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Mikael Landén - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: cohort study in Sweden
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Cecilia Dhejne, Paul Lichtenstein, Marcus Boman, Anna L.v. Johansson, Niklas Långström, Mikael LandénAbstract:Context The treatment for Transsexualism is sex reassignment, including hormonal treatment and surgery aimed at making the person's body as congruent with the opposite sex as possible. There is a dearth of long term, follow-up studies after sex reassignment.
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attitudes toward Transsexualism in a swedish national survey
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2000Co-Authors: Mikael Landén, Sune InnalaAbstract:A general inventory of the views on sex reassignment and attitudes toward transsexuals in Sweden was attemped. Whether the view on these matters differ between people embracing biological theories in explanation of Transsexualism and those embracing psychological theories was tested. Third, whether men and the older age groups hold a different view on Transsexualism than women and younger age groups was investigated. For these purposes, in October–December 1998, a questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected national sample of 992 Swedish residents; 668 persons returned the questionnaire, giving a 67% response rate. Results showed that a majority supports the possibility for transsexuals to undergo sex reassignment; however, 63% thought that the individual should bear the expenses for it. In addition, a majority supported transsexuals' right to get married in their new sex and their right to work with children. Transsexuals' right to adopt and raise children was supported by 43%, whereas 41% were opposed. Results indicated that those who believed that Transsexualism is caused by biological factors had a less restrictive view on Transsexualism than people who held a psychological view. Men and the older age group were found to hold a more restrictive view on these issues than women and the younger age group. Future studies should address these questions to elucidate differences between cultures and the process of change in attitudes over time.
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prevalence incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1996Co-Authors: Mikael Landén, Jan Walinder, B LundstromAbstract:Landen M, Walinder J, Lundstrom B. Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism. Scand 1996: 93: 221–223. © Munksgaard 1996. Frequency figures for Transsexualism, concerning incidence, prevalence and sex ratio calculated in the 1960s and 1970s, were compared with recent reports. The incidence figures remained constant over time, whereas the prevalence figures tended to increase during the review period. The incidence was found to be of the same magnitude in men and women, while the corresponding ratio for prevalence figures was 3:1. It is suggested that men seeking sex reassignment represent a more heterogeneous group than women, and that the reported male predominance to date is due to a lack of categorical studies of primary/ genuine Transsexualism. It would appear that genuine Transsexualism is, on the whole, insensitive to societal changes. The fundamental disturbance underlying this psychosexual identity disorder is suggested to be neurobiological in origin.
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incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism in sweden
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1996Co-Authors: Mikael Landén, Jan Walinder, B LundstromAbstract:The incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism in Sweden were calculated during the period between 1 July 1972 and 30 June 1992 using a case register kept on file at the Swedish Bureau of Social Welfare. Only cases of primary/genuine Transsexualism were considered. The study is unique in that it has been performed in exactly the same way as a previous study by one of the authors (JW) in the 1960s and early 1970s. The data can therefore be reliably compared. The results show that the incidence figures remain constant over time and that the incidence of primary/genuine Transsexualism is equally common in men and women. A larger group consisting of all those individuals who had applied for sex reassignment revealed a preponderance of men. Analysis showed that this large group included not only primary/genuine transsexuals but also effeminate homosexuals, transvestites and diagnostically uncertain cases. The importance of describing the exact methods used when calculating epidemiological data is highlighted.
L. J. G. Gooren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transsexualism in serbia a twenty year follow up study
The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Svetlana Vujovic, Srdjan Popovic, Gorica Sbutegamilosevic, Miroslav L Djordjevic, L. J. G. GoorenAbstract:ABSTRACT Introduction Gender dysphoria occurs in all societies and cultures. The prevailing social context has a strong impact on its manifestations as well as on applications by individuals with the condition for sex reassignment treatment. Aim To describe a transsexual population seeking sex reassignment treatment in Serbia, part of former Yugoslavia. Methods Data, collated over a period of 20 years, from subjects applying for sex reassignment to the only center in Serbia, were analyzed retrospectively. Main Outcome Measures Age at the time of application, demographic data, family background, sex ratio, the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) among female-to-male (FTM) transsexuals, and readiness to undergo surgical sex reassignment were tabulated. Results Applicants for sex reassignment in Serbia are relatively young. The sex ratio is close to 1:1. They often come from single-child families. More than 10% do not wish to undergo surgical sex reassignment. The prevalence of PCOS among FTM transsexuals was higher than in the general population but considerably lower than that reported in the literature from other populations. Of those who had undergone sex reassignment, none expressed regret for their decision. Conclusions Although Transsexualism is a universal phenomenon, the relatively young age of those applying for sex reassignment and the sex ratio of 1:1 distinguish the population in Serbia from others reported in the literature. Vujovic S, Popovic S, Sbutega-Milosevic G, Djordjevic M, and Gooren L. Transsexualism in Serbia: A twenty-year follow-up study. J Sex Med **;**:**–**.
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Transsexualism: a review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Journal of psychosomatic research, 1999Co-Authors: Peggy T. Cohen-kettenis, L. J. G. GoorenAbstract:Transsexualism is considered to be the extreme end of the spectrum of gender identity disorders characterized by, among other things, a pursuit of sex reassignment surgery (SRS). The origins of Transsexualism are still largely unclear. A first indication of anatomic brain differences between transsexuals and nontranssexuals has been found. Also, certain parental (rearing) factors seem to be associated with Transsexualism. Some contradictory findings regarding etiology, psychopathology and success of SRS seem to be related to the fact that certain subtypes of transsexuals follow different developmental routes. The observations that psychotherapy is not helpful in altering a crystallized cross-gender identity and that certain transsexuals do not show severe psychopathology has led clinicians to adopt sex reassignment as a treatment option. In many countries, transsexuals are now treated according to the Standards of Care of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, a professional organization in the field of Transsexualism. Research on postoperative functioning of transsexuals does not allow for unequivocal conclusions, but there is little doubt that sex reassignment substantially alleviates the suffering of transsexuals. However, SRS is no panacea. Psychotherapy may be needed to help transsexuals in adapting to the new situation or in dealing with issues that could not be addressed before treatment.
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The prevalence of Transsexualism in the Netherlands
Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1993Co-Authors: A. Bakker, L. J. G. Gooren, P. J. M. Van Kesteren, P. D. BezemerAbstract:The prevalence of Transsexualism in the Netherlands was estimated by counting all the subjects who were diagnosed as transsexuals by psychiatrists or psychologists and were subsequently hormonally treated and generally underwent sex-reassignment surgery. At the end of 1990, 713 Dutch-born transsexuals received treatment (507 men, 206 women). This amounts to a prevalence of 1:11,900 for male-to-female Transsexualism and 1:30,400 for female-to-male Transsexualism (population age 15 and above in both groups). The sex ratio was about 2.5 men to 1 woman. The most important reason for this relatively high prevalence seems to be the benevolent climate for the treatment of Transsexualism in the Netherlands.
B Lundstrom - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1996Co-Authors: Mikael Landén, Jan Walinder, B LundstromAbstract:Landen M, Walinder J, Lundstrom B. Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism. Scand 1996: 93: 221–223. © Munksgaard 1996. Frequency figures for Transsexualism, concerning incidence, prevalence and sex ratio calculated in the 1960s and 1970s, were compared with recent reports. The incidence figures remained constant over time, whereas the prevalence figures tended to increase during the review period. The incidence was found to be of the same magnitude in men and women, while the corresponding ratio for prevalence figures was 3:1. It is suggested that men seeking sex reassignment represent a more heterogeneous group than women, and that the reported male predominance to date is due to a lack of categorical studies of primary/ genuine Transsexualism. It would appear that genuine Transsexualism is, on the whole, insensitive to societal changes. The fundamental disturbance underlying this psychosexual identity disorder is suggested to be neurobiological in origin.
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incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism in sweden
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1996Co-Authors: Mikael Landén, Jan Walinder, B LundstromAbstract:The incidence and sex ratio of Transsexualism in Sweden were calculated during the period between 1 July 1972 and 30 June 1992 using a case register kept on file at the Swedish Bureau of Social Welfare. Only cases of primary/genuine Transsexualism were considered. The study is unique in that it has been performed in exactly the same way as a previous study by one of the authors (JW) in the 1960s and early 1970s. The data can therefore be reliably compared. The results show that the incidence figures remain constant over time and that the incidence of primary/genuine Transsexualism is equally common in men and women. A larger group consisting of all those individuals who had applied for sex reassignment revealed a preponderance of men. Analysis showed that this large group included not only primary/genuine transsexuals but also effeminate homosexuals, transvestites and diagnostically uncertain cases. The importance of describing the exact methods used when calculating epidemiological data is highlighted.
Anne A. Lawrence - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder
2015Co-Authors: Anne A. Lawrence, Ph. DAbstract:Desire for amputation of a healthy limb has usually been regarded as a paraphilia (apotemnophilia), but some researchers propose that it may be a disorder of identity, similar to Gender Identity Disorder or Transsexualism. Similarities between the desire for limb amputation and nonhomosexual male-to-female (MtF) Transsexualism include profound dissatisfaction with embodiment, related paraphilias from which the conditions plausibly derive (apotemnophilia and autogynephilia), sexual arousal from simulation of the sought-after status (pretending to be an amputee and transvestism), attraction to persons with the same body type one wants to acquire, and an elevated prevalence of other paraphilic interests. K. Freund and R. Blanchard (1993) proposed that nonhomosexual MtF Transsexualism represents an erotic target location error, in which men whose preferred erotic targets are women also eroticize their own feminized bodies. Desire for limb amputation may also reflect an erotic target location error, occurring in combination with an unusual erotic target preference for amputees. This model predicts that persons who desire limb amputation would almost always be attracted to amputees and would display an increased prevalence of gender identity problems, both of which have been observed. Persons who desire limb amputation and nonhomosexual MtF transsexuals often assert that their motives for wanting to change their bodies reflect issues of identity rather than sexuality, but because erotic/romantic orientations contribute significantly to identity, such distinctions may not be meaningful. Experience with nonhomosexual MtF Transsexualism suggests possible directions for research and treatment for persons who desire limb amputation. KEY WORDS: apotemnophilia, acrotomophilia, Transsexualism, gender identity disorder, autogynephili
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men trapped in men s bodies narratives of autogynephilic Transsexualism
2012Co-Authors: Anne A. LawrenceAbstract:Men Trapped in Men's Bodies.- Theory and Case Histories.- Narratives by Autogynephilic Transsexuals.- Confronting Autogynephilia.- Developmental Histories.- Manifestations of Autogynephilia.- Autogynephilia and Heterosexuality.- Sex with Men.- Other Aspects of Autogynephilic Sexuality.- Debating the Meaning of Autogynephilia.- Narratives by Nontranssexual Autogynephiles.- Autogynephilic Transsexualism in Perspective.
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autogynephilia an underappreciated paraphilia
Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Anne A. LawrenceAbstract:Autogynephilia is defined as a male’s propensity to be sexually aroused by the thought of himself as a female. It is the paraphilia that is theorized to underlie transvestism and some forms of male-to-female (MtF) Transsexualism. Autogynephilia encompasses sexual arousal with cross-dressing and cross-gender expression that does not involve women’s clothing per se. The concept of autogynephilia defines a typology of MtF Transsexualism and offers a theory of motivation for one type of MtF Transsexualism. Autogynephilia resembles a sexual orientation in that it involves elements of idealization and attachment as well as erotic desire. Nearly 3% of men in Western countries may experience autogynephilia; its most severe manifestation, MtF Transsexualism, is rare but increasing in prevalence. Some theorists and clinicians reject the transsexual typology and theory of motivation derived from autogynephilia; their objections suggest a need for additional research. The concept of autogynephilia can assist clinicians in understanding some otherwise puzzling manifestations of nonhomosexual MtF Transsexualism. Autogynephilia exemplifies an unusual paraphilic category called ‘erotic target identity inversions’, in which men desire to impersonate or turn their bodies into facsimiles of the persons or things to which they are sexually attracted.
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societal individualism predicts prevalence of nonhomosexual orientation in male to female Transsexualism
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Anne A. LawrenceAbstract:There are two distinct subtypes of male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals: homosexual and nonhomosexual. The relative prevalence of these two subtypes varies dramatically between countries, but no explanation of this variability has yet been proposed. This study examined the hypothesis that the prevalence of nonhomosexual MtF Transsexualism, relative to homosexual MtF Transsexualism, would be higher in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries. I analyzed data from 22 studies of MtF Transsexualism, conducted in 16 countries, examining the association between percentage of nonhomosexual participants and Hofstede’s (Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, 2001) Individualism Index (IDV). IDV accounted for 77% of observed variance in the percentage of nonhomosexual MtF participants (r = 0.88, p < .0001). Controlling for differences in national wealth and in Hofstede’s other indices of societal values (Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity) did not significantly change the ability of IDV to account for variance in the percentage of nonhomosexual participants. The factors that contribute to the observed association between societal individualism and the relative prevalence of nonhomosexual MtF Transsexualism remain to be determined, but a greater tolerance within individualistic countries for socially disruptive gender transitions by nonhomosexual gender dysphoric men, and the availability within many collectivistic countries of socially approved transgender roles for pervasively feminine homosexual gender dysphoric men, are plausible contributors.
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shame and narcissistic rage in autogynephilic Transsexualism
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Anne A. LawrenceAbstract:One of the most important contributions made by Dreger’s article is her description of the extraordinary lengths to which some of Bailey’s male-to-female (MtF) transsexual opponents went in their attempts to discredit him, his book, and his ideas. By Dreger’s account, their campaign against Bailey continued for at least two years after the publication of The Man Who Would Be Queen (TMWWBQ; Bailey, 2003). Examination of the Internet sites maintained by some of Bailey’s principal transsexual opponents suggests that the campaign against him remains ongoing. The attacks, as described by Dreger, went far beyond writing scathing reviews of TMWWBQ. They included orchestration of charges of professional misconduct against Bailey, filed with Northwestern University and the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation; attempts to turn Bailey’s colleagues against him; attacks directed against Bailey’s children; and efforts to discredit or silence nearly anyone who openly supported him. Dreger’s article suggests that many of Bailey’s opponents intended not only to discredit Bailey’s book, but also to destroy its author. The duration, intensity, and sheer savagery of the campaign waged by many of Bailey’s MtF transsexual opponents is astonishing, especially given that Bailey’s book sold only about 4200 copies and probably would have received little attention, in either its print or Internet versions, were it not for the publicity that his opponents themselves created. One could imagine that Kohut (1972) was describing the campaign conducted by some of Bailey’s MtF transsexual opponents when he wrote the following:
Ali Fakhrai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transsexualism in female monozygotic twins a case report
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2000Co-Authors: Majid Sadeghi, Ali FakhraiAbstract:Objective: A case report is presented of a gender identity disorder involving a pair of female monozygotic twins who requested sex reassignment. As far as we know, this case is the first in psychiatric literature and supports a genetic aetiology of this disorder.Clinical picture: The patients were two 18-year-old female monozygotic twins who had showed symptoms of Transsexualism since early childhood. They had no other physical or psychiatric disorder except borderline mental functioning.Treatment: The patients were referred for sex reassignment.Outcome: They were lost to follow up after initial evaluation.Conclusion: In addition to other possible (yet not confirmed) causes of trans-sexualism, a genetic basis for this disorder is suggested by this case.
