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Ilkwon Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fumigant toxicity of oriental sweetgum liquidambar orientalis and Valerian Valeriana wallichii essential oils and their components including their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity against japanese termites reticulitermes speratus
Molecules, 2014Co-Authors: Ilkwon ParkAbstract:This study investigated the fumigant toxicity of oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii) essential oils and their components against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus). The fumigant toxicity of oriental sweetgum and Valerian oil differed significantly according to exposure time. Oriental sweetgum showed toxicity at short exposure times (2 days), and the toxicity of Valerian oil was high 7 days after treatment. The main constituents of oriental sweetgum and Valerian oils were tested individually for their fumigant toxicity against Japanese termites. Among the test compounds, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, 1-phenyl-1-ethanol, hydrocinnamyl alcohol, trans-cinnamyl aldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, styrene, and cis-ocimene showed toxicity against Japanese termites 7 days after treatment. Hydrocinnamyl alcohol and trans-cinnamyl alcohol were found to be the major contributors to the fumigant antitermitic toxicity of oriental sweetgum oil. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity of two oils and their constituents was tested to determine their mode of action. Only cis-ocimene showed strong AChE inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 0.131 mg/mL. Further studies are warranted to determine the potential of these essential oils and their constituents as fumigants for termite control.
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nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from coriander coriandrum sativum oriental sweetgum liquidambar orientalis and Valerian Valeriana wallichii essential oils against pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Sangchul Shin, Ilkwon ParkAbstract:Commercial essential oils from 28 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii). Analysis by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry led to the identification of 26, 11, and 4 major compounds from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii) oils, respectively. Compounds from each plant essential oil were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Among the compounds, benzaldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanal, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, decanol, and trans-2-decen-1-ol showed strong nematicidal activity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against th...
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nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from coriander coriandrum sativum oriental sweetgum liquidambar orientalis and Valerian Valeriana wallichii essential oils against pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Junheon Kim, Sangchul Shin, Sunmi Seo, Sang Gil Lee, Ilkwon ParkAbstract:Commercial essential oils from 28 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of 26, 11, and 4 major compounds from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii) oils, respectively. Compounds from each plant essential oil were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Among the compounds, benzaldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanal, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, decanol, and trans-2-decen-1-ol showed strong nematicidal activity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pine wood nematode.
José G. Ortiz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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valerenic acid and Valeriana officinalis extracts delay onset of pentylenetetrazole ptz induced seizures in adult danio rerio zebrafish
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Bianca A Torreshernandez, Lisa M Del Vallemojica, José G. OrtizAbstract:Anticonvulsant properties have been attributed to extracts of the herbal medicine Valeriana officinalis. Our aims were to examine the anticonvulsant properties of valerenic acid and Valerian extracts and to determine whether Valerian preparations interact with the activity of other anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin or clonazepam). To achieve these goals, we validated the adult zebrafish, Danio rerio, as an animal model for studying anticonvulsant drugs. All drug treatments were administered by immersion in water containing the drug. For assays of anticonvulsant activity, zebrafish were pretreated with: anti-epileptic drugs, valerenic acid, aqueous or ethanolic Valerian extracts, or mixtures (phenytoin or clonazepam with valerenic acid or Valerian extracts). Seizures were then induced with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). A behavioral scale was developed for scoring PTZ-induced seizures in adult zebrafish. The seizure latency was evaluated for all pretreatments and control, untreated fish. Valerenic acid and both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Valerian root were also evaluated for their ability to improve survival after pentylenetetrazole-challenge. The assay was validated by comparison with well-studied anticonvulsant drugs (phenytoin, clonazepam, gabapentin and valproate). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test was performed, using a p < 0.05 level of significance. All treatments were compared with the untreated animals and with the other pretreatments. After exposure to pentylenetetrazole, zebrafish exhibited a series of stereotypical behaviors prior to the appearance of clonic-like movements—convulsions. Both valerenic acid and Valerian extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) significantly extended the latency period to the onset of seizure (convulsion) in adult zebrafish. The ethanolic Valerian extract was a more potent anticonvulsant than the aqueous extract. Valerenic acid and both Valerian extracts interacted synergistically with clonazepam to extended the latency period to the onset of seizure. Phenytoin showed interaction only with the ethanolic Valerian extracts. Valerenic acid and Valerian extracts have anticonvulsant properties in adult zebrafish. Valerian extracts markedly enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of both clonazepam and phenytoin, and could contribute to therapy of epileptic patients.
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Valerenic acid and Valeriana officinalis extracts delay onset of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced seizures in adult Danio rerio (Zebrafish)
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Bianca A. Torres-hernández, Lisa M. Del Valle-mojica, José G. OrtizAbstract:Background Anticonvulsant properties have been attributed to extracts of the herbal medicine Valeriana officinalis . Our aims were to examine the anticonvulsant properties of valerenic acid and Valerian extracts and to determine whether Valerian preparations interact with the activity of other anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin or clonazepam). To achieve these goals, we validated the adult zebrafish, Danio rerio, as an animal model for studying anticonvulsant drugs. Methods All drug treatments were administered by immersion in water containing the drug. For assays of anticonvulsant activity, zebrafish were pretreated with: anti-epileptic drugs, valerenic acid, aqueous or ethanolic Valerian extracts, or mixtures (phenytoin or clonazepam with valerenic acid or Valerian extracts). Seizures were then induced with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). A behavioral scale was developed for scoring PTZ-induced seizures in adult zebrafish. The seizure latency was evaluated for all pretreatments and control, untreated fish. Valerenic acid and both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Valerian root were also evaluated for their ability to improve survival after pentylenetetrazole-challenge. The assay was validated by comparison with well-studied anticonvulsant drugs (phenytoin, clonazepam, gabapentin and valproate). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test was performed, using a p
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Valerenic acid and Valeriana officinalis extracts delay onset of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced seizures in adult Danio rerio (Zebrafish).
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Bianca A. Torres-hernández, Lisa M. Del Valle-mojica, José G. OrtizAbstract:Anticonvulsant properties have been attributed to extracts of the herbal medicine Valeriana officinalis. Our aims were to examine the anticonvulsant properties of valerenic acid and Valerian extracts and to determine whether Valerian preparations interact with the activity of other anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin or clonazepam). To achieve these goals, we validated the adult zebrafish, Danio rerio, as an animal model for studying anticonvulsant drugs. All drug treatments were administered by immersion in water containing the drug. For assays of anticonvulsant activity, zebrafish were pretreated with: anti-epileptic drugs, valerenic acid, aqueous or ethanolic Valerian extracts, or mixtures (phenytoin or clonazepam with valerenic acid or Valerian extracts). Seizures were then induced with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). A behavioral scale was developed for scoring PTZ-induced seizures in adult zebrafish. The seizure latency was evaluated for all pretreatments and control, untreated fish. Valerenic acid and both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Valerian root were also evaluated for their ability to improve survival after pentylenetetrazole-challenge. The assay was validated by comparison with well-studied anticonvulsant drugs (phenytoin, clonazepam, gabapentin and valproate). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test was performed, using a p
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selective interactions of Valeriana officinalis extracts and valerenic acid with 3h glutamate binding to rat synaptic membranes
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Lisa M Del Vallemojica, Bianca A Torreshernandez, Yoshira M Ayalamarin, Carmen M Ortizsanchez, Safa Abdallamukhaimer, José G. OrtizAbstract:Although GABA neurotransmission has been suggested as a mechanism for Valeriana officinalis effects, CNS depression can also be evoked by inhibition of ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). In this study, we examined if aqueous Valerian extract interacted with glutamatergic receptors. Freshly prepared aqueous Valerian extract was incubated with rat cortical synaptic membranes in presence of 20 nM [3H]Glutamate. Aqueous Valerian extract increased [3H]Glutamate binding from to mg/mL. In the presence of (2S,,)-2-(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (LCCG-I) and (2S,,)-2-(,-Dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), Group II mGluR agents, Valerian extract markedly decreased [3H]Glutamate binding, while (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-2-yl) propanoic acid) (quisqualic acid, QA), Group I mGluR agonist, increased [3H]Glutamate binding. At 0.05 mg/mL aqueous Valerian extract specifically interacted with kainic acid NMDA and AMPA receptors. Valerenic acid, a marker compound for Valeriana officinalis, increased the [3H]Glutamate binding after mg/mL, and at 0.008 mg/mL it interacted only with QA (Group I mGluR). The selective interactions of Valerian extract and valerenic acid with Group I and Group II mGluR may represent an alternative explanation for the anxiolytic properties of this plant.
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Effects of Valeriana Officinalis Extracts on [^3H]Flunitrazepam Binding, Synaptosomal [^3H]GABA Uptake, and Hippocampal [^3H]GABA Release
Neurochemical Research, 1999Co-Authors: José G. Ortiz, Jennifer Nieves-natal, Pedro ChavezAbstract:Extracts of Valeriana officinalis have been used in folkloric medicine for its sedative, hypnotic, tranquilizer and anticonvulsant effects, and may interact with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and/or benzodiazepine sites. At low concentrations, Valerian extracts enhance [^3H]flunitrazepam binding (EC_50 4.13 × 10^−10 mg/ml). However, this increased [^3H]flunitrazepam binding is replaced by an inhibition at higher concentrations (IC_50 of 4.82 × 10^−1 mg/ml). These results are consistent with the presence of at least two different biological activities interacting with [^3H]flunitrazepam binding sites. Valerian extracts also potentiate K^+ or veratridine-stimulated release of radioactivity from hippocampal slices preloaded with [^3H]GABA. Finally, inhibition of synaptosomal [^3H]GABA uptake by Valerian extracts also displays a biphasic interaction with guvacine. The results confirm that Valerian extracts have effects on GABA_A receptors, but can also interact at other presynaptic components of GABAergic neurons.
Bryan W Pyle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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enzymatic synthesis of valerena 4 7 11 diene by a unique sesquiterpene synthase from the Valerian plant Valeriana officinalis
FEBS Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Bryan W Pyle, John C. Vederas, Hue T Tran, Benjamin Pickel, Tegan M Haslam, Zhizeng Gao, Gillian Macnevin, Sooun KimAbstract:Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular medicinal plant in North America and Europe. Its root extract is commonly used as a mild sedative and anxiolytic. Among dozens of chemical constituents (e.g. alkaloids, iridoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids) found in Valerian root, valerena-4,7(11)-diene and valerenic acid (C15 sesquiterpenoid) have been suggested as the active ingredients responsible for the sedative effect. However, the biosynthesis of the valerena-4,7(11)-diene hydrocarbon skeleton in Valerian remains unknown to date. To identify the responsible terpene synthase, next-generation sequencing (Roche 454 pyrosequencing) was used to generate ∼ 1 million transcript reads from Valerian root. From the assembled transcripts, two sesquiterpene synthases were identified (VoTPS1 and VoTPS2), both of which showed predominant expression patterns in root. Transgenic yeast expressing VoTPS1 and VoTPS2 produced germacrene C/germacrene D and valerena-4,7(11)-diene, respectively, as major terpene products. Purified VoTPS1 and VoTPS2 recombinant enzymes confirmed these activities in vitro, with competent kinetic properties (K(m) of ∼ 10 μm and k(cat) of 0.01 s(-1) for both enzymes). The structure of the valerena-4,7(11)-diene produced from the yeast expressing VoTPS2 was further substantiated by (13) C-NMR and GC-MS in comparison with the synthetic standard. This study demonstrates an integrative approach involving next-generation sequencing and metabolically engineered microbes to expand our knowledge of terpenoid diversity in medicinal plants.
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enzymatic synthesis of valerena 4 7 11 diene by a unique sesquiterpene synthase from the Valerian plant Valeriana officinalis
FEBS Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Bryan W Pyle, John C. Vederas, Hue T Tran, Benjamin Pickel, Tegan M Haslam, Gillian Macnevin, Dae-kyun RoAbstract:Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular medicinal plant in North America and Europe. Its root extract is commonly used as a mild sedative and anxiolytic. Among dozens of chemical constituents (e.g. alkaloids, iridoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids) found in Valerian root, valerena-4,7(11)-diene and valerenic acid (C15 sesquiterpenoid) have been suggested as the active ingredients responsible for the sedative effect. However, the biosynthesis of the valerena-4,7(11)-diene hydrocarbon skeleton in Valerian remains unknown to date. To identify the responsible terpene synthase, next-generation sequencing (Roche 454 pyrosequencing) was used to generate ∼ 1 million transcript reads from Valerian root. From the assembled transcripts, two sesquiterpene synthases were identified (VoTPS1 and VoTPS2), both of which showed predominant expression patterns in root. Transgenic yeast expressing VoTPS1 and VoTPS2 produced germacrene C/germacrene D and valerena-4,7(11)-diene, respectively, as major terpene products. Purified VoTPS1 and VoTPS2 recombinant enzymes confirmed these activities in vitro, with competent kinetic properties (Km of ∼ 10 μm and kcat of 0.01 s−1 for both enzymes). The structure of the valerena-4,7(11)-diene produced from the yeast expressing VoTPS2 was further substantiated by 13C-NMR and GC-MS in comparison with the synthetic standard. This study demonstrates an integrative approach involving next-generation sequencing and metabolically engineered microbes to expand our knowledge of terpenoid diversity in medicinal plants. Database The sequences of cDNAs described in this work are available in the GenBank database under the following accession numbers: VoTPS1, JQ437839; VoTPS2, JQ437840
Andrés Navarrete - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chemical fingerprinting of Valeriana species: simultaneous determination of valerenic acids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Journal of AOAC International, 2006Co-Authors: Andrés Navarrete, Bharathi Avula, Young-whan Choi, Ikhlas A. KhanAbstract:The roots and rhizomes of various Valeriana species are currently used as a sleeping aid or mild sedative. A liquid chromatography method has been developed that permits the analysis of chlorogenic acid, lignans, flavonoids, valerenic acids, and valpotrates in various Valerian samples. The best results were obtained with a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) column using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of water and 0.05% phosphoric acid and 2-100% acetonitrile-methanol (1 + 1) with 0.05% phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min and ultraviolet detection was at 207, 225, 254, 280, and 325 nm. Different Valerian species and commercial products showed remarkable quantitative variations. Chlorogenic acid (0.2-1.2%), 3 lignans, linarin (0.002-0.24%), and valepotriates were detected in all the Valeriana species analyzed. Highest amounts of valerenic acids were detected in V. officinalis L., trace amounts in V. sitchensis, and none in the other species analyzed.
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Authentication of Valeriana procera Kunth and comparative account of five Valeriana species.
Journal of AOAC International, 2005Co-Authors: Vaishali C. Joshi, Andrés Navarrete, Ikhlas A. KhanAbstract:Valeriana procera Kunth (Mexican Valerian) is a commercially important species, sometimes used as a substitute for Valeriana officinalis L., an important sedative in herbal medicine. A detailed macroscopic and microscopic account was provided for V. procera Kunth and a comparison was made between the wild and cultivated samples of V. procera Kunth. Macro- and microscopic comparative analyses were performed to differentiate V. procera Kunth from V. officinalis L. and other commercially important Valerian species such as V. jatamansi Jones, Valeriana edulis Nutt, and V. sitchensis Bong.
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isobolographic analysis of the sedative interaction between six central nervous system depressant drugs and Valeriana edulis hydroalcoholic extract in mice
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Martha Ugalde, Ikhlas A. Khan, Ma Eva Gonzaleztrujano, Bharathi Avula, Victoria Reza, Andrés NavarreteAbstract:It has been declared frequently that Valerian may potentiate the effect of other central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs, however there has been a lack of experimental data. We have evaluated the profile of the interactions between the ethanol extract of Valeriana edulis spp procera and six CNS depressant drugs using an exploratory model to test the sedative effect in mice. All the compounds tested showed a dose-dependent sedative effect with the following ED50 values: Valerian 181.62, diazepam 1.21, ethanol 1938, pentobarbital 11.86, buspirone 1.04, haloperidol 0.41 and diphenhydramine 17.06 mg kg - 1 . An isobolographic analysis was used to evaluate the sedative interaction of the intraperitoneal co-administration of 1:1 fixed-ratio combination of equi-effective doses of Valerian extract with each CNS depressant drug. The ED50 theoretical (Zadd) and experimental (Zexp) for each combination were: Valerian + diazepam, Zadd=91.41 mg kg - 1 , Zexp=81.64 mg kg-1; Valerian + ethanol, Zadd= 1060.22 mg kg - 1 , Zexp = 687.89 mg kg - 1 ; Valerian+pentobarbital, Zadd= 96.74 mg kg - 1 , Zexp= 151.83 mg kg - 1 ; Valerian + buspirone, Zadd = 91.33 mg kg - 1 , Zexp = 112.73 mg kg - 1 ; Valerian + haloperidol, Zadd= 91.01 mg kg - 1 , Zexp= 91.52mg kg - 1 ; Valerian+ diphenhydramine, Zadd= 99.34 mg kg - 1 , Zexp = 123.52 mg kg - 1 . Neither synergistic nor attenuate effects were found in any of the combinations evaluated. We concluded that the Valerian extract did not potentiate the sedative effect of commonly prescribed CNS depressant drugs as was expected. The additive effect found through the isobolographic analysis suggested that the sedative effect of V. edulis resulted from the activation of common mechanisms of haloperidol, diazepam, buspirone, pentobarbital, diphenhydramine and ethanol.
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neuropharmacological profile of hydroalcohol extract of Valeriana edulis ssp procera roots in mice
Phytotherapy Research, 2004Co-Authors: Ivan Oliva, Ma Eva Gonzaleztrujano, Jesus Arrieta, Roberto Encisorodriguez, Andrés NavarreteAbstract:Valerian is the common name given to the crude drug consisting of the underground organs of the species Valeriana. Valeriana edulis ssp. procera Meyer is the Mexican Valerian. The aim of the present work was to elucidate the neuropharmacological profile of a hydroalcohol extract of Valeriana edulis roots at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg in several experimental models. A dose-dependent anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like effect of V. edulis was demonstrated. In addition, the extract decreased rotarod performance and traction force and prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time at high doses. Concomitant administration of Valerian extract and pentobarbital showed a synergistic effect on motor coordination and traction force in mice. The anxiolytic-like effect of V. edulis was compared with diazepam and with diphenhydramine and doxylamine, the latter in order to consider the H(1)-antihistamine effect as another possibility to explain, at least in part, the central nervous system depressant effect of Valerian. These results also underlie the medical and industrial use of this species and allowed the conclusion that the extract of V. edulis has central nervous depressant properties similar to, but with some differences to V. of ficinalis, a very well known species.
Sangchul Shin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from coriander coriandrum sativum oriental sweetgum liquidambar orientalis and Valerian Valeriana wallichii essential oils against pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Sangchul Shin, Ilkwon ParkAbstract:Commercial essential oils from 28 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii). Analysis by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry led to the identification of 26, 11, and 4 major compounds from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii) oils, respectively. Compounds from each plant essential oil were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Among the compounds, benzaldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanal, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, decanol, and trans-2-decen-1-ol showed strong nematicidal activity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against th...
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nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from coriander coriandrum sativum oriental sweetgum liquidambar orientalis and Valerian Valeriana wallichii essential oils against pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Junheon Kim, Sangchul Shin, Sunmi Seo, Sang Gil Lee, Ilkwon ParkAbstract:Commercial essential oils from 28 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of 26, 11, and 4 major compounds from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii) oils, respectively. Compounds from each plant essential oil were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Among the compounds, benzaldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanal, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, decanol, and trans-2-decen-1-ol showed strong nematicidal activity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pine wood nematode.
