Trench Fever

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Didier Raoult - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • From Unite des Rickettsies, Faculte de MMecine; Service des Maladies
    2016
    Co-Authors: Pierre Houpikian, Didier Raoult, Herve Tissot Dupont, Pierre Toubiana, E Obadia, Vincent Lacay, Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Hpital Houphouet F. Boigny
    Abstract:

    Trench Fever is caused by Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana, a small gram-negative rod that is transmitted by body lice. Recently, B. quintana infections in homeless patients have been reported in the United States and Europe. From October 1993 to October 1994, the seroprevalence of antibod-ies to B. quintana was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence in a prospective study of 221 nonhospitalized homeless people, 43 hospitalized homeless patients (cases), 250 blood donors, and 57 hospitalized matched controls. Four (1.8%) of 221 nonhospitalized homeless people tested had titers of> 1:100. Of the 43 cases, seven (16%) had serological titers of;",1:100. None of the 250 serum samples from blood donors contained antibodies to B. quintana. The presence of antibodies to B. quintana in cases was significantly associated with the presence of body lice, exposure to cats, headaches, eastern European origin, and pain in the legs. This study demonstrates the presence of antibodies to B. quintana in the homeless population and should alert physicians that B. quintana might be an etiologic agent of Fever in homeless patients. Trench Fever is an infection due to Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) quintana [1] that was described in early 1915 during World War I by Graham, Rankin, and Runt [2, 3]. Soo

  • doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0707 Copyright © 2014 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Detection of Bartonella quintana in African Body and Head Lice
    2016
    Co-Authors: Abdoul Karim Sangaré, Rezak Drali, Amina Boutellis, Cristina Socolovschi, Georges Diatta, Christophe Rogier, Mariemarie Olive, Ogobara K Doumbo, Stephen C. Barker, Didier Raoult
    Abstract:

    Abstract. Currently, the body louse is the only recognized vector of Bartonella quintana, an organism that causes Trench Fever. In this work, we investigated the prevalence of this bacterium in human lice in different African countries. We tested 616 head lice and 424 body lice from nine African countries using real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting intergenic spacer region 2 and specific B. quintana genes. Overall, B. quintana DNA was found in 54 % and 2 % of body and head lice, respectively. Our results also show that there are more body lice positive for B. quintana in poor countries, which was determined by the gross domestic product, than in wealthy areas (228/403 versus 0/21, P < 0.001). A similar finding was obtained for head lice (8/226 versus 2/390, P = 0.007). Our findings suggest that head lice in Africa may be infected by B. quintana when patients live in poor economic conditions and are also exposed to body lice

  • a new clade of african body and head lice infected by bartonella quintana and yersinia pestis democratic republic of the congo
    American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2015
    Co-Authors: Rezak Drali, Georges Diatta, Jeanchristophe Shako, B Davoust, Didier Raoult
    Abstract:

    Abstract The human body louse is known as a vector for the transmission of three serious diseases—specifically, epidemic typhus, Trench Fever, and relapsing Fever caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana, and Borrelia recurrentis, respectively—that have killed millions of people. It is also suspected in the transmission of a fourth pathogen, Yersinia pestis, which is the etiologic agent of plague. To date, human lice belonging to the genus Pediculus have been classified into three mitochondrial clades: A, B, and C. Here, we describe a fourth mitochondrial clade, Clade D, comprising head and body lice. Clade D may be a vector of B. quintana and Y. pestis, which is prevalent in a highly plague-endemic area near the Rethy Health District, Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

  • competence of cimex lectularius bed bugs for the transmission of bartonella quintana the agent of Trench Fever
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hamza Leulmi, Lionel Almeras, Jean Michel Berenger, Hubert Lepidi, Idir Bitam, Jean-marc Rolain, Didier Raoult, Philippe Parola
    Abstract:

    The following information is missing from the Funding section: This study was supported by the A*MIDEX project (n° ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02) funded by the « Investissements d’Avenir » French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

  • Bartonella quintana Characteristics and Clinical Management
    2014
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Didier Raoult
    Abstract:

    Bartonella quintana, a pathogen that is restricted to human hosts and louse vectors, was first characterized as the agent of Trench Fever. The disease was described in 1915 on the basis of natural and experimental infections in soldiers. It is now recognized as a reemerging pathogen among homeless populations in cities in the United States and Europe and is responsible for a wide spectrum of conditions, including chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Diagnosis is based on serologic analysis, culture, and molecular biology. Recent characterization of its genome allowed the development of modern diagnosis and typing methods. Guidelines for the treatment of B. quintana infections are presented. Trench Fever, the first clinical manifestation attributed to Bartonella quintana, affected an estimated>1 millio

Philippe Brouqui - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • AUTOCHTHONOUS EPIDEMIC TYPHUS ASSOCIATED WITH BARTONELLA
    2014
    Co-Authors: Homeless A Person, Sékéné Badiaga, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    Abstract. Trench Fever, a louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella quintana, is reemerging in homeless persons. Epidemic typhus is another life-threatening louse-borne disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and known to occur in conditions of war, famine, refugee camps, cold weather, poverty, or lapses in public health. We report the first case of seroconversion to R. prowazekii in a homeless person of Marseilles, France. This was associated with B. quintana bacteremia. Although no outbreaks of typhus have been notified yet in the homeless population, this disease is likely to reemerge in such situation

  • bartonella quintana in head louse nits
    Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Emmanouil Angelakis, Jean-marc Rolain, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    The body louse is the principal vector of Bartonella quintana , the causative organism of Trench Fever, but B. quintana DNA has also been detected in adult head lice. Because there are no characteristics that distinguish the body louse from the head louse, we decided to test head louse nits collected from a homeless man for the presence of B. quintana DNA. All of the sampled nits tested positive by real-time PCR, and intergenic spacer region (ITS) gene sequences shared 100% similarity to the corresponding ITS fragment of the genome of B. quintana . The role of the head louse in the maintenance and transmission of B. quintana remains to be determined.

  • arthropod borne diseases associated with political and social disorder
    Annual Review of Entomology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    The living conditions and the crowded situations of the homeless, war refugees, or victims of a natural disaster provide ideal conditions for the spread of lice, fleas, ticks, flies and mites. The consequence of arthropod infestation in these situations is underestimated. Along with louse-borne infections such as typhus, Trench Fever, and relapsing Fever, the relationship between Acinetobacter spp.–infected lice and bacteremia in the homeless is not clear. Murine typhus, tungiasis, and myiasis are likely underestimated, and there has been a reemergence of bed bugs. Attempted eradication of the body louse, despite specific measures, has been disappointing, and infections with Bartonella quintana continue to be reported. The efficacy of ivermectin in eradicating the human body louse, although the effect is not sustained, might provide new therapeutic approaches. Arthropod-borne diseases continue to emerge within the deprived population. Public health programs should be engaged rapidly to control these pests...

  • bartonella quintana characteristics and clinical management
    Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2006
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    Bartonella quintana, a pathogen that is restricted to human hosts and louse vectors, was first characterized as the agent of Trench Fever. The disease was described in 1915 on the basis of natural and experimental infections in soldiers. It is now recognized as a reemerging pathogen among homeless populations in cities in the United States and Europe and is responsible for a wide spectrum of conditions, including chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Diagnosis is based on serologic analysis, culture, and molecular biology. Recent characterization of its genome allowed the development of modern diagnosis and typing methods. Guidelines for the treatment of B. quintana infections are presented.

  • Autochthonous epidemic typhus associated with Bartonella quintana bacteremia in a homeless person.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2005
    Co-Authors: Sékéné Badiaga, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    Trench Fever, a louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella quintana, is reemerging in homeless persons. Epidemic typhus is another life-threatening louse-borne disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and known to occur in conditions of war, famine, refugee camps, cold weather, poverty, or lapses in public health. We report the first case of seroconversion to R. prowazekii in a homeless person of Marseilles, France. This was associated with B. quintana bacteremia. Although no outbreaks of typhus have been notified yet in the homeless population, this disease is likely to reemerge in such situation.

David H. Spach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • bartonella quintana and urban Trench Fever
    Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2000
    Co-Authors: Michael E Ohl, David H. Spach
    Abstract:

    Contemporary Bartonella quintana infections have emerged in diverse regions of the world, predominantly involving socially disadvantaged persons. Available data suggest that the human body louse Pediculus humanus is the vector for transmission of B. quintana. Descriptions of the clinical manifestations associated with contemporary B. quintana infections have varied considerably and include asymptomatic infection, a relapsing febrile illness, headache, leg pain, "culture-negative" endocarditis, and, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons, bacillary angiomatosis. Laboratory diagnosis is most convincing when B. quintana is isolated in blood culture, but growth often takes 20-40 days; problems exist with both sensitivity and specificity of serological assays. On the basis of available information, use of doxycycline, erythromycin, or azithromycin to treat B. quintana infections is recommended. Treatment of uncomplicated B. quintana bacteremia for 4-6 weeks and treatment of B. quintana endocarditis (in a person who does not undergo valve surgery) for 4-6 months are recommended, with the addition of a bactericidal agent (such as a third-generation cephalosporin or an aminoglycoside) during the initial 2-3 weeks of therapy for endocarditis.

  • bartonella associated infections
    Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 1998
    Co-Authors: David H. Spach, Jane E Koehler
    Abstract:

    : Bartonella-associated infections occur in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The spectrum of diseases caused by Bartonella species has expanded and now includes cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary peliosis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and Trench Fever. Most Bartonella-associated infections that occur in North America and Europe are caused by B. henselae or B. quintana. The domestic cat serves as the major reservoir for B. henselae; the reservoir for the modern day B. quintana infection remains unknown. Methods used to diagnose Bartonella-associated infections include histopathologic analysis of biopsy specimens, culture of tissue samples, blood culture, and serology. Available data on treatment of Bartonella-associated infections remain relatively sparse but would suggest that erythromycin or doxycycline provide the best responses.

  • bartonella rochalimaea quintana bacteremia in inner city patients with chronic alcoholism
    The New England Journal of Medicine, 1995
    Co-Authors: David H. Spach, Andrew S Kanter, Molly J Dougherty, Ann Larson, Marie B Coyle, Don J Brenner, Bala Swaminathan, Ghassan M Matar, David F Welch, Richard K Root
    Abstract:

    Background Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana is a fastidious gram-negative bacterium known to cause Trench Fever, cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis, and endocarditis. Between January and June 1993 in Seattle, we isolated B. quintana from 34 blood cultures obtained from 10 patients not known to be infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods After identifying the isolates as B. quintana by direct immunofluorescence and DNA-hybridization studies, we determined strain hybridization with studies of restriction-fragment–length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the intergenic spacer (noncoding) region of ribosomal DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To characterize the epidemiologic and clinical features of bartonella infections in these patients, we performed a retrospective case–control study using as controls 20 patients from whom blood was obtained for culture at approximately the same time as from the index patients. Results B. quintana isolates from the 10 patients were indistingu...

Cédric Foucault - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Bartonella quintana Characteristics and Clinical Management
    2014
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Didier Raoult
    Abstract:

    Bartonella quintana, a pathogen that is restricted to human hosts and louse vectors, was first characterized as the agent of Trench Fever. The disease was described in 1915 on the basis of natural and experimental infections in soldiers. It is now recognized as a reemerging pathogen among homeless populations in cities in the United States and Europe and is responsible for a wide spectrum of conditions, including chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Diagnosis is based on serologic analysis, culture, and molecular biology. Recent characterization of its genome allowed the development of modern diagnosis and typing methods. Guidelines for the treatment of B. quintana infections are presented. Trench Fever, the first clinical manifestation attributed to Bartonella quintana, affected an estimated>1 millio

  • bartonella quintana characteristics and clinical management
    Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2006
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    Bartonella quintana, a pathogen that is restricted to human hosts and louse vectors, was first characterized as the agent of Trench Fever. The disease was described in 1915 on the basis of natural and experimental infections in soldiers. It is now recognized as a reemerging pathogen among homeless populations in cities in the United States and Europe and is responsible for a wide spectrum of conditions, including chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Diagnosis is based on serologic analysis, culture, and molecular biology. Recent characterization of its genome allowed the development of modern diagnosis and typing methods. Guidelines for the treatment of B. quintana infections are presented.

  • detection of bartonella quintana by direct immunofluorescence examination of blood smears of a patient with acute Trench Fever
    Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Jean-marc Rolain, Didier Raoult, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    We report a case of Bartonella quintana acute symptomatic infection in a homeless man, presenting as a typical Trench Fever. B. quintana has been retrieved in erythrocytes in large clusters and in erythroblasts. Direct immunofluorescence of blood smears allows a rapid diagnosis.

  • bartonella quintana bacteremia among homeless people
    Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2002
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Philippe Brouqui, K Barrau, Didier Raoult
    Abstract:

    Bartonella quintana infections have recently reemerged, predominantly among the homeless populations in cities in both Europe and the United States. B. quintana can cause Trench Fever, endocarditis, and chronic bacteremia; the human body louse is the only known vector. Homeless people who presented to the emergency departments of University Hospital in Marseilles, France, were studied, as were those who had been admitted to other medical facilities in the city since 1 January 1997. Samples of blood and body lice were collected for culture for B. quintana and for serological testing. Bartonella bacteremia was associated with sweats, evidence of louse infestation, serological tests that were positive for B. quintana, and high titers of B. quintana antibody. Bacteremia was also associated with being homeless for <3 years. Asymptomatic, prolonged bacteremia (duration, up to 78 weeks) and intermittent bacteremia were found to occur. Data obtained regarding antibiotic regimens showed that treatment with gentamicin and doxycycline was effective in preventing relapses of bacteremia.

  • infections in the homeless
    Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2001
    Co-Authors: Cédric Foucault, Philippe Brouqui
    Abstract:

    Summary Homeless people in developed countries have specific problems predisposing them to infectious diseases. Respiratory infections and outbreaks of tuberculosis and other aerosol transmitted infections have been reported. Homeless intravenous drug users are at an increased risk of contracting HIV, and hepatitis B and C infections. Skin problems are the main reason the homeless seek medical attention, and these commonly include scabies, pediculosis, tinea infections, and impetigo. Many foot disorders are more prevalent in the homeless including ulcers, cellulitis, erysipelas, and gas gangrene. The louse transmitted bacteria Bartonella quintana has recently been found to cause clinical conditions in the homeless such as urban Trench Fever, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, and chronic afebrile bacteraemia. Treatment of homeless people is complicated by financial constraints, self-neglect, and lack of adherence. Patients with serious and contagious illnesses should be hospitalised. Physicians should be aware of these specific issues to enhance care.

Gregory A Dasch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Pearls The Biology and Taxonomy of Head and Body Lice— Implications for Louse-Borne Disease Prevention
    2016
    Co-Authors: Denise L Bonilla, Lance A Durden, Marina E Eremeeva, Gregory A Dasch
    Abstract:

    ectoparasites of placental mammals including humans. Worldwide, more than 550 species have been described and many are specific to a particular host species of mammal [1]. Three taxa uniquely parasitize humans: the head louse, body louse, and crab (pubic) louse. The body louse, in particular, has epidemiological impor-tance because it is a vector of the causative agents of three important human diseases: epidemic typhus, Trench Fever, and louse-borne relapsing Fever. Since the advent of antibiotics and more effective body louse control measures in the 1940s, these diseases have markedly diminished in incidence. However, due to 1) increasing pediculicide resistance in human lice, 2) reemergence of body louse populations in some geographic areas and demographic groups, 3) persistent head louse infestations, and 4) recent detection of body louse-borne pathogens in head lice, lice and louse-borne diseases are an emerging problem worldwide. This mini-review is focused on human body and head lice including their biological relationship to each other and its epidemiological relevance, the status and treatment of human louse-borne diseases, and current approaches to prevention and control of human louse infestations

  • Proposal for the Sequencing of a New Target Genome: White Paper for a Human Body Louse Genome Project.
    2016
    Co-Authors: Barry R. Pittendrigh, John M. Clark, Spencer J. Johnston, Si Hyeock Lee, Jeanne Romero-severson, Gregory A Dasch
    Abstract:

    Summary – The human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is the primary vector which transmits the bacterial agents of louse-borne relapsing Fever, Trench Fever, and epidemic typhus. Epidemic typhus, one of the most significant historical diseases of humans, is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, a category B bioterrorism agent that can cause persistent human infection. Besides its notoriety as the agent of the recurrent chronic disease, Trench Fever, Bartonella quintana can cause endocarditis and is a common infection among the homeless. Borrelia recurrentis causes another recurrent Fever in central and Eastern Africa that is characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. The genome sequences of R. prowazekii and B. quintana have been determined as well as those of two species of Borrelia so that determining the body louse genome will enhance studies of host-vector-pathogen interactions. Body lice and the closely related human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, belong to the hemimetabolous order Phthiraptera. Head lice represent a major economic and social concern in North America, because head lice infestations are often associated with school-aged children, who miss substantial school days during this critical learning period. Resistance to traditional pesticides used to control head and body lice have developed. It is imperative that new molecular targets are discovered to aid in development of novel compounds to control these insects. No complete genome sequence has been obtained for a hemimetabolous insect species. In large part, this is because hemimetabolous insects often have large (2000 Mb) to very large (up to 16,000 Mb) genomes. Recently, we discovered that the body louse genome is one of the smallest known in the insect world, 107.6 + 0.6 Mb for males and 105.4

  • the biology and taxonomy of head and body lice implications for louse borne disease prevention
    PLOS Pathogens, 2013
    Co-Authors: Denise L Bonilla, Lance A Durden, Marina E Eremeeva, Gregory A Dasch
    Abstract:

    Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of placental mammals including humans. Worldwide, more than 550 species have been described and many are specific to a particular host species of mammal [1]. Three taxa uniquely parasitize humans: the head louse, body louse, and crab (pubic) louse. The body louse, in particular, has epidemiological importance because it is a vector of the causative agents of three important human diseases: epidemic typhus, Trench Fever, and louse-borne relapsing Fever. Since the advent of antibiotics and more effective body louse control measures in the 1940s, these diseases have markedly diminished in incidence. However, due to 1) increasing pediculicide resistance in human lice, 2) reemergence of body louse populations in some geographic areas and demographic groups, 3) persistent head louse infestations, and 4) recent detection of body louse-borne pathogens in head lice, lice and louse-borne diseases are an emerging problem worldwide. This mini-review is focused on human body and head lice including their biological relationship to each other and its epidemiological relevance, the status and treatment of human louse-borne diseases, and current approaches to prevention and control of human louse infestations.

  • bacteremia Fever and splenomegaly caused by a newly recognized bartonella species
    The New England Journal of Medicine, 2007
    Co-Authors: Marina E Eremeeva, Gregory A Dasch, Helen L Gerns, Shari L Lydy, Edward T Ryan, Smitha S Mathew, Mary Jane Ferraro, Judith M Holden, William L Nicholson, Jane E Koehler
    Abstract:

    Bartonella species cause serious human infections globally, including bacillary angiomatosis, Oroya Fever, Trench Fever, and endocarditis. We describe a patient who had Fever and splenomegaly after traveling to Peru and also had bacteremia from an organism that resembled Bartonella bacilliformis, the causative agent of Oroya Fever, which is endemic to Peru. However, genetic analyses revealed that this fastidious bacterium represented a previously uncultured and unnamed bartonella species, closely related to B. clarridgeiae and more distantly related to B. bacilliformis. We characterized this isolate, including its ability to cause Fever and sustained bacteremia in a rhesus macaque. The route of infection and burden of human disease associated with this newly described pathogen are currently unknown.