viruses can use existing Transovarial transportation systems in insect vectors for their own purposes.
Xiaowei Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transovarial Transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by seven species of the bemisia tabaci complex indigenous to china not all whiteflies are the same
Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Qi Guo, Yinquan Liu, Yanni Shu, Chao Liu, Yao Chi, Xiaowei WangAbstract:Abstract Begomoviruses contain some of the most damaging viral disease agents of crops worldwide, and are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. During the last 20 years, Transovarial Transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has been reported in two invasive species of the B. tabaci complex. To further decipher the importance of this mode of Transmission, we analyzed Transovarial Transmission of TYLCV by seven whitefly species indigenous to China. TYLCV virions were detected in eggs of all species except one, and in nymphs of two species, but in none of the ensuing adults of all seven species. Our results suggest that these indigenous whiteflies are unable to transmit TYLCV, a begomovirus alien to China, via ova to produce future generations of viruliferous adults, although most of the species exhibit varying ability to carry over the virus to the eggs/nymphs of their offspring via Transovarial Transmission.
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vector development and vitellogenin determine the Transovarial Transmission of begomoviruses
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017Co-Authors: Jing Wei, Qi Guo, Tao Guo, Yinquan Liu, Xueping Zhou, Shusheng Liu, Xiaowei WangAbstract:The majority of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors between hosts, and Transovarial Transmission of viruses from vector parents to offspring has great significance to their epidemiology. Begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a circulative manner and are maintained through a plant–insect–plant cycle. Other routes of begomovirus Transmission are not clearly known. Here, we report that Transovarial Transmission from female whiteflies to offspring often happens for one begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and may have contributed significantly to its global spread. We found that TYLCV entry of the reproductive organ of its vector mainly depended on the developmental stage of the whitefly ovary, and the Transovarial Transmission of TYLCV to offspring increased with whitefly adult age. The specific interaction between virus coat protein (CP) and whitefly vitellogenin (Vg) was vital for virus entry into whitefly ovary. When knocking down the expression of Vg, the entry of TYLCV into ovary was inhibited and the Transovarial Transmission efficiency decreased. In contrast, another begomovirus, Papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV), CP did not interact with whitefly Vg, and PaLCuCNV could not be Transovarially transmitted by whiteflies. We further showed that TYLCV could be maintained for at least two generations in the absence of virus-infected plants, and the adult progenies were able to infect healthy plants in both the laboratory and field. This study reports the Transovarial Transmission mechanism of begomoviruses, and it may help to explain the evolution and global spread of some begomoviruses.
Barry J. Beaty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SHORT REPORT: DIAPAUSE, Transovarial Transmission, AND FILIAL INFECTION RATES IN GEOGRAPHIC STRAINS OF LA CROSSE VIRUS-INFECTED AEDES TRISERIATUS
2013Co-Authors: Jennifer Woodring, Laura J Chandler, Cynthia T Oray, Michael M Mcgaw, Carol D Blair, Barry J. BeatyAbstract:Abstract. La Crosse (LAC) virus is transmitted horizontally to vertebrates and vertically to progeny by Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes, and in northern midwestern states, this virus overwinters in diapausing eggs of the vector. In Florida, the vector remains active throughout the year and does not diapause. To determine if there is an association between diapause and vertical Transmission efficiency of LAC virus, Transovarial Transmission (TOT), and filial infection (FI) rates were determined for geographic strains of Ae. triseriatus. The TOT rates were not significantly different for Ae. triseriatus originating from Florida (78%) and those from Wisconsin (85%). The FI rates did differ significantly between the two groups (33 % and 45%, respectively, for the Florida and Wisconsin mosquitoes). Furthermore, a line of mosquitoes was selected from a Wisconsin colony that had a reduced diapause phenotype (the AD � strain). While this strain displayed TOT rates that were the same as the other Wisconsin mosquitoes (85%), the FI rates were significantly lower (34%), indicating a reduction in TOT efficiency. The role of vertical Transmission capacity in LAC virus endemicity remains to be determined. Aedes triseriatus is the principal vector of La Crosse (LAC) virus, the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States. 1 This virus is efficiently vertically transmitted in Ae. triseriatus; Transovarial transmissio
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comparative potential of aedes triseriatus aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti diptera culicidae to Transovarially transmit la crosse virus
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2006Co-Authors: Mark T Hughes, Carol D Blair, Janice A Gonzalez, Krystle L Reagan, Barry J. BeatyAbstract:Aedestriseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae), the major vector of La Crosse (LAC) virus, efÞciently transmits LAC virus both horizontally and Transovarially. We compared the vector com- petence and Transovarial Transmission ability of Ae. triseriatus, Aedes albopictus Skuse, and Aedes aegypti (L.) for LAC virus. Ae.triseriatus and Ae.albopictus were signiÞcantly more susceptible to oral infection with LAC virus than Ae. aegypti. The three species also differed in oral and disseminated infection rates (DIRs). Transovarial Transmission (TOT) rates and Þlial infection rates (FIRs) were greater forAe.triseriatus than eitherAe.albopictus orAe.aegypti. These measures were integrated into a single numerical score, the Transmission ampliÞcation potential (TAP) for each species. Differences in TAP scores were due mainly to the differences in DIRs and FIRs among these mosquitoes. Although the TAP score for Ae. albopictus was lower than that of Ae. triseriatus, it was 10-fold greater than that for Ae. aegypti.
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Selection of Refractory and Permissive Strains of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Transovarial Transmission of La Crosse Virus
Journal of medical entomology, 1999Co-Authors: D. H. Graham, Barry J. Beaty, J. L. Holmes, S. Higgs, William C. BlackAbstract:The genetic basis of Transovarial Transmission of La Crosse virus in Aedes triseriatus (Say) was investigated through selection experiments on 2 mosquito strains. One strain was subject to selection for Transovarial Transmission refractoriness, the other for permissiveness to Transovarial Transmission. Response to selection for a low filial infection rate was rapid, decreasing from 18 to 3% in 3 generations. However, no response to selection for permissiveness was observed in the other strain; the average filial infection rates through 4 generations fluctuated between 25 and 40%. By contrast, the Transovarial Transmission rate in both strains showed a consistent response to selection in both directions. These patterns are consistent with a model in which Transovarial Transmission is controlled by a single genetic locus and permissiveness is conditioned by dominant alleles; whereas the filial infection rate is nongenetic and influenced by stochastic factors in the mosquito and virus.
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short report diapause Transovarial Transmission and filial infection rates in geographic strains of la crosse virus infected aedes triseriatus
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1998Co-Authors: Jennifer Woodring, Laura J Chandler, Cynthia T Oray, Michael M Mcgaw, Carol D Blair, Barry J. BeatyAbstract:La Crosse (LAC) virus is transmitted horizontally to vertebrates and vertically to progeny by Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes, and in northern midwestern states, this virus overwinters in diapausing eggs of the vector. In Florida, the vector remains active throughout the year and does not diapause. To determine if there is an association between diapause and vertical Transmission efficiency of LAC virus, Transovarial Transmission (TOT), and filial infection (FI) rates were determined for geographic strains of Ae. triseriatus. The TOT rates were not significantly different for Ae. triseriatus originating from Florida (78%) and those from Wisconsin (85%). The FI rates did differ significantly between the two groups (33% and 45%, respectively, for the Florida and Wisconsin mosquitoes). Furthermore, a line of mosquitoes was selected from a Wisconsin colony that had a reduced diapause phenotype (the AD- strain). While this strain displayed TOT rates that were the same as the other Wisconsin mosquitoes (85%), the FI rates were significantly lower (34%), indicating a reduction in TOT efficiency. The role of vertical Transmission capacity in LAC virus endemicity remains to be determined.
