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Kenji Satake - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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History and features of trans-oceanic Tsunamis and implications for paleo-tsunami studies
Earth-Science Reviews, 2020Co-Authors: Kenji Satake, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Marco Quiroz, Rodrigo CienfuegosAbstract:Abstract Far-field Tsunamis and their features, as well as methods to quantify trans-oceanic Tsunamis are reviewed, with examples of instrumental and historical data. Tsunamis from the 1854 Nankai earthquakes, the 1946 Aleutian tsunami earthquake, the 1960 and 2010 Chile earthquakes, as well as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, were recorded around the Pacific Ocean. The 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption caused volcanic tsunami in the Indian Ocean and meteotsunami in the Pacific Ocean. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was also recorded in the Pacific Ocean. When a tsunami amplitude is larger than that of ocean tides, which usually requires the parent earthquake to be gigantic (Mw ~ 9), it can cause damage and may be historically documented. The trans-Pacific Tsunamis described in historical documents include those from the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, the 1730, 1751, 1837, and 1877 earthquakes off Chile, and the 1687 and 1868 earthquakes off Peru. The tsunami record in Japan from the 1586 Peru earthquakes was found to be incorrect and should be discounted. The tsunami magnitude scale relates the tsunami heights to the earthquake size. Tsunami travel time can be computed from actual bathymetry, and the tsunami ray tracing provides relative amplitudes, due to focusing/defocusing caused by irregular bathymetry. Numerical computations from fault models produce tsunami amplitudes and waveforms, and indicate strong directivity due to strike of fault or orientation of subduction zones. Far-field Tsunamis are often long-lasting, due to multiple reflections across the basin or on continental shelf, or due to resonance in bays/harbors. These features would provide important criteria to estimate tsunami sources from paleo-tsunami data.
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Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku and Previous Great Earthquakes
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2014Co-Authors: Yoshinobu Tsuji, Akihito Nishiyama, Tomoya Harada, Takafumi Ishibe, Kenji Satake, Satoshi KusumotoAbstract:The 2011 Tohoku earthquake generated a huge, destructive tsunami with coastal heights of up to 40 m recorded along northern Honshu. The Sanriku coast experienced similar Tsunamis and damage from the 1896 and 1933 Sanriku earthquakes, whereas the only damaging Tsunamis on both the Ibaraki and Chiba coasts in the previous century were from the 1960 and 2010 Chile earthquakes. We summarized 12 field surveys in which the height of the 2011 tsunami was recorded at 296 points, along with descriptions of the survey method, reliability, and accuracy. We then compared them with the above-mentioned Tsunamis at locations for which specific measurements were given in previous reports. On the Sanriku coast, the 2011 tsunami heights are positively correlated with the previous Sanriku Tsunamis, indicating that local variations resulting from the irregular coastline were more dominant factors than the earthquake location, type, or magnitude for near-field Tsunamis. The correlations with the Chilean tsunami heights are less significant due to the differences between the local and trans-Pacific Tsunamis. On the Ibaraki and Chiba coasts, the 2011 Tohoku and the two Chilean tsunami heights are positively correlated, showing the general decrease toward the south with small local variations such as large heights near peninsulas.
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Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami
Geoscience Letters, 2014Co-Authors: Kenji SatakeAbstract:The December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was the worst tsunami disaster in the world’s history with more than 200,000 casualties. This disaster was attributed to giant size (magnitude M ~ 9, source length >1000 km) of the earthquake, lacks of expectation of such an earthquake, tsunami warning system, knowledge and preparedness for Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean countries. In the last ten years, seismology and tsunami sciences as well as tsunami disaster risk reduction have significantly developed. Progress in seismology includes implementation of earthquake early warning, real-time estimation of earthquake source parameters and tsunami potential, paleoseismological studies on past earthquakes and Tsunamis, studies of probable maximum size, recurrence variability, and long-term forecast of large earthquakes in subduction zones. Progress in tsunami science includes accurate modeling of tsunami source such as contribution of horizontal components or “tsunami earthquakes”, development of new types of offshore and deep ocean tsunami observation systems such as GPS buoys or bottom pressure gauges, deployments of DART gauges in the Pacific and other oceans, improvements in tsunami propagation modeling, and real-time inversion or data assimilation for the tsunami warning. These developments have been utilized for tsunami disaster reduction in the forms of tsunami early warning systems, tsunami hazard maps, and probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments. Some of the above scientific developments helped to reveal the source characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, which caused devastating tsunami damage in Japan and Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station accident. Toward tsunami disaster risk reduction, interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary approaches are needed for scientists with other stakeholders.
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Introduction to “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World: Volume II. Tsunamis from 1755 to 2010”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2013Co-Authors: Kenji Satake, Alexander B. Rabinovich, Dale Dominey-howes, José C. BorreroAbstract:Eighteen papers on past and recent destructive Tsunamis are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World.” Three papers discuss deep-sea (DART) and coastal tsunami observations, warning systems and risk management in the Pacific Ocean. Four papers examine the 1755 Lisbon, 1964 Alaska, 2003 Algeria, and 2011 Haiti Tsunamis. Four more papers, as well as some papers in Volume I, report on various aspects of the 2010 Chile tsunami. Two papers present some results of field survey and modelling investigation of the 2010 Mentawai, Indonesia, tsunami. Three papers report on modelling efforts of tsunami generation by earthquake and landslide, and of tsunami propagation. Finally, two papers discuss hazard assessment using a probabilistic approach.
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Introduction to “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World: Volume I. The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2013Co-Authors: Kenji Satake, Alexander B. Rabinovich, Dale Dominey-howes, José C. BorreroAbstract:Twenty-one papers on the 2011 Tohoku, Japan tsunami are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World.” Two papers discuss seismological aspects of the event with an emphasis on tsunami generation and warning. Five papers report the impacts and effects in Japan through field surveys of tsunami heights, building damage, and tsunami deposits or analysis of satellite data. Eight papers report the tsunami effects on other Pacific coasts, including the Kuril Islands, the USA, French Polynesia, the Galapagos Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Three papers report on analyses of the instrumental records of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami, and two more papers report their modelling efforts of the tsunami. Several of the above papers also compare the 2011 Tohoku and 2010 Chile Tsunamis.
José C. Borrero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Introduction to “Tsunami Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Volume II.”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Eric L. Geist, Hermann M. Fritz, José C. BorreroAbstract:Twenty papers on the study of Tsunamis and respective tsunamigenic earthquakes are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Tsunami Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami”. The papers presented in this second of two special volumes of Pure and Applied Geophysics reflect the state of tsunami science during this time, including five papers devoted to new findings specifically in the Indian Ocean. Two papers compile results from global observations and eight papers cover Pacific Ocean studies, focusing mainly on the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Remaining papers in this volume describe studies in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and tsunami source studies. Overall, the volume not only addresses the pivotal 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku Tsunamis, but also examines the tsunami hazard posed to other critical coasts in the world.
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Introduction to “Tsunami Science: Ten Years After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Volume I”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Eric L. Geist, Hermann M. Fritz, José C. BorreroAbstract:Twenty-two papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Tsunami Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.” Eight papers examine various aspects of past events with an emphasis on case and regional studies. Five papers are on tsunami warning and forecast, including the improvement of existing tsunami warning systems and the development of new warning systems in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean region. Three more papers present the results of analytical studies and discuss benchmark problems. Four papers report the impacts of Tsunamis, including the detailed calculation of inundation onshore and into rivers and probabilistic analysis for engineering purposes. The final two papers relate to important investigations of the source and tsunami generation. Overall, the volume not only addresses the pivotal 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra) and 2011 Japan (Tohoku) Tsunamis, but also examines the tsunami hazard posed to other critical coasts in the world.
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Far-Field Tsunami Hazard in New Zealand Ports
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015Co-Authors: José C. Borrero, Derek G. Goring, S. Dougal Greer, William L. PowerAbstract:We present the results of a numerical modeling study investigating the effects of far-field Tsunamis in New Zealand ports. Four sites (Marsden Point, Tauranga, Harbor, Port Taranaki and Lyttelton Harbor) were selected based on a combination of factors such as economic importance and the availability of historical and/or instrumental data. Numerical models were created using the ComMIT tsunami modeling tool and the Method Of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) hydrodynamic model. Comparison of model results to measured data from recent historical events showed that, for particular sites and events, the model correlated well with the timing and amplitude of the observed tsunami, and, in most cases, there was generally good agreement between the and modeled tsunami heights and current speeds. A sensitivity analysis for tsunami heights and current speeds was conducted using a suite of large ( M _W 9) tsunamigenic earthquake sources situated at regular 15° intervals in azimuth along the Pacific Rim while another set of scenarios focused on regional tsunami sources in the Southwest Pacific. Model results were analyzed for tsunami heights and current speeds as a function of the source region. In terms of currents, the analysis identified where speeds were greatest and which source was responsible. Results suggested that Tsunamis originating from Central America produced the strongest response in New Zealand. The modeling was also used to determine the timing and duration of potentially dangerous current speeds as well as minimum ‘safe depths’ for vessel evacuation offshore. This study was motivated by the desire to reduce damage and operational losses via improved forecasting of far-field Tsunamis at New Zealand ports. It is important that forecasts are accurate since tsunami damage to ships and facilities is expensive and can be mitigated given timely warnings and because preventable false alarms are also costly in terms of lost productivity. The modeling presented here will underpin efforts to produce port-specific guidance and information in the event of future Pacific Tsunamis.
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Introduction to “Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean: 2011–2012”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2014Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, José C. Borrero, Hermann M. FritzAbstract:With this volume of the Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH) topical issue “Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean: 2011–2012”, we are pleased to present 21 new papers discussing tsunami events occurring in this two-year span. Owing to the profound impact resulting from the unique crossover of a natural and nuclear disaster, research into the 11 March 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake and tsunami continues; here we present 12 papers related to this event. Three papers report on detailed field survey results and updated analyses of the wave dynamics based on these surveys. Two papers explore the effects of the Tohoku tsunami on the coast of Russia. Three papers discuss the tsunami source mechanism, and four papers deal with tsunami hydrodynamics in the far field or over the wider Pacific basin. In addition, a series of five papers presents studies of four new tsunami and earthquake events occurring over this time period. This includes Tsunamis in El Salvador, the Philippines, Japan and the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. Finally, we present four new papers on tsunami science, including discussions on tsunami event duration, tsunami wave amplitude, tsunami energy and tsunami recurrence.
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Introduction to “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World: Volume II. Tsunamis from 1755 to 2010”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2013Co-Authors: Kenji Satake, Alexander B. Rabinovich, Dale Dominey-howes, José C. BorreroAbstract:Eighteen papers on past and recent destructive Tsunamis are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World.” Three papers discuss deep-sea (DART) and coastal tsunami observations, warning systems and risk management in the Pacific Ocean. Four papers examine the 1755 Lisbon, 1964 Alaska, 2003 Algeria, and 2011 Haiti Tsunamis. Four more papers, as well as some papers in Volume I, report on various aspects of the 2010 Chile tsunami. Two papers present some results of field survey and modelling investigation of the 2010 Mentawai, Indonesia, tsunami. Three papers report on modelling efforts of tsunami generation by earthquake and landslide, and of tsunami propagation. Finally, two papers discuss hazard assessment using a probabilistic approach.
Alexander B. Rabinovich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Introduction to “Twenty Five Years of Modern Tsunami Science Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Tsunamis, Volume II”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2020Co-Authors: Utku Kânoğlu, Yuichiro Tanioka, Emile A. Okal, Maria Ana Baptista, Alexander B. RabinovichAbstract:Following the first volume (PAGEOPH, 2019, 176, No. 7), twenty-four papers on Tsunamis are included in the PAGEOPH topical issue “Twenty five years of modern tsunami science following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Tsunamis: Volume II,” reporting on the frontiers of tsunami science and research. The first two papers overview meteorological Tsunamis, discussing progress since the 1992 Daytona event, and examining the March 2017 Persian Gulf destructive event. The next four papers review historical tsunami events, starting with a paper providing statistics for the last 120 years. The 2018 Kodiak event is investigated in the following two papers. A set of five papers discusses tsunami-warning methodologies specifically for the Australia and Nankai (Japan) regions, and general tsunami warning approaches. Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment including case studies for two Australian coasts and the Pacific Coast of Central America, as well as discussion regarding the effect of shallow slip amplification uncertainty, and tsunami hazard assessment for the Port of Ensenada, Baja California, are presented in the next five papers. Two papers discuss tsunami tide interaction, and the following two investigate landslide-generated Tsunamis, specifically a tsunami landslide scenario study for the Maltese Islands, and the 1694 Ambon, Indonesia tsunami. Tsunami hydrodynamics studies investigating shoaling on steep continental slopes and transmission of long surface, and tsunami-like waves are presented in the last two papers.
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Introduction to “Twenty Five Years of Modern Tsunami Science Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Tsunamis, Volume I”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2019Co-Authors: Utku Kânoğlu, Yuichiro Tanioka, Emile A. Okal, Maria Ana Baptista, Alexander B. RabinovichAbstract:Twenty-two papers on Tsunamis are included in the Pure and Applied Geophysics topical issue “Twenty five years of modern tsunami science following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Tsunamis: Volume I,” reporting on the frontiers of tsunami science and research. The first three papers overview significant Tsunamis of 1992–2018 and discuss the problems of tsunami cataloguing. The main focus of the next four papers is on specific details of historical tsunami events and field surveys. First, three papers are related to thorough analyses of several historical events based on macroseismic, seismological, and tsunami observations, tide gauge data, and modelling results: the 1907 Sumatra “tsunami earthquake,” the 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake, and five great Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean (1946, 1952, 1957, 1960 and 1964). The last paper of the section concerns results of the field survey of the 2017 Bodrum-Kos tsunami. The reconstruction of the tsunami sources is the main target of the four following papers, with four events examined in detail: the historical 1810 Baja California, 1992 Flores Island, 2012 Haida Gwaii and 2015 Chilean (Illapel) Tsunamis. A set of three papers address problems associated with landslide-generated Tsunamis in three different regions: a modelling of the 2017 landslide and tsunami at Karrat Fjord, Greenland; a probabilistic analysis of the hazard from the Indus Canyon in the NW Indian Ocean; and a study of the landslide-induced tsunami hazard along the US East Coast. The next section, including three papers, reports on comparisons between different types of tsunami models, on numerical modelling of tsunami waves in the Caspian Sea, and on the modelling of magnetic signals at Easter Island, following the 2010 and 2015 Chilean Tsunamis. The last group of five papers discusses tsunami hazard assessment and warning for various regions of the world oceans, including Alaska, the eastern and western Mediterranean, Australia, the Northeast Atlantic and the entire Pacific Ocean; one specific aspect of these studies is the compilation and efficient application of observed data, in particular, from DARTs.
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Introduction to “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume III”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2018Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Yuichiro Tanioka, Hermann M. Fritz, Eric L. GeistAbstract:Twenty papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume III of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future”. Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 and Volume II as PAGEOPH, vol. 174, No. 8, 2017. Two papers in Volume III focus on specific details of the 2009 Samoa and the 1923 northern Kamchatka Tsunamis; they are followed by three papers related to tsunami hazard assessment for three different regions of the world oceans: South Africa, Pacific coast of Mexico and the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean. The next six papers are on various aspects of tsunami hydrodynamics and numerical modelling, including tsunami edge waves, resonant behaviour of compressible water layer during tsunamigenic earthquakes, dispersive properties of seismic and volcanically generated tsunami waves, tsunami runup on a vertical wall and influence of earthquake rupture velocity on maximum tsunami runup. Four papers discuss problems of tsunami warning and real-time forecasting for Central America, the Mediterranean coast of France, the coast of Peru, and some general problems regarding the optimum use of the DART buoy network for effective real-time tsunami warning in the Pacific Ocean. Two papers describe historical and paleotsunami studies in the Russian Far East. The final set of three papers importantly investigates Tsunamis generated by non-seismic sources: asteroid airburst and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global tsunami research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.
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Introduction to “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume II”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2017Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Yuichiro Tanioka, Hermann M. Fritz, Eric L. GeistAbstract:Twenty-two papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future”. Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 (Eds., E. L. Geist, H. M. Fritz, A. B. Rabinovich, and Y. Tanioka). Three papers in Volume II focus on details of the 2011 and 2016 tsunami-generating earthquakes offshore of Tohoku, Japan. The next six papers describe important case studies and observations of recent and historical events. Four papers related to tsunami hazard assessment are followed by three papers on tsunami hydrodynamics and numerical modelling. Three papers discuss problems of tsunami warning and real-time forecasting. The final set of three papers importantly investigates Tsunamis generated by non-seismic sources: volcanic explosions, landslides, and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global tsunami research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.
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Introduction to “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume I”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2016Co-Authors: Eric L. Geist, Alexander B. Rabinovich, Hermann M. Fritz, Yuichiro TaniokaAbstract:Twenty-five papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future”. Six papers examine various aspects of tsunami probability and uncertainty analysis related to hazard assessment. Three papers relate to deterministic hazard and risk assessment. Five more papers present new methods for tsunami warning and detection. Six papers describe new methods for modeling tsunami hydrodynamics. Two papers investigate Tsunamis generated by non-seismic sources: landslides and meteorological disturbances. The final three papers describe important case studies of recent and historical events. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global tsunami research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.
Fumihiko Imamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tsunami evacuation processes based on human behaviour in past earthquakes and Tsunamis: A literature review
Progress in Disaster Science, 2020Co-Authors: Fumiyasu Makinoshima, Fumihiko Imamura, Yusuke OishiAbstract:Abstract Understanding the evacuation behaviour in Tsunamis offers important knowledge to consider for evacuation, countermeasures and preparedness for future Tsunamis. With this background, various aspects of evacuation behaviour have been investigated in past earthquake and tsunami events, but have not been organised to provide an overview of the general tsunami evacuation process. In this paper, we reviewed 39 reports and articles that surveyed actual human responses in past 22 tsunami-related events and organised the existing findings on human behaviour during Tsunamis into a theoretical framework: a tsunami evacuation process that describes general human behavioural components and notifications during tsunami events. The framework illustrates the continuous psychological and physical process in tsunami evacuation and the dynamical transition of notifications during Tsunamis. Since the tsunami evacuation process provides a clear overview of the components of the tsunami evacuation process, it enables researchers design survey questions for comprehensive investigations of tsunami evacuations and leads a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of human behaviour in Tsunamis that will contribute to consider more appropriate evacuation preparedness for future Tsunamis.
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A Decade After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Progress in Disaster Preparedness and Future Challenges in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Maldives
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015Co-Authors: Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Prasanthi Ranasinghe, Erick Mas, Kazuhisa Goto, Mahmood Riyaz, Muzailin Affan, Mari Yasuda, Fumihiko ImamuraAbstract:The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the most devastating Tsunamis in world history. The tsunami caused damage to most of the Asian and other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. After a decade, reconstruction has been completed with different levels of tsunami countermeasures in most areas; however, some land use planning using probabilistic tsunami hazard maps and vulnerabilities should be addressed to prepare for future Tsunamis. Examples of early-stage reconstruction are herein provided alongside a summary of some of the major Tsunamis that have occurred since 2004, revealing the tsunami countermeasures established during the reconstruction period. Our primary objective is to report on and discuss the vulnerabilities found during our field visits to the tsunami-affected countries—namely, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Maldives. For each country, future challenges based on current tsunami countermeasures, such as land use planning, warning systems, evacuation facilities, disaster education and disaster monuments are explained. The problem of traffic jams during tsunami evacuations, especially in well-known tourist areas, was found to be the most common problem faced by all of the countries. The readiness of tsunami warning systems differed across the countries studied. These systems are generally sufficient on a national level, but local hazards require greater study. Disaster reduction education that would help to maintain high tsunami awareness is well established in most countries. Some geological evidence is well preserved even after a decade. Conversely, the maintenance of monuments to the 2004 tsunami appears to be a serious problem. Finally, the reconstruction progress was evaluated based on the experiences of disaster reconstruction in Japan. All vulnerabilities discussed here should be addressed to create long-term, disaster-resilient communities.
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Damage and Reconstruction After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, 2013Co-Authors: Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Prasanthi Ranasinghe, Erick Mas, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi KoshimuraAbstract:The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the world’s worst Tsunamis and caused devastating damage in many Asian countries. Then, in 2011, Japan was hit by a tsunami that was generated by the greatest earthquake in the country’s history. This paper discusses the damage caused by these Tsunamis and subsequent reconstruction. Introduced first are the experience gained and lessons learned for future tsunami mitigation, such as tsunami awareness, proper evacuation building and the memorial parks created in the countries affected by the 2004 tsunami (Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand). Second, human casualties and building damage are discussed using fatality ratios and fragility curves, respectively. These analyses show that experience and awareness help reduce human casualties in the Sanriku area, and wooden houses damaged by the 2011 tsunami fared better than in previous historical events. The damage by the 2011 tsunami to structures designed to protect against Tsunamis is summarized. Most of these structures could not withstand and protect from the tsunami because they were not designed for such a large tsunami as expecting of such great event. Finally, examples of ongoing reconstruction in Japan are introduced. Most reconstruction efforts were planned after considering the lessons learned from the tsunami’s impact, and the towns in question are now strengthening their disaster prevention-related plans to be better prepared for future Tsunamis.
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Tsunamis AND TSUNAMI SEDIMENTOLOGY
Tsunamiites, 2008Co-Authors: Daisuke Sugawara, Koji Minoura, Fumihiko ImamuraAbstract:Abstract Tsunamis are one of the most catastrophic wave motions, which cover a large parts of the sea and behave intricately especially in coastal zones. Studies on tsunami sedimentology have revealed that Tsunamis induce various types of sedimentation in marine, lacustrine and onshore environments. Tsunami deposits are sedimentological evidence of tsunami events. This contribution describes the nature of Tsunamis and of tsunami sedimentation as an introduction to this volume. Hydrodynamic aspects are introduced to explain the propagation of Tsunamis. The diversity of tsunami deposits is illustrated on the basis of literature data. Onshore tsunami sedimentation is discussed in particular. Tsunami sedimentation appears to depend on the hydrodynamic and hydraulic character of the tsunami. The distribution pattern, grain-size variation and many other sedimentological structures reflect the characters of the tsunami such as the height, current velocity and period. Therefore, tsunami sedimentation should be interpreted based on careful consideration of the characteristics of Tsunamis. This may result in a reliable reconstruction of ancient tsunami events.
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Response of Residents at the Moment of Tsunamis-The 1992 Flores Island Earthquake Tsunami, Indonesia-
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, 1995Co-Authors: Yoshiaki Kawata, Yoshinobu Tsuji, Fumihiko Imamura, Masafumi Matsuyama, A. R. Syamsudin, Sunarjo, H. Matsutomi, Tomoyuki TakahashiAbstract:The number of loss of lives due to the 1992 Flores island Tsunamis was about 1,000. The maximum tsunami runup height 26.2m was measured at Kroko. At Babi island, reflected tsunami with the height of 5 to 7m attached two villages so that every structure was broken and swept away. At Waring, mooring fishing boats were easily carried to the dense-housing areas by Tsunamis so that wooden-made houses were swept away by dominos. Through the questionnaire, tsunami characteristics and residents’ behavior are also described. Most residents have no information on Tsunamis. After looking at tsunami coming, they run away to safe places. Therefore, the disaster weak such as children and old people might fell victim to the tsunami disaster. As disaster lessons, spread of tsunami information such as local tsunami characteristics and refuge programs are very important to mitigate the damages in tsunami-prone areas.
Eric L. Geist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Introduction to “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume III”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2018Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Yuichiro Tanioka, Hermann M. Fritz, Eric L. GeistAbstract:Twenty papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume III of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future”. Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 and Volume II as PAGEOPH, vol. 174, No. 8, 2017. Two papers in Volume III focus on specific details of the 2009 Samoa and the 1923 northern Kamchatka Tsunamis; they are followed by three papers related to tsunami hazard assessment for three different regions of the world oceans: South Africa, Pacific coast of Mexico and the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean. The next six papers are on various aspects of tsunami hydrodynamics and numerical modelling, including tsunami edge waves, resonant behaviour of compressible water layer during tsunamigenic earthquakes, dispersive properties of seismic and volcanically generated tsunami waves, tsunami runup on a vertical wall and influence of earthquake rupture velocity on maximum tsunami runup. Four papers discuss problems of tsunami warning and real-time forecasting for Central America, the Mediterranean coast of France, the coast of Peru, and some general problems regarding the optimum use of the DART buoy network for effective real-time tsunami warning in the Pacific Ocean. Two papers describe historical and paleotsunami studies in the Russian Far East. The final set of three papers importantly investigates Tsunamis generated by non-seismic sources: asteroid airburst and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global tsunami research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.
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Introduction to “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume II”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2017Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Yuichiro Tanioka, Hermann M. Fritz, Eric L. GeistAbstract:Twenty-two papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future”. Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 (Eds., E. L. Geist, H. M. Fritz, A. B. Rabinovich, and Y. Tanioka). Three papers in Volume II focus on details of the 2011 and 2016 tsunami-generating earthquakes offshore of Tohoku, Japan. The next six papers describe important case studies and observations of recent and historical events. Four papers related to tsunami hazard assessment are followed by three papers on tsunami hydrodynamics and numerical modelling. Three papers discuss problems of tsunami warning and real-time forecasting. The final set of three papers importantly investigates Tsunamis generated by non-seismic sources: volcanic explosions, landslides, and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global tsunami research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.
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Introduction to “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume I”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2016Co-Authors: Eric L. Geist, Alexander B. Rabinovich, Hermann M. Fritz, Yuichiro TaniokaAbstract:Twenty-five papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future”. Six papers examine various aspects of tsunami probability and uncertainty analysis related to hazard assessment. Three papers relate to deterministic hazard and risk assessment. Five more papers present new methods for tsunami warning and detection. Six papers describe new methods for modeling tsunami hydrodynamics. Two papers investigate Tsunamis generated by non-seismic sources: landslides and meteorological disturbances. The final three papers describe important case studies of recent and historical events. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global tsunami research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.
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Introduction to “Tsunami Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Volume II.”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Eric L. Geist, Hermann M. Fritz, José C. BorreroAbstract:Twenty papers on the study of Tsunamis and respective tsunamigenic earthquakes are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Tsunami Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami”. The papers presented in this second of two special volumes of Pure and Applied Geophysics reflect the state of tsunami science during this time, including five papers devoted to new findings specifically in the Indian Ocean. Two papers compile results from global observations and eight papers cover Pacific Ocean studies, focusing mainly on the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Remaining papers in this volume describe studies in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and tsunami source studies. Overall, the volume not only addresses the pivotal 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku Tsunamis, but also examines the tsunami hazard posed to other critical coasts in the world.
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Introduction to “Tsunami Science: Ten Years After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Volume I”
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015Co-Authors: Alexander B. Rabinovich, Eric L. Geist, Hermann M. Fritz, José C. BorreroAbstract:Twenty-two papers on the study of Tsunamis are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Tsunami Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.” Eight papers examine various aspects of past events with an emphasis on case and regional studies. Five papers are on tsunami warning and forecast, including the improvement of existing tsunami warning systems and the development of new warning systems in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean region. Three more papers present the results of analytical studies and discuss benchmark problems. Four papers report the impacts of Tsunamis, including the detailed calculation of inundation onshore and into rivers and probabilistic analysis for engineering purposes. The final two papers relate to important investigations of the source and tsunami generation. Overall, the volume not only addresses the pivotal 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra) and 2011 Japan (Tohoku) Tsunamis, but also examines the tsunami hazard posed to other critical coasts in the world.
