The Experts below are selected from a list of 72666 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nathan Mcclintock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cultivating a sustainability capital Urban Agriculture ecogentrification and the uneven valorization of social reproduction
Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2018Co-Authors: Nathan McclintockAbstract:Urban Agriculture (UA), for many activists and scholars, plays a prominent role in food justice struggles in cities throughout the Global North, a site of conflict between use and exchange values a...
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the intersection of planning Urban Agriculture and food justice a review of the literature
Journal of The American Planning Association, 2017Co-Authors: Megan Horst, Nathan Mcclintock, Lesli HoeyAbstract:Problem, research strategy, and findings: We draw on a multidisciplinary body of research to consider how planning for Urban Agriculture can foster food justice by benefitting socioeconomically disadvantaged residents. The potential social benefits of Urban Agriculture include increased access to food, positive health impacts, skill building, community development, and connections to broader social change efforts. The literature suggests, however, caution in automatically conflating Urban Agriculture’s social benefits with the goals of food justice. Urban Agriculture may reinforce and deepen societal inequities by benefitting better resourced organizations and the propertied class and contributing to the displacement of lower-income households. The precariousness of land access for Urban Agriculture is another limitation, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Planners have recently begun to pay increased attention to Urban Agriculture but should more explicitly support the goals of food justice in t...
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radical reformist and garden variety neoliberal coming to terms with Urban Agriculture s contradictions
Local Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Nathan McclintockAbstract:For many activists and scholars, Urban Agriculture in the Global North has become synonymous with sustainable food systems, standing in opposition to the dominant industrial agri-food system. At the same time, critical social scientists increasingly argue that Urban Agriculture programs, by filling the void left by the "rolling back" of the social safety net, underwrite neoliberalization. I argue that such contradictions are central to Urban Agriculture. Drawing on existing literature and fieldwork in Oakland, California, I explain how Urban Agriculture arises from a protective counter-movement, while at the same time entrenching the neoliberal organization of contemporary Urban political economies through its entanglement with multiple processes of neoliberalization. By focusing on one interpretation or the other, however, rather than understanding such contradictions as internal and inherent, we risk undermining Urban Agriculture's transformative potential. Coming to terms with its internal contradictions can help better position Urban Agriculture within a coordinated efforts for structural change, rather than promoting farming in cities as an end unto itself, one of many means to an end rather than an end unto itself.
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assessing soil lead contamination at multiple scales in oakland california implications for Urban Agriculture and environmental justice
Applied Geography, 2012Co-Authors: Nathan McclintockAbstract:Abstract As Urban Agriculture grows in popularity throughout North America, vacant lots, underutilized parks, and other open spaces are becoming prime targets for food production. In many post-industrial landscapes and in neighborhoods with a high density of old housing stock, the risk of lead (Pb) contamination at such sites is raising concerns. This paper evaluates the extent to which soil Pb contamination may be an obstacle to the expansion of Urban Agriculture in Oakland, California. Using a combination of soil sampling at 112 sites, GIS, “hot spot” analysis, and reconstructed land use histories, the research reveals that soil Pb concentrations are generally lower than federal screening levels of 400 ppm, but significantly higher in West Oakland, the city's oldest area and home to a predominantly low-income and African American population. Lead levels are significantly lower in the affluent, predominantly white Oakland hills. Spatial analysis at city- and neighborhood-scales reveals clusters of Pb contamination related to land use history. Site-scale analyses at 12 sites reveals a high level of variability (in some cases related to land use history) that must be taken into consideration when planning for Urban Agriculture.
Kristin Reynolds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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resource needs for a socially just and sustainable Urban Agriculture system lessons from new york city
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2015Co-Authors: Nevin Cohen, Kristin ReynoldsAbstract:Many Urban Agriculture programs, and the organizations that run them, require substantial resources to remain viable and provide the multifunctional benefits that practitioners and supporters hope to achieve. As Urban Agriculture activity expands, practitioners and supporters face significant challenges, including how to match resources to the needs of practitioners and expectations of municipalities, and how to distribute those resources effectively and equitably so that communities, and the city as a whole, capture the benefits of these projects. This is particularly important as cities face increasing pressure to reduce costs and maximize the return on public expenditures. A 2-year study called Five Borough Farm documented the goals and objectives of Urban Agriculture projects in New York City and the resources for their success. The data showed that resource needs go beyond the material and financial needs discussed in the Urban Agriculture literature (e.g., land, soil, money). Interviews documented that Urban Agriculture projects have broader goals than merely producing food, and that attaining these goals (e.g., environmental improvements, community development, social justice) requires the support of government and networks of practitioners, non-profit organizations and philanthropies. Moreover, interviewee comments suggested that significant disparities in access to resources make the Urban Agriculture system in New York unequal and constrain the efforts of some farms and gardens. This paper, based on the Five Borough Farm research, examines the resource needs of Urban Agriculture operations in terms of farm and garden viability and equity among practitioners. It describes the goals, expectations and resource needs of New York City Urban Agriculture from the perspectives of farmers and gardeners, and from the views of city officials, funders and supporting non-profits. It discusses the need for attention to the political and social structures that create disparity and precariousness to ensure a sustainable and just Urban agricultural system, in addition to the financial and technical assistance resources that enable farmers and gardeners to produce food. The paper concludes with recommended strategies to align resource needs and Urban Agriculture goals and expectations in New York and other cities.
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disparity despite diversity social injustice in new york city s Urban Agriculture system
Antipode, 2015Co-Authors: Kristin ReynoldsAbstract:Many studies have documented the benefits of Urban Agriculture, including increased food access, job creation, educational opportunities, and green space. A focus on its social benefits has fed an association of Urban Agriculture with social justice, yet there is a distinction between alleviating symptoms of injustice (such as disparate access to food or environmental amenities) and disrupting structures that underlie them. Despite its positive impacts, Urban Agriculture systems may reinforce inequities that practitioners and supporters aim to address. This paper reports findings from a 2-year study of Urban Agriculture in New York City, which found race- and class-based disparities among practi- tioners citywide. Using the lens of critical race theory, it argues that a failure to examine Urban Agriculture's role in either supporting or dismantling unjust structures may perpetuate an inequitable system. The paper concludes with recommendations for Urban Agriculture supporters and scholars to help advance social justice at structural levels. Introduction the autumn harvest season began in 2010, a New York Magazine article highlighted some of the City's up-and-coming Urban farmers, hailing them as the "new class of growers" (see Stein2010).Includedinthearticleanditsaccompanying photographs were the leaders of what the author deemed some of New York City's "most notable" Urban farms and gardens. As any popular media source might, this article broadened awareness about Urban Agriculture among readers who were not involved with the movement through the type of storytelling that only personal narrative can provide. And, since Urban Agriculture has often been considered an oxymoron given the association of food production with rural environments, this was an opportunity to help bolster the legitimacy of the growing movement. However, despite, or perhaps because of the reach of this popular magazine, the article angered many in New York City's Urban Agriculture system (including some of the farmers that it featured) because six of the seven farmers profiled were white. Through the power of beautifully gritty photographs that professed to depict "What an Urban Farmer Looks Like", this article did more than raise awareness about growing tomatoes or keeping chickens in New York City. By failing to acknowledge the racial and ethnic diversity of New York's farmers and gardeners, it also suggested that Urban Agriculture in the city was a mostly white phenomenon, despite findings that the majority of gardeners in the city's nearly 1000 community
Chiara Tornaghi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban Agriculture in the food disabling city re defining Urban food justice reimagining a politics of empowerment
Antipode, 2017Co-Authors: Chiara TornaghiAbstract:Recent literature has pointed to the role of Urban Agriculture in self-empowerment and learning, and in constituting ways to achieve food justice. Building on this work the paper looks at the potential and constraints for overcoming the residual and contingent status of Urban Agriculture. The first part of the paper aims to expand traditional class/race/ethnicity discussions and to reflect on global, cultural, procedural, capability, distributional and socio-environmental forms of injustice that unfold in the different stages of Urban food production. The second part reflects on how to bring forward food justice and build a politics of engagement, capability and empowerment. Three interlinked strategies for action are presented: (1) enhancing the reflexivity and cohesion of the Urban food movement by articulating a challenge to neoliberal Urbanism; (2) converging Urban and agrarian food justice struggles by shaping Urban agroecology; and (3) regaining control over social reproduction by engaging with food commoning.
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Critical geography of Urban Agriculture
Progress in Human Geography, 2014Co-Authors: Chiara TornaghiAbstract:Urban Agriculture is a broad term which describes food cultivation and animal husbandry on Urban and peri-Urban land. Grassroots as well as institution-led Urban agricultural projects are currently mushrooming in the cities of the Global North, reshaping Urban landscapes, experimenting with alternatives to the capitalist organization of Urban life and sometimes establishing embryonic forms of recreating the Commons. While this renewed interest in land cultivation and food production is attracting increasing interest in a wide range of disciplines – from planning to landscape and cultural studies – it remains a very marginal and almost unexplored field of human geography. Nonetheless, beyond the rhetoric of sustainability and health, Urban Agriculture raises several relevant questions of interest for a critical geographer. Starting by drawing a map of concepts and theories available in an interdisciplinary literature, and highlighting fields of possible inquiry, this paper aims to define the scope of and a...
Sarah Taylor Lovell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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environmental challenges threatening the growth of Urban Agriculture in the united states
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2013Co-Authors: Sam E Wortman, Sarah Taylor LovellAbstract:Urban Agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Although Urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid- to large-scale food production in the U.S. Urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. Many of the Urban agricultural projects in the United States have emerged from social movements and nonprofit organizations focused on Urban renewal, education, job training, community development, and sustainability initiatives. Although these social initiatives have traction, critical knowledge gaps exist regarding the science of food production in Urban ecosystems. Developing a science-based approach to Urban Agriculture is essential to the economic and environmental sustainability of the movement. This paper reviews abiotic environmental factors influencing Urban cropping systems, including soil contamination and remediation; atmospheric pollutants and altered climatic conditions; and water management, sources, and safety. This review paper seeks to characterize the limited state of the science on Urban agricultural systems and identify future research questions most relevant to Urban farmers, land-use planners, and environmental consultants.
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mapping public and private spaces of Urban Agriculture in chicago through the analysis of high resolution aerial images in google earth
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2012Co-Authors: John Taylor, Sarah Taylor LovellAbstract:Although always a part of city life, Urban Agriculture has recently attracted increased attention from diverse groups in the United States, which promote it as a strategy for stimulating economic development, increasing food security and access, and combatting obesity and diabetes, among other goals. Developing effective policies and programs at the city or neighborhood level demands as a first step the accurate mapping of existing Urban Agriculture sites. Mapping efforts in major U.S. cities have been limited in their focus and methodology. Focusing on public sites of food production, such as community gardens, they have overlooked the actual and potential contribution of private spaces, including home food gardens, to local food systems. This paper describes a case study of Urban Agriculture in Chicago which used the manual analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth in conjunction with ArcGIS to identify and map public and private spaces of food production. The resulting spatial dataset demonstrates that Urban Agriculture is an extensive land use type with wide variations in the distribution of sites across the city. Only 13% of sites reported to be community gardening projects by nongovernment organizations and government agencies were determined, through image analysis, to be sites of food production. The production area of home gardens identified by the study is almost threefold that of community gardens. Study results suggest opportunities may exist for scaling up existing production networks—including home food gardens—and enhancing community food sovereignty by leveraging local knowledges of Urban Agriculture.
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Multifunctional Urban Agriculture for sustainable land use planning in the United States
Sustainability, 2010Co-Authors: Sarah Taylor LovellAbstract:Urban Agriculture offers an alternative land use for integrating multiple functions in densely populated areas. While Urban Agriculture has historically been an important element of cities in many developing countries, recent concerns about economic and food security have resulted in a growing movement to produce food in cities of developed countries including the United States. In these regions, Urban Agriculture offers a new frontier for land use planners and landscape designers to become involved in the development and transformation of cities to support community farms, allotment gardens, rooftop gardening, edible landscaping, Urban forests, and other productive features of the Urban environment. Despite the growing interest in Urban Agriculture, Urban planners and landscape designers are often ill-equipped to integrate food-systems thinking into future plans for cities. The challenge (and opportunity) is to design Urban Agriculture spaces to be multifunctional, matching the specific needs and preferences of local residents, while also protecting the environment. This paper provides a review of the literature on Urban Agriculture as it applies to land use planning in the United States. The background includes a brief historical perspective of Urban Agriculture around the world, as well as more recent examples in the United States. Land use applications are considered for multiple scales, from efforts that consider an entire city, to those that impact a single building or garden. Barriers and constraints to Urban Agriculture are discussed, followed by research opportunities and methodological approaches that might be used to address them. This work has implications for Urban planners, landscape designers, and extension agents, as opportunities to integrate Urban Agriculture into the fabric of our cities expand.
Arnold Tukker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the second green revolution innovative Urban Agriculture s contribution to food security and sustainability a review
Global Food Security, 2019Co-Authors: Dian T Armanda, Jeroen B Guinee, Arnold TukkerAbstract:Abstract Since 2010, advances in scientific knowledge and innovative agricultural technology have revitalized Urban Agriculture (UA) into innovative Urban Agriculture (IUA). The continuous intensification of IUA could lead to a Second Green Revolution, which aims to meet the current and future food demand. Here, we review the emerging IUA practices and estimate the contribution of IUA to food security and environmental sustainability by limitedly comparing scientific literature and actual data of eighteen practitioners worldwide. The currently most productive IUA practice can produce up to 140 kg vegetables per m2/year. Various scales of IUA potentially contribute to global food security by supporting local food supply, strengthening the food value chain, and applying more sustainable practices than conventional Agriculture. Further comprehensive life cycle assessments of IUA are needed, especially in developing countries, to prevent an increase of the environmental burden and to balance the interests of people, planet, and profit.
