The Experts below are selected from a list of 189 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Karen A. Wehner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MicroRNAs: expression, avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which can be expressed in a cell-type and tissue-specific manner, can influence the activities of genes that control cell growth and differentiation. Viruses often have clear tissue tropisms, raising the possibility that cellular miRNAs might modulate their pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that some Vertebrate Viruses either encode miRNAs or subvert cellular miRNAs, and that these miRNAs participate in both the infectious and the latent phase of the viral life cycle. The genomes of some Vertebrate Viruses encode small non-protein-coding transcripts that can be processed by the host-cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to yield mature 21-nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans , and the host-cell machinery that synthesizes miRNAs has been characterized. Several DNA Viruses encode miRNAs. Some members of the herpesvirus family encode miRNAs that are produced during both lytic and latent phases of the viral life cycle. In herpes simplex virus type 1, the latency-associated transcript LAT (which is non-protein-coding) is processed to yield an miRNA — miR-LAT — that downregulates the expression of genes involved in transforming growth factor-β-mediated signalling. This, in turn, protects latently infected neurons from undergoing apoptosis. An miRNA that is present in the simian-virus-40 genome downregulates the amount of mRNA that encodes the viral tumour antigens. This renders infected cells less susceptible to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that target viral tumour antigens. Unlike DNA Viruses, sequences that encode miRNAs have not been found in RNA Viruses. This is thought to result from the replication strategy of RNA Viruses, in which full-length genomic RNAs are required to produce progeny viral RNAs. In addition, the genomes of RNA Viruses are usually localized to the host-cell cytoplasm and therefore cannot use nuclear components of the RNAi machinery. Several viral genomes interact with cellular miRNAs. Importantly, studies on hepatitis C virus have revealed that a liver-specific miRNA known as miR-122 is recruited for the selective amplification of viral RNAs in cultured liver cells. This finding indicates the potential of using cellular miRNAs as targets for antiviral therapeutics. MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
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micrornas expression avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
Ian Goodfellow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the genome linked protein vpg of Vertebrate Viruses a multifaceted protein
Current Opinion in Virology, 2011Co-Authors: Ian GoodfellowAbstract:Several Vertebrate positive-sense RNA Viruses, namely the Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae have evolved to use a protein-primed mechanism of genome replication. This results in the covalent linkage of a virus encoded protein, VPg (viral protein genome-linked), to the 5′ end of viral RNA. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role VPg plays in the life cycle of these Viruses, which in the case of the Caliciviridae, includes a role in viral protein synthesis. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge of the functions of Vertebrate RNA virus VPg proteins, illustrating their diverse function and the parallels they share with plant virus VPg proteins.
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The genome-linked protein VPg of Vertebrate Viruses — a multifaceted protein
Current Opinion in Virology, 2011Co-Authors: Ian GoodfellowAbstract:Several Vertebrate positive-sense RNA Viruses, namely the Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae have evolved to use a protein-primed mechanism of genome replication. This results in the covalent linkage of a virus encoded protein, VPg (viral protein genome-linked), to the 5′ end of viral RNA. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role VPg plays in the life cycle of these Viruses, which in the case of the Caliciviridae, includes a role in viral protein synthesis. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge of the functions of Vertebrate RNA virus VPg proteins, illustrating their diverse function and the parallels they share with plant virus VPg proteins.
Peter Sarnow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MicroRNAs: expression, avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which can be expressed in a cell-type and tissue-specific manner, can influence the activities of genes that control cell growth and differentiation. Viruses often have clear tissue tropisms, raising the possibility that cellular miRNAs might modulate their pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that some Vertebrate Viruses either encode miRNAs or subvert cellular miRNAs, and that these miRNAs participate in both the infectious and the latent phase of the viral life cycle. The genomes of some Vertebrate Viruses encode small non-protein-coding transcripts that can be processed by the host-cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to yield mature 21-nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans , and the host-cell machinery that synthesizes miRNAs has been characterized. Several DNA Viruses encode miRNAs. Some members of the herpesvirus family encode miRNAs that are produced during both lytic and latent phases of the viral life cycle. In herpes simplex virus type 1, the latency-associated transcript LAT (which is non-protein-coding) is processed to yield an miRNA — miR-LAT — that downregulates the expression of genes involved in transforming growth factor-β-mediated signalling. This, in turn, protects latently infected neurons from undergoing apoptosis. An miRNA that is present in the simian-virus-40 genome downregulates the amount of mRNA that encodes the viral tumour antigens. This renders infected cells less susceptible to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that target viral tumour antigens. Unlike DNA Viruses, sequences that encode miRNAs have not been found in RNA Viruses. This is thought to result from the replication strategy of RNA Viruses, in which full-length genomic RNAs are required to produce progeny viral RNAs. In addition, the genomes of RNA Viruses are usually localized to the host-cell cytoplasm and therefore cannot use nuclear components of the RNAi machinery. Several viral genomes interact with cellular miRNAs. Importantly, studies on hepatitis C virus have revealed that a liver-specific miRNA known as miR-122 is recruited for the selective amplification of viral RNAs in cultured liver cells. This finding indicates the potential of using cellular miRNAs as targets for antiviral therapeutics. MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
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micrornas expression avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
Catherine L. Jopling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MicroRNAs: expression, avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which can be expressed in a cell-type and tissue-specific manner, can influence the activities of genes that control cell growth and differentiation. Viruses often have clear tissue tropisms, raising the possibility that cellular miRNAs might modulate their pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that some Vertebrate Viruses either encode miRNAs or subvert cellular miRNAs, and that these miRNAs participate in both the infectious and the latent phase of the viral life cycle. The genomes of some Vertebrate Viruses encode small non-protein-coding transcripts that can be processed by the host-cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to yield mature 21-nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans , and the host-cell machinery that synthesizes miRNAs has been characterized. Several DNA Viruses encode miRNAs. Some members of the herpesvirus family encode miRNAs that are produced during both lytic and latent phases of the viral life cycle. In herpes simplex virus type 1, the latency-associated transcript LAT (which is non-protein-coding) is processed to yield an miRNA — miR-LAT — that downregulates the expression of genes involved in transforming growth factor-β-mediated signalling. This, in turn, protects latently infected neurons from undergoing apoptosis. An miRNA that is present in the simian-virus-40 genome downregulates the amount of mRNA that encodes the viral tumour antigens. This renders infected cells less susceptible to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that target viral tumour antigens. Unlike DNA Viruses, sequences that encode miRNAs have not been found in RNA Viruses. This is thought to result from the replication strategy of RNA Viruses, in which full-length genomic RNAs are required to produce progeny viral RNAs. In addition, the genomes of RNA Viruses are usually localized to the host-cell cytoplasm and therefore cannot use nuclear components of the RNAi machinery. Several viral genomes interact with cellular miRNAs. Importantly, studies on hepatitis C virus have revealed that a liver-specific miRNA known as miR-122 is recruited for the selective amplification of viral RNAs in cultured liver cells. This finding indicates the potential of using cellular miRNAs as targets for antiviral therapeutics. MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
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micrornas expression avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
Kara L. Norman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MicroRNAs: expression, avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which can be expressed in a cell-type and tissue-specific manner, can influence the activities of genes that control cell growth and differentiation. Viruses often have clear tissue tropisms, raising the possibility that cellular miRNAs might modulate their pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that some Vertebrate Viruses either encode miRNAs or subvert cellular miRNAs, and that these miRNAs participate in both the infectious and the latent phase of the viral life cycle. The genomes of some Vertebrate Viruses encode small non-protein-coding transcripts that can be processed by the host-cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to yield mature 21-nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans , and the host-cell machinery that synthesizes miRNAs has been characterized. Several DNA Viruses encode miRNAs. Some members of the herpesvirus family encode miRNAs that are produced during both lytic and latent phases of the viral life cycle. In herpes simplex virus type 1, the latency-associated transcript LAT (which is non-protein-coding) is processed to yield an miRNA — miR-LAT — that downregulates the expression of genes involved in transforming growth factor-β-mediated signalling. This, in turn, protects latently infected neurons from undergoing apoptosis. An miRNA that is present in the simian-virus-40 genome downregulates the amount of mRNA that encodes the viral tumour antigens. This renders infected cells less susceptible to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that target viral tumour antigens. Unlike DNA Viruses, sequences that encode miRNAs have not been found in RNA Viruses. This is thought to result from the replication strategy of RNA Viruses, in which full-length genomic RNAs are required to produce progeny viral RNAs. In addition, the genomes of RNA Viruses are usually localized to the host-cell cytoplasm and therefore cannot use nuclear components of the RNAi machinery. Several viral genomes interact with cellular miRNAs. Importantly, studies on hepatitis C virus have revealed that a liver-specific miRNA known as miR-122 is recruited for the selective amplification of viral RNAs in cultured liver cells. This finding indicates the potential of using cellular miRNAs as targets for antiviral therapeutics. MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.
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micrornas expression avoidance and subversion by Vertebrate Viruses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Sarnow, Catherine L. Jopling, Kara L. Norman, Sylvia Schütz, Karen A. WehnerAbstract:MicroRNAs are exciting new regulators of genes involved in cell growth and development. Regulatory roles for microRNAs have been identified in plants and animals, but these tiny regulators have not been found in bacteria or fungi. Here, Sarnow and colleagues discuss the fascinating roles of both virus- and host-cell-encoded microRNAs in virus lifestyles.