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Edward P. Kolodziej - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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photolysis of Trenbolone Acetate metabolites in the presence of nucleophiles evidence for metastable photoaddition products and reversible associations with dissolved organic matter
Environmental Science & Technology, 2020Co-Authors: Nicholas C Pflug, Edward P. Kolodziej, Andrew K Kral, Madeline K Hankard, Kathryn C Breuckman, James B Gloer, Kristine H Wammer, David M. CwiertnyAbstract:Photolysis of Trenbolone Acetate (TBA) metabolites in the presence of various nitrogen-, sulfur-, or oxygen-containing nucleophiles (e.g., azide, ammonia, or thiosulfate, respectively) results in r...
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Rates and product identification for Trenbolone Acetate metabolite biotransformation under aerobic conditions
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Emily A. Cole, Samantha Mcbride, Kaitlin C. Kimbrough, Jaewoong Lee, Eric A. Marchand, David M. Cwiertny, Edward P. KolodziejAbstract:Trenbolone Acetate metabolites are endocrine-active contaminants discharged into the aquatic environment in runoff from agricultural fields, rangelands, and concentrated animal feeding operations. To investigate the environmental fate of these compounds and their biotransformation mechanisms, the authors used inocula from a variety of different water sources and dosed biologically active microcosms with approximately 1400 ng/L of Trenbolone Acetate metabolites, including 17β-Trenbolone, trendione, and 17α-Trenbolone. To investigate aerobic biotransformation rates and interconversions between known Trenbolone Acetate metabolites, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure concentrations and assess product distributions as a function of time. High-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to characterize novel transformation products and potential transformation pathways. Kinetic analysis yields observed half-lives of approximately 0.9 d, 1.3 d, and 2.2 d for 17β-Trenbolone, trendione, and 17α-Trenbolone, respectively, at 20 °C, although colder conditions increased half-lives to 8.5 d and biphasic transformation was observed. Relative to reported faster attenuation rates in soils, Trenbolone Acetate metabolites are likely more persistent in aqueous systems. Product distributions indicate an enzymatic preference for biotransformation between trendione and 17β-Trenbolone. The LC-MS/MS characterization indicates dehydrogenation products as the major detectable products and demonstrates that major structural elements responsible for bioactivity in steroids are likely retained during biotransformation.
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Trenbolone Acetate Metabolite Transport in Rangelands and Irrigated Pasture: Observations and Conceptual Approaches for Agro-Ecosystems
Environmental science & technology, 2014Co-Authors: Gerrad D. Jones, Peter V. Benchetler, Kenneth W. Tate, Edward P. KolodziejAbstract:To assess the relative ecological risks of Trenbolone Acetate (TBA) use in agro-ecosystems, we evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics of TBA metabolite transport during irrigation and rainfall events. Within a pasture, TBA-implanted heifers (40 mg TBA, 8 mg estradiol) were briefly penned (24 h) at high stocking densities (500 animal units (AU)/ha), prior to irrigation. Irrigation runoff concentrations of 17α-Trenbolone (17α-TBOH) 0.3 m downslope were 11 ng/L in the wetting front, but quickly decreased to ∼0.5 ng/L, suggesting mass transfer limitations to transport. At 3 and 30 m downslope, efficient attenuation of 17α-TBOH concentrations is best explained by infiltration and surface partitioning. At plot scales, transport through vegetated filter strips resulted in
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Trenbolone Acetate metabolite transport in rangelands and irrigated pasture observations and conceptual approaches for agro ecosystems
Environmental Science & Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Gerrad D. Jones, Peter V. Benchetler, Kenneth W. Tate, Edward P. KolodziejAbstract:To assess the relative ecological risks of Trenbolone Acetate (TBA) use in agro-ecosystems, we evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics of TBA metabolite transport during irrigation and rainfall events. Within a pasture, TBA-implanted heifers (40 mg TBA, 8 mg estradiol) were briefly penned (24 h) at high stocking densities (500 animal units (AU)/ha), prior to irrigation. Irrigation runoff concentrations of 17α-Trenbolone (17α-TBOH) 0.3 m downslope were 11 ng/L in the wetting front, but quickly decreased to ∼0.5 ng/L, suggesting mass transfer limitations to transport. At 3 and 30 m downslope, efficient attenuation of 17α-TBOH concentrations is best explained by infiltration and surface partitioning. At plot scales, transport through vegetated filter strips resulted in <0.5–7 ng/L 17α-TBOH concentrations in rainfall-induced runoff with partial subsequent attenuation. Thus, even under intense grazing scenarios, TBA-metabolite transport potential is expected to be low in rangelands, with ecological risks primari...
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mass balance approaches to characterizing the leaching potential of Trenbolone Acetate metabolites in agro ecosystems
Environmental Science & Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Gerrad D. Jones, Peter V. Benchetler, Kenneth W. Tate, Edward P. KolodziejAbstract:Several studies have documented the occurrence and fate of Trenbolone Acetate (TBA) metabolites in soil and water. However, considerable uncertainty still exists with respect to TBA risk in agro-ecosystems because limited data are available to quantify excretion, transformation, and leaching processes. To address these uncertainties, we used experimental mesocosms and a mass balance approach to estimate the TBA metabolite leaching potential from manure excreted by implanted (40 mg TBA, 8 mg 17β-estradiol) beef cattle. Manure sample analysis indicates that over 113 days, a maximum of 9.3% (3,200 μg/animal unit [AU]) of the implant dose was excreted as 17α-Trenbolone (17α-TBOH), and 97%) of the total excreted mass of 17α-TBOH transforms to uncharacterized products, 0.3–0.6% (100–220 μg/AU) of the implant dose accumulates on land surfaces and is available for subsequent transport. During rainfall or irrigation events, a maximu...
Philip N. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transformation kinetics of Trenbolone Acetate metabolites and estrogens in urine and feces of implanted steers.
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Brett R. Blackwell, Bradley J. Johnson, Michael D. Buser, George P. Cobb, Philip N. SmithAbstract:Abstract Biotransformation of Trenbolone Acetate metabolites and estrogens derived from animal feeding operations in soils, waste storage systems, and in land applied manure has been well characterized. Yet recent data demonstrate potential for steroid transport into the environment directly from feedyard pens via runoff or airborne particulate matter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine steroid transformation rates in beef cattle excreta. Feces and urine were collected from steers recently treated with steroidal implants. Excreta were stored and periodically extracted over 112 d then analyzed for Trenbolone Acetate metabolites and estrogens by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Conjugated steroids were present primarily in urine, and conjugates quickly degraded to free steroid with a half-life of 0.6–1.0 d. The primary Trenbolone Acetate metabolite, 17α-Trenbolone, had a half-life of 5.1–9.5 d. Likewise, 17α-estradiol was the predominant estrogen, with a half-life of 8.6–53 d. Secondary Trenbolone metabolites formed from 17α-Trenbolone biotransformation were observed at low concentrations less than 10% initial 17α-Trenbolone concentrations. Estrone was the primary metabolite of 17α-estradiol and concentrations of estrone exceeded initial 17α-estradiol concentration in all sample types. These results suggest manure-borne steroids are more stable in excreta than in soil microcosms.
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Characterization of Trenbolone Acetate and estradiol metabolite excretion profiles in implanted steers
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Brett R. Blackwell, Bradley J. Johnson, Michael D. Buser, George P. Cobb, Tyson R. Brown, Paul R. Broadway, J. Chance Brooks, Philip N. SmithAbstract:Exogenous growth promoters have been used in US beef cattle production for over 50 yr. The environmental fate and transport of steroid growth promoters suggest potential for endocrine-disrupting effects among ecological receptors; however, the initial excretion of steroid metabolites from cattle administered growth promoters has not been well characterized. To better characterize excretion of Trenbolone Acetate and estrogen metabolites, steers were assigned to 1 of the following treatment groups: control, given no implant, or treatment, administered a combination implant (200 mg Trenbolone Acetate, 40 mg estradiol). Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected over the course of 112 d following implantation. Samples were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for Trenbolone Acetate and estrogen metabolites. In both urine and feces, 17α-Trenbolone and 17α-estradiol were the predominant metabolites following implantation. Mean concentrations of 17α-Trenbolone and 17α-estradiol in feces of implanted steers were 5.9 ± 0.37 ng/g and 2.7 ± 0.22 ng/g, respectively. A best-fit model is presented to predict 17α-Trenbolone and 17α-estradiol excretion from steers receiving implants. The present study provides the first characterization of both Trenbolone and estrogen metabolites in excreta from implanted cattle and will help provide estimates of steroid production from feedyards in the United States.
Patrick Kestemont - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Trenbolone Acetate affects the immune system in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Aquatic Toxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Sophie Massart, Baptiste Redivo, Enora Flarnion, S. N. M. Mandiki, Elodie Falisse, Sylvain Milla, Patrick KestemontAbstract:In aquatic systems, the presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) can disrupt the reproductive function but also the immune system of wildlife. Some studies have investigated the effects of androgens on the fish immune parameters but the mechanisms by which the xenoandrogens alter the immunity are not well characterized. In order to test the effects of Trenbolone Acetate (TbA) on fish immune system, we exposed rainbow trout male juveniles during three weeks to TbA levels at 0.1 and 1 mu g/L. The present results suggest that TbA impacts, in a tissue-dependent manner, the rainbow trout immunity by affecting primarily the humoral immunity. Indeed, TbA inhibited lysozyme activity in plasma and liver and enhanced the alternative complement pathway activity (ACHSO) in kidney. In plasma, the modulation of the complement system was time-dependent. The mRNA expression of genes encoding some cytokines such as renal TGF-beta 1, TNF-alpha in skin and hepatic IL-1 beta was also altered in fish exposed to TbA. Regarding the cellular immunity, no effect was observed on the leucocyte population. However, the expression of genes involved in the development and maturation of lymphoid cells (RAG-1 and RAG-2) was decreased in TbA-treated fish. Among those effects, we suggest that the modulation of RAG-1 and mucus apolipoprotein-A1 gene expression as well as plasma and hepatic lysozyme activities are mediated through the action of the androgen receptor. All combined, we conclude that Trenbolone affects the rainbow trout immunity.
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the Trenbolone Acetate affects the immune system in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss
Aquatic Toxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Sophie Massart, Baptiste Redivo, S. N. M. Mandiki, Elodie Falisse, Sylvain Milla, Enora Flamion, Patrick KestemontAbstract:Abstract In aquatic systems, the presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) can disrupt the reproductive function but also the immune system of wildlife. Some studies have investigated the effects of androgens on the fish immune parameters but the mechanisms by which the xenoandrogens alter the immunity are not well characterized. In order to test the effects of Trenbolone Acetate (TbA) on fish immune system, we exposed rainbow trout male juveniles during three weeks to TbA levels at 0.1 and 1 μg/L. The present results suggest that TbA impacts, in a tissue-dependent manner, the rainbow trout immunity by affecting primarily the humoral immunity. Indeed, TbA inhibited lysozyme activity in plasma and liver and enhanced the alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50) in kidney. In plasma, the modulation of the complement system was time-dependent. The mRNA expression of genes encoding some cytokines such as renal TGF-β1, TNF-α in skin and hepatic IL-1β was also altered in fish exposed to TbA. Regarding the cellular immunity, no effect was observed on the leucocyte population. However, the expression of genes involved in the development and maturation of lymphoid cells ( RAG-1 and RAG-2 ) was decreased in TbA-treated fish. Among those effects, we suggest that the modulation of RAG-1 and mucus apolipoprotein-A1 gene expression as well as plasma and hepatic lysozyme activities are mediated through the action of the androgen receptor. All combined, we conclude that Trenbolone affects the rainbow trout immunity.
Gerald T. Ankley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Monograph Identification of Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in Androgenic Runoff from a Beef Feedlot
2013Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Durhan, Vickie S Wilson, Elizabeth A Makynen, James M. Lazorchak, Christy S. Lambright, Phillip C. Hartig, Earl L. Gray, Gerald T. AnkleyAbstract:Little is known concerning the potential ecological effects of hormonally active substances associated with discharges from animal feeding operations. Trenbolone Acetate is a synthetic anabolic steroid that is widely used in the United States to promote growth of beef cattle. Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate include the stereoisomers 17α- and 17β-Trenbolone, both of which are stable in animal wastes and are relatively potent androgens in fish and mammals. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 17α- and 17β-Trenbolone in a beef cattle feedlot discharge and in river water upstream and downstream from the discharge. In conjunction with that effort, we measured in vitro androgenic activity of the discharge using CV-1 cells that had been transiently cotransfected with human androgen receptor and reporter gene constructs. Samples were collected on nine different occasions during 2002 and 2003. Whole-water samples from the discharge caused a significant androgenic response in the CV-1 cells and contained detectable concentrations of 17α- and 17β-Trenbolone. Further work is needed to ascertain the degree to which synthetic androgens such as Trenbolone contribute to androgenic activity of feedlot discharges. Key words: environmental androgen, feedlot runoff, Trenbolone. Environ Health Perspect 114(suppl 1):65–68 (2006). doi:10.1289/ehp.8055 available vi
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Identification of Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in Androgenic Runoff from a Beef Feedlot-1
2011Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Durhan, Vickie S Wilson, Elizabeth A Makynen, James M. Lazorchak, Christy S. Lambright, Phillip C. Hartig, Earl L. Gray, Gerald T. AnkleyAbstract:Copyright information:Taken from "Identification of Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in Androgenic Runoff from a Beef Feedlot"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):65-68.Published online 21 Oct 2005PMCID:PMC1874171.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI
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Identification of Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in Androgenic Runoff from a Beef Feedlot-0
2011Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Durhan, Vickie S Wilson, Elizabeth A Makynen, James M. Lazorchak, Christy S. Lambright, Phillip C. Hartig, Earl L. Gray, Gerald T. AnkleyAbstract:Copyright information:Taken from "Identification of Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in Androgenic Runoff from a Beef Feedlot"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):65-68.Published online 21 Oct 2005PMCID:PMC1874171.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI
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Identification of Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in Androgenic Runoff from a Beef Feedlot
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Durhan, Vickie S Wilson, Elizabeth A Makynen, James M. Lazorchak, Christy S. Lambright, Phillip C. Hartig, L. Earl Gray, Gerald T. AnkleyAbstract:Little is known concerning the potential ecological effects of hormonally active substances associated with discharges from animal feeding operations. Trenbolone Acetate is a synthetic anabolic steroid that is widely used in the United States to promote growth of beef cattle. Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate include the stereoisomers 17α- and 17β-Trenbolone, both of which are stable in animal wastes and are relatively potent androgens in fish and mammals. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 17α- and 17β-Trenbolone in a beef cattle feedlot discharge and in river water upstream and downstream from the discharge. In conjunction with that effort, we measured in vitro androgenic activity of the discharge using CV-1 cells that had been transiently cotransfected with human androgen receptor and reporter gene constructs. Samples were collected on nine different occasions during 2002 and 2003. Whole-water samples from the discharge caused a significant androgenic response in the CV-1 cells and contained detectable concentrations of 17α- and 17β-Trenbolone. Further work is needed to ascertain the degree to which synthetic androgens such as Trenbolone contribute to androgenic activity of feedlot discharges. Key words: environmental androgen, feedlot runoff, Trenbolone. Environ Health Perspect 114(suppl 1):65–68 (2006). doi:10.1289/ehp.8055 available vi
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Identification of metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate in androgenic runoff from a beef feedlot.
Environmental health perspectives, 2006Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Durhan, Vickie S Wilson, Elizabeth A Makynen, James M. Lazorchak, Christy S. Lambright, Phillip C. Hartig, L. Earl Gray, Gerald T. AnkleyAbstract:Little is known concerning the potential ecological effects of hormonally active substances associated with discharges from animal feeding operations. Trenbolone Acetate is a synthetic anabolic steroid that is widely used in the United States to promote growth of beef cattle. Metabolites of Trenbolone Acetate include the stereoisomers 17alpha- and 17beta-Trenbolone, both of which are stable in animal wastes and are relatively potent androgens in fish and mammals. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 17alpha- and 17beta-Trenbolone in a beef cattle feedlot discharge and in river water upstream and downstream from the discharge. In conjunction with that effort, we measured in vitro androgenic activity of the discharge using CV-1 cells that had been transiently cotransfected with human androgen receptor and reporter gene constructs. Samples were collected on nine different occasions during 2002 and 2003. Whole-water samples from the discharge caused a significant androgenic response in the CV-1 cells and contained detectable concentrations of 17alpha- and 17beta-Trenbolone. Further work is needed to ascertain the degree to which synthetic androgens such as Trenbolone contribute to androgenic activity of feedlot discharges.
Jerald L Schnoor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sorption uptake and biotransformation of 17β estradiol 17α ethinylestradiol zeranol and Trenbolone Acetate by hybrid poplar
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Sam Bircher, Marcella L Card, Guangshu Zhai, Yuping Chin, Jerald L SchnoorAbstract:Hormonally active compounds may move with agricultural runoff from fields with applied manure and biosolids into surface waters where they pose a threat to human and environmental health. Riparian zone plants could remove hormonally active compounds from agricultural runoff. Therefore, sorption to roots, uptake, translocation, and transformation of 3 estrogens (17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and zeranol) and 1 androgen (Trenbolone Acetate) commonly found in animal manure or biosolids were assessed by hydroponically grown hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides x nigra, DN-34, widely used in riparian buffer strips. Results clearly showed that these hormones were rapidly removed from 2 mg L–1 hydroponic solutions by more than 97% after 10 d of exposure to full poplar plants or live excised poplars (cut-stem, no leaves). Removals by sorption to dead poplar roots that had been autoclaved were significantly less, 71% to 84%. Major transformation products (estrone and estriol for estradiol; zearalanone for zeranol; and 17β-Trenbolone from Trenbolone Acetate) were detected in the root tissues of all 3 poplar treatments. Root concentrations of metabolites peaked after 1 d to 5 d and then decreased in full and live excised poplars by further transformation. Metabolite concentrations were less in dead poplar treatments and only slowly increased without further transformation. Taken together, these findings show that poplars may be effective in controlling the movement of hormonally active compounds from agricultural fields and avoiding runoff to streams. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;9999:1–8. © 2015 SETAC
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Sorption, uptake, and biotransformation of 17β‐estradiol, 17α‐ethinylestradiol, zeranol, and Trenbolone Acetate by hybrid poplar
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Sam Bircher, Marcella L Card, Guangshu Zhai, Yuping Chin, Jerald L SchnoorAbstract:Hormonally active compounds may move with agricultural runoff from fields with applied manure and biosolids into surface waters where they pose a threat to human and environmental health. Riparian zone plants could remove hormonally active compounds from agricultural runoff. Therefore, sorption to roots, uptake, translocation, and transformation of 3 estrogens (17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and zeranol) and 1 androgen (Trenbolone Acetate) commonly found in animal manure or biosolids were assessed by hydroponically grown hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides x nigra, DN-34, widely used in riparian buffer strips. Results clearly showed that these hormones were rapidly removed from 2 mg L–1 hydroponic solutions by more than 97% after 10 d of exposure to full poplar plants or live excised poplars (cut-stem, no leaves). Removals by sorption to dead poplar roots that had been autoclaved were significantly less, 71% to 84%. Major transformation products (estrone and estriol for estradiol; zearalanone for zeranol; and 17β-Trenbolone from Trenbolone Acetate) were detected in the root tissues of all 3 poplar treatments. Root concentrations of metabolites peaked after 1 d to 5 d and then decreased in full and live excised poplars by further transformation. Metabolite concentrations were less in dead poplar treatments and only slowly increased without further transformation. Taken together, these findings show that poplars may be effective in controlling the movement of hormonally active compounds from agricultural fields and avoiding runoff to streams. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;9999:1–8. © 2015 SETAC
