The Experts below are selected from a list of 249 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Chris Bissell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Not just Norbert
Kybernetes, 2010Co-Authors: Chris BissellAbstract:Purpose – Although Norbert Wiener is justifiably granted the epithet “father of cybernetics”, a number of other engineers from a control or telecommunications background also turned to areas that can broadly be categorised as cybernetic during and immediately after WW2. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of some of these lesser‐known technologist contributors to the emerging ideas of cybernetics.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on primary and secondary literature, as well as two interviews from the early 1990s.Findings – In Germany, Hermann Schmidt, Chair of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German Engineers) committee on control engineering (established in 1939) gave a talk on control engineering and its relationship with economics, social sciences and cultural aspects as early as October 1940. Winfried Oppelt, another member of the committee, also researched non‐technological applications of control ideas in his subsequent career (economics, biology), as did the c...
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Forging a new discipline: Reflections on the wartime infrastructure for research and development in feedback control in the US, UK, Germany and USSR
2008Co-Authors: Chris BissellAbstract:WW2 saw the emergence of what control engineers now refer to as 'classical control'. This subject area grew out of electronics and telecommunications applications from the 1920s onwards. But WW2 was an enormous stimulus to both practical and theoretical control - especially for the development of servo-systems for anti-aircraft gunnery, and for flight and torpedo control systems. Of particular importance was the emergence of systems ideas that led to a common body of theory applicable to a wide variety of technical implementations. The wartime development of control engineering in the UK, USA, USSR and Germany differed considerably, as did the infrastructure for research and development. The US provided the best environment, under the umbrella of the National Defence Research Committee. The UK government, too, offered some centralised support, with the Servo-Panel playing an important specialised role. Things were rather different in the USSR and Germany. One of the key centres of control engineering in the Soviet Union, the Institute of Automation and Remote Control, was evacuated when Moscow came under threat from the German invasion, and at least some key personalities were diverted to other activities. German control engineering flourished in a small number of centres, but there was no overall direction, apart from some work on standardisation by the engineering professional body Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI). This chapter gives a comparative review of wartime developments in control engineering in the above-mentioned countries, concentrating on the R&D infrastructure. Consequences for the discipline in the immediate aftermath of the war are also briefly considered.
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Control engineering in WW2: reflections on the wartime infrastructure in the UK, USA, USSR, and Germany
2007Co-Authors: Chris BissellAbstract:WW2 saw the emergence of what control engineers now refer to as 'classical control'. This subject area grew out of electronics and telecommunications applications from the 1920s onwards. But WW2 was an enormous stimulus to both practical and theoretical control - especially for the development of servo-systems for anti-aircraft gunnery, and for flight and torpedo control systems. Of particular importance was the emergence of systems ideas that led to a common body of theory applicable to a wide variety of technical implementations. There was considerable commonality in the development of control engineering in the major Western warring countries: UK, USA, USSR and Germany. Yet the wartime infrastructure for research and development differed greatly from country to country. The US provided the best environment, under the umbrella of the National Defence Research Committee. The UK government, too, offered centralised support, with the Servo-Panel playing an important specialised role. Things were rather different in the USSR and Germany. One of the key centres of control engineering in the Soviet Union, the Institute of Automation and Remote Control, was evacuated when Moscow came under threat from the German invasion, and at least some key personalities were diverted to other activities. German control engineering flourished in a small number of centres, but there was no overall direction, apart from some work on standardisation by the engineering professional body Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI). The paper will give a comparative review of wartime developments in control engineering in the above-mentioned countries, concentrating on the R&D infrastructure. Consequences for the discipline in the immediate aftermath of the war will also be briefly considered.
Andreas Matzarakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Calculating human thermal comfort and thermal stress in the PALM model system 6.0
Geoscientific Model Development, 2020Co-Authors: Dominik Fröhlich, Andreas MatzarakisAbstract:Abstract. In the frame of the project “MOSAIK – Model-based city planning and application in climate change”, a German-wide research project within the call “Urban Climate Under Change” ([UC]2) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), a biometeorology module was implemented into the Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) system. The new biometeorology module is comprised of methods for the calculation of UV-exposure quantities, a human–biometeorologically weighted mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), as well as for the estimation of human thermal comfort or stress. The latter is achieved through the implementation of the three widely used thermal indices: perceived temperature (PT), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), as well as physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). Comparison calculations were performed for the PT, UTCI and PET indices based on the SkyHelios model and showing PALM calculates higher values in general. This is mostly due to a higher radiational gain leading to higher values of mean radiant temperature. For a more direct comparison, the PT, PET and UTCI indices were calculated by the biometeorology module, as well as the programs provided by the attachment to Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) guideline 3787, as well as by the RayMan model based on the very same input dataset. Results show deviations below the relevant precision of 0.1 K for PET and UTCI and some deviations of up to 2.683 K for PT caused by repeated unfavorable rounding in very rare cases (0.027 %).
Wachsmuth Ipke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Zukunftsvisionen der KI - wünschbare und realistische Wirkungen auf die Lebenswelt
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, 1994Co-Authors: Wachsmuth Ipke, Cremers, Armin B.Abstract:Wachsmuth I. Zukunftsvisionen der KI - wünschbare und realistische Wirkungen auf die Lebenswelt. In: Cremers AB, ed. Künstliche Intelligenz: Leitvorstellungen und Verantwortbarkeit. VDI-Report ; 21. Düsseldorf: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure; 1994: 99-105
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Künstliche Intelligenz - Leitvorstellungen und Verantwortbarkeit
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI, 1994Co-Authors: Cremers, Armin Bernd, Seetzen Jürgen, Wachsmuth IpkeAbstract:Cremers AB, Seetzen J, Wachsmuth I, eds. Künstliche Intelligenz - Leitvorstellungen und Verantwortbarkeit. VDI Report 21. Vol Band 2: Tagungsbericht. Düsseldorf: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI; 1994
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Künstliche Intelligenz - Leitvorstellungen und Verantwortbarkeit
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI, 1992Co-Authors: Cremers, Armin Bernd, Haberbeck Rolf, Seetzen Jürgen, Wachsmuth IpkeAbstract:Cremers AB, Haberbeck R, Seetzen J, Wachsmuth I, eds. Künstliche Intelligenz - Leitvorstellungen und Verantwortbarkeit. VDI Report 17. Düsseldorf: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI; 1992
Dominik Fröhlich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Calculating human thermal comfort and thermal stress in the PALM model system 6.0
Geoscientific Model Development, 2020Co-Authors: Dominik Fröhlich, Andreas MatzarakisAbstract:Abstract. In the frame of the project “MOSAIK – Model-based city planning and application in climate change”, a German-wide research project within the call “Urban Climate Under Change” ([UC]2) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), a biometeorology module was implemented into the Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) system. The new biometeorology module is comprised of methods for the calculation of UV-exposure quantities, a human–biometeorologically weighted mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), as well as for the estimation of human thermal comfort or stress. The latter is achieved through the implementation of the three widely used thermal indices: perceived temperature (PT), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), as well as physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). Comparison calculations were performed for the PT, UTCI and PET indices based on the SkyHelios model and showing PALM calculates higher values in general. This is mostly due to a higher radiational gain leading to higher values of mean radiant temperature. For a more direct comparison, the PT, PET and UTCI indices were calculated by the biometeorology module, as well as the programs provided by the attachment to Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) guideline 3787, as well as by the RayMan model based on the very same input dataset. Results show deviations below the relevant precision of 0.1 K for PET and UTCI and some deviations of up to 2.683 K for PT caused by repeated unfavorable rounding in very rare cases (0.027 %).
Kouji Nadehara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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in situ calibration method of orifice flow meter equipped in 600 w helium refrigerator liquefier with variable temperature supplies
Fusion Engineering and Design, 2017Co-Authors: A Iwamoto, Minoru Nobutoki, Takuya Kumaki, Haruhiro Higaki, S Hamaguchi, K Takahata, S Imagawa, T Mito, Suguru Takada, Kouji NadeharaAbstract:Abstract A 600 W helium refrigerator/liquefier with variable temperature supplies was constructed in the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS). The mass flow rate of supply Supercritical Helium (SHe) is important information for its performance tests and experimental uses. A quarter circle orifice, according to Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDI/VDE) 2041, is equipped as a mass flow meter. In the case of the configuration of our system, it is recommended to calibrate the orifice under identical operation conditions with regard to Reynolds number and installation. Therefore, a new in-situ calibration method of the orifice is developed. A dummy heat load was attached between SHe supply and return ports, and the resulting SHe enthalpy rise gives us the information for a mass flow rate. The obtained coefficients of discharge are consistent with those of previous studies.
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In-situ calibration method of orifice flow meter equipped in 600 W helium refrigerator/liquefier with variable temperature supplies
Fusion Engineering and Design, 2017Co-Authors: A Iwamoto, Minoru Nobutoki, Takuya Kumaki, Haruhiro Higaki, S Hamaguchi, K Takahata, S Imagawa, T Mito, Suguru Takada, Kouji NadeharaAbstract:Abstract A 600 W helium refrigerator/liquefier with variable temperature supplies was constructed in the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS). The mass flow rate of supply Supercritical Helium (SHe) is important information for its performance tests and experimental uses. A quarter circle orifice, according to Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDI/VDE) 2041, is equipped as a mass flow meter. In the case of the configuration of our system, it is recommended to calibrate the orifice under identical operation conditions with regard to Reynolds number and installation. Therefore, a new in-situ calibration method of the orifice is developed. A dummy heat load was attached between SHe supply and return ports, and the resulting SHe enthalpy rise gives us the information for a mass flow rate. The obtained coefficients of discharge are consistent with those of previous studies.
