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Michael F Holick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Photobiology of Vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans
Dermato-endocrinology, 2013Co-Authors: Raphael-john H. Keegan, Jaimee Bogusz, Jennifer E. Williams, Michael F HolickAbstract:Mushrooms exposed to sunlight or UV radiation are an excellent source of dietary Vitamin D2 because they contain high concentrations of the Vitamin D precursor, proVitamin D2. When mushrooms are exposed to UV radiation, proVitamin D2 is converted to preVitamin D2. Once formed, preVitamin D2 rapidly isomerizes to Vitamin D2 in a similar manner that preVitamin D3 isomerizes to Vitamin D3 in human skin. Continued exposure of mushrooms to UV radiation results in the production of lumisterol2 and tachysterol2. It was observed that the concentration of lumisterol2 remained constant in white button mushrooms for up to 24 h after being produced. However, in the same mushroom tachysterol2 concentrations rapidly declined and were undetectable after 24 h. Shiitake mushrooms not only produce Vitamin D2 but also produce Vitamin D3 and Vitamin D4. A study of the bioavailability of Vitamin D2 in mushrooms compared with the bioavailability of Vitamin D2 or Vitamin D3 in a supplement revealed that ingestion of 2000 IUs of...
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fortification of orange juice with Vitamin D2 or Vitamin d3 is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining Vitamin d status in adults
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: Rachael M Biancuzzo, Tai C Chen, Ellen K Klein, Azzie Young, Douglass Bibuld, Richard E Reitz, Wael A Salameh, Allen Ameri, Michael Winter, Michael F HolickAbstract:Background: Vitamin D has been added to calcium-fortified orange juice. It is unknown whether Vitamin D is as bioavailable from orange juice as it is from supplements. Objectives: The objective was to compare the bioavailability of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 from orange juice with that from Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 supplements. A secondary aim was to determine which form of Vitamin D is more bioavailable in orange juice. Design: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted in healthy adults aged 18–84 y (15–20/group) who received 1000 IU Vitamin D3, 1000 IU Vitamin D2, or placebo in orange juice or capsule for 11 wk at the end of winter. Results: A total of 64% of subjects began the study deficient in Vitamin D (ie, 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D]) concentrations 0.1). Similarly, no significant difference in serum 25(OH)D2 was observed between subjects who consumed Vitamin D2–fortified orange juice and Vitamin D2 capsules (P > 0.1). No significant overall difference in parathyroid hormone concentrations was observed between the groups (P = 0.82). Conclusion: Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 are equally bioavailable in orange juice and capsules.
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Vitamin D2 is as effective as Vitamin d3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25 hydroxyVitamin d
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2008Co-Authors: Michael F Holick, Rachael M Biancuzzo, Tai C Chen, Ellen K Klein, Azzie Young, Douglass Bibuld, Richard E Reitz, Wael A Salameh, Allen Ameri, Andrew D TannenbaumAbstract:Context: Two reports suggested that Vitamin D2 is less effective than Vitamin D3 in maintaining Vitamin D status. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether Vitamin D2 was less effective than Vitamin D3 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D levels or increased the catabolism of 25-hydroxyVitamin D3. Subjects and Design: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of healthy adults ages 18–84 yr who received placebo, 1000 IU Vitamin D3, 1000 IU Vitamin D2, or 500 IU Vitamin D2 plus 500 IU Vitamin D3 daily for 11 wk at the end of the winter. Results: Sixty percent of the healthy adults were Vitamin D deficient at the start of the study. The circulating levels of 25-hydroxyVitamin D (mean ± sd) increased to the same extent in the groups that received 1000 IU daily as Vitamin D2 (baseline 16.9 ± 10.5 ng/ml; 11 wk 26.8 ± 9.6 ng/ml), Vitamin D3 (baseline 19.6 ± 11.1 ng/ml; 11 wk 28.9 ± 11.0 ng/ml), or a combination of 500 IU Vitamin D2 and 500 IU Vitamin D3 (baseline 20.2 ± 10.4 ng/ml; 11 wk 28.4 ± 7.7 ng/ml). The 25-hydroxyVitamin D3 levels did not change in the group that received 1000 IU Vitamin D2 daily. The 1000 IU dose of Vitamin D2 or Vitamin D3 did not raise 25-hydroxyVitamin D levels in Vitamin D-deficient subjects above 30 ng/ml. Conclusion: A 1000 IU dose of Vitamin D2 daily was as effective as 1000 IU Vitamin D3 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D levels and did not negatively influence serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D3 levels. Therefore, Vitamin D2 is equally as effective as Vitamin D3 in maintaining 25-hydroxyVitamin D status.
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Vitamin D2 is as effective as Vitamin d3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25 hydroxyVitamin d
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2008Co-Authors: Michael F Holick, Rachael M Biancuzzo, Tai C Chen, Ellen K Klein, Azzie Young, Douglass Bibuld, Richard E Reitz, Allen Ameri, Wael Salameh, Andrew D TannenbaumAbstract:Context: Two reports suggested that Vitamin D2 is less effective than Vitamin D3 in maintaining Vitamin D status. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether Vitamin D2 was less effective than Vitamin D3 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D levels or increased the catabolism of 25-hydroxyVitamin D3. Subjects and Design: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of healthy adults ages 18–84 yr who received placebo, 1000 IU Vitamin D3, 1000 IU Vitamin D2, or 500 IU Vitamin D2 plus 500 IU Vitamin D3 daily for 11 wk at the end of the winter. Results: Sixty percent of the healthy adults were Vitamin D deficient at the start of the study. The circulating levels of 25-hydroxyVitamin D (mean ± sd) increased to the same extent in the groups that received 1000 IU daily as Vitamin D2 (baseline 16.9 ± 10.5 ng/ml; 11 wk 26.8 ± 9.6 ng/ml), Vitamin D3 (baseline 19.6 ± 11.1 ng/ml; 11 wk 28.9 ± 11.0 ng/ml), or a combination of 500 IU Vitamin D2 and 500 IU Vitamin D3 (baseline 20.2 ± 10.4 ng...
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decreased bioavailability of Vitamin d in obesity
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000Co-Authors: Jacobo Wortsman, Tai C Chen, Lois Y Matsuoka, Michael F HolickAbstract:Background: Obesity is associated with Vitamin D insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Objective: This study assessed whether obesity alters the cutaneous production of Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or the intestinal absorption of Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Design: Healthy, white, obese [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) ≥ 30] and matched lean control subjects (BMI ≤ 25) received either whole-body ultraviolet radiation or a pharmacologic dose of Vitamin D2 orally. Results: Obese subjects had significantly lower basal 25hydroxyVitamin D concentrations and higher parathyroid hormone concentrations than did age-matched control subjects. Evaluation of blood Vitamin D3 concentrations 24 h after whole-body irradiation showed that the incremental increase in Vitamin D3 was 57% lower in obese than in nonobese subjects. The content of the Vitamin D 3 precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of obese and nonobese subjects did not differ significantly between groups nor did its conversion to preVitamin D3 after irradiation in vitro. The obese and nonobese subjects received an oral dose of 50 000 IU (1.25 mg) Vitamin D2. BMI was inversely correlated with serum Vitamin D3 concentrations after irradiation (r = � 0.55, P = 0.003) and with peak serum Vitamin D2 concentrations after Vitamin D2 intake (r = � 0.56, P = 0.007). Conclusions: Obesity-associated Vitamin D insufficiency is likely due to the decreased bioavailability of Vitamin D 3 from cutaneous and dietary sources because of its deposition in body fat compartments. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:690‐3.
Colin P Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vitamins d3 and D2 have marked but different global effects on gene expression in a rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell line
Molecular Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Manuela Mengozzi, Giselda Bucca, Andrew Hesketh, Pietro Ghezzi, Colin P SmithAbstract:Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) but it is unclear whether Vitamin D supplementation improves the clinical course of MS, and there is uncertainty about the dose and form of Vitamin D (D2 or D3) to be used. The mechanisms underlying the effects of Vitamin D in MS are not clear. Vitamin D3 increases the rate of differentiation of primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), suggesting that it might help remyelination in addition to modulating the immune response. Here we analyzed the transcriptome of differentiating rat CG4 OPCs treated with Vitamin D2 or with Vitamin D3 at 24 h and 72 h following onset of differentiation. Gene expression in differentiating CG4 cells in response to Vitamin D2 or D3 was quantified using Agilent DNA microarrays (n = 4 replicates), and the transcriptome data were processed and analysed using the R software environment. Differential expression between the experimental conditions was determined using LIMMA, applying the Benjamini and Hochberg multiple testing correction to p-values, and significant genes were grouped into co-expression clusters by hierarchical clustering. The functional significance of gene groups was explored by pathway enrichment analysis using the clusterProfiler package. Differentiation alone changed the expression of about 10% of the genes at 72 h compared to 24 h. Vitamin D2 and D3 exerted different effects on gene expression, with D3 influencing 1272 genes and D2 574 at 24 h. The expression of the vast majority of these genes was either not changed in differentiating cells not exposed to Vitamin D or followed the same trajectory as the latter. D3-repressed genes were enriched for Gene Ontology (GO) categories including transcription factors and the Notch pathway, while D3-induced genes were enriched for the Ras pathway. This study shows that Vitamin D3, compared with D2, changes the expression of a larger number of genes in OLs. Identification of genes affected by D3 in OLs should help to identify mechanisms mediating its action in MS.
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Vitamins d3 and D2 have marked but different global effects on gene expression in a rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell line
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Manuela Mengozzi, Giselda Bucca, Andrew Hesketh, Pietro Ghezzi, Colin P SmithAbstract:Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) but there is uncertainty about what dose and form of Vitamin D could improve the clinical course of MS. The mechanisms underlying the effects of Vitamin D in MS are not clear. Vitamin D3 increases the rate of differentiation of primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), suggesting that it might help remyelination in addition to modulating the immune response. Here we analyzed the transcriptome of differentiating rat CG4 OPCs treated with Vitamin D2 or with D3 at 24 h and 72 h following onset of differentiation. Differentiation alone changed the expression of about 10% of the genes at 72 h compared to 24 h. Vitamin D2 and D3 exerted different effects on gene expression, with D3 influencing 1,272 genes and D2 574 at 24 h. The expression of the vast majority of these genes was either not changed in differentiating cells not exposed to Vitamin D or followed the same trajectory as the latter. D3-repressed genes were enriched for gene ontology categories including transcription factors and the Notch pathway, while D3-induced genes were enriched for the Ras pathway. These findings should help to identify mechanisms mediating D3 action in MS.
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Daily supplementation with 15 μg Vitamin D2 compared with Vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyVitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2017Co-Authors: L Tripkovic, Colin P Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma A Chope, L. R. Wilson, Kathryn Hart, Sig Johnsen, Simon De Lusignan, Ruan ElliottAbstract:Background: There are conflicting views in the literature as to whether Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 are equally effective in increasing and maintaining serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D], particularly at lower doses of Vitamin D. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether Vitamin D2 or Vitamin D3 fortified in juice or food, at a relatively low dose of 15 μg/d, was effective in increasing serum total 25(OH)D and to compare their respective efficacy in South Asian and white European women over the winter months within the setting of a large randomized controlled trial. Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial was conducted in healthy South Asian and white European women aged 20–64 y (n = 335; Surrey, United Kingdom) who consumed placebo, juice supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D2, biscuit supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D2, juice supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D3, or biscuit supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D3 daily for 12 wk. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12 of the study. Results: Postintervention in the 2 ethnic groups combined, both the Vitamin D3 biscuit and the Vitamin D3 juice groups showed a significantly greater absolute incremental change (Δ) in total 25(OH)D when compared with the Vitamin D2 biscuit group [Δ (95% CI): 15.3 nmol/L (7.4, 23.3 nmol/L) (P < 0.0003) and 16.0 nmol/L (8.0, 23.9 nmol/L) ( P < 0.0001)], the Vitamin D2 juice group [Δ (95% CI): 16.3 nmol/L (8.4, 24.2 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001) and 16.9 nmol/L (9.0, 24.8 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001)], and the placebo group [Δ (95% CI): 42.3 nmol/L (34.4, 50.2 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001) and 42.9 nmol/L (35.0, 50.8 nmol/L) (P < 0.0002)]. Conclusions: With the use of a daily dose of Vitamin D relevant to public health recommendations (15 μg) and in vehicles relevant to food-fortification strategies, Vitamin D3 was more effective than Vitamin D2 in increasing serum 25(OH)D in the wintertime. Vitamin D3 may therefore be a preferential form to optimize Vitamin D status within the general population. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN23421591.
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comparison of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin d3 supplementation in raising serum 25 hydroxyVitamin d status a systematic review and meta analysis
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: L Tripkovic, H Lambert, K Hart, Colin P Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma A Chope, Elina Hypponen, J L Berry, Reinhold ViethAbstract:BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether there is a definitive difference between the effects of Vitamins D2 and D3 in the raising of serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D]. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article was to report a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have directly compared the effects of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in humans. DESIGN: The ISI Web of Knowledge (January 1966 to July 2011) database was searched electronically for all relevant studies in adults that directly compared Vitamin D3 with Vitamin D2. The Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry, International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number register, and clinicaltrials.gov were also searched for any unpublished trials. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of RCTs indicated that supplementation with Vitamin D3 had a significant and positive effect in the raising of serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared with the effect of Vitamin D2 (P = 0.001). When the frequency of dosage administration was compared, there was a significant response for Vitamin D3 when given as a bolus dose (P = 0.0002) compared with administration of Vitamin D2, but the effect was lost with daily supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that Vitamin D3 is more efficacious at raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations than is Vitamin D2, and thus Vitamin D3) could potentially become the preferred choice for supplementation. However, additional research is required to examine the metabolic pathways involved in oral and intramuscular administration of Vitamin D and the effects across age, sex, and ethnicity, which this review was unable to verify.
Reinhold Vieth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin d3 supplementation in raising serum 25 hydroxyVitamin d status a systematic review and meta analysis
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: L Tripkovic, H Lambert, K Hart, Colin P Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma A Chope, Elina Hypponen, J L Berry, Reinhold ViethAbstract:BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether there is a definitive difference between the effects of Vitamins D2 and D3 in the raising of serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D]. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article was to report a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have directly compared the effects of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in humans. DESIGN: The ISI Web of Knowledge (January 1966 to July 2011) database was searched electronically for all relevant studies in adults that directly compared Vitamin D3 with Vitamin D2. The Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry, International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number register, and clinicaltrials.gov were also searched for any unpublished trials. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of RCTs indicated that supplementation with Vitamin D3 had a significant and positive effect in the raising of serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared with the effect of Vitamin D2 (P = 0.001). When the frequency of dosage administration was compared, there was a significant response for Vitamin D3 when given as a bolus dose (P = 0.0002) compared with administration of Vitamin D2, but the effect was lost with daily supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that Vitamin D3 is more efficacious at raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations than is Vitamin D2, and thus Vitamin D3) could potentially become the preferred choice for supplementation. However, additional research is required to examine the metabolic pathways involved in oral and intramuscular administration of Vitamin D and the effects across age, sex, and ethnicity, which this review was unable to verify.
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the case against ergocalciferol Vitamin D2 as a Vitamin supplement
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Lisa A Houghton, Reinhold ViethAbstract:Supplemental Vitamin D is available in 2 distinct forms: ergocalciferol (Vitamin D 2 ) and cholecalciferol (Vitamin D 3 ). Pharmacopoeias have officially regarded these 2 forms as equivalent and interchangeable, yet this presumption of equivalence is based on studies of rickets prevention in infants conducted 70 y ago. The emergence of 25-hydroxyVitamin D as a measure of Vitamin D status provides an objective, quantitative measure of the biological response to Vitamin D administration. As a result, Vitamin D 3 has proven to be the more potent form of Vitamin D in all primate species, including humans. Despite an emerging body of evidence suggesting several plausible explanations for the greater bioefficacy of Vitamin D 3 , the form of Vitamin D used in major preparations of prescriptions in North America is Vitamin D 2 . The case that Vitamin D 2 should no longer be considered equivalent to Vitamin D 3 is based on differences in their efficacy at raising serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D, diminished binding of Vitamin D 2 metabolites to Vitamin D binding protein in plasma, and a nonphysiologic metabolism and shorter shelf life of Vitamin D 2 . Vitamin D 2 , or ergocalciferol, should not be regarded as a nutrient suitable for supplementation or fortification.
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evidence that Vitamin d3 increases serum 25 hydroxyVitamin d more efficiently than does Vitamin D2
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998Co-Authors: Hoang M Trang, David E C Cole, Laurence A Rubin, Andreas Pierratos, Shirley Siu, Reinhold ViethAbstract:In all species tested, except humans, biological differences between Vitamins D2 and D3 are accepted as fact. To test the presumption of equivalence in humans, we compared the ability of equal molar quantities of Vitamin D2 or D3 to increase serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D], the measure of Vitamin D nutrition. Subjects took 260 nmol (approximately 4000 IU) Vitamin D2 (n=17) or Vitamin D3 (n=55) daily for 14 d. 25(OH)D was assayed with a method that detects both the Vitamin D2 and D3 forms. With Vitamin D3, mean (+/-SD) serum 25(OH)D increased from 41.3+/-17.7 nmol/L before to 64.6+/-17.2 nmol/L after treatment. With Vitamin D2, the 25(OH)D concentration went from 43.7+/-17.7 nmol/L before to 57.4+/-13.0 nmol/L after. The increase in 25(OH)D with Vitamin D3 was 23.3+/-15.7 nmol/L, or 1.7 times the increase obtained with Vitamin D2 (13.7+/-11.4 nmol/L; P=0.03). There was an inverse relation between the increase in 25(OH)D and the initial 25(OH)D concentration. The lowest 2 tertiles for basal 25(OH)D showed larger increases in 25(OH)D: 30.6 and 25.5 nmol/L, respectively, for the first and second tertiles. In the highest tertile [25(OH)D >49 nmol/L] the mean increase in 25(OH)D was 13.3 nmol/L (P < 0.03 for comparison with each lower tertile). Although the 1.7-times greater efficacy for Vitamin D3 shown here may seem small, it is more than what others have shown for 25(OH)D increases when comparing 2-fold differences in Vitamin D3 dose. The assumption that Vitamins D2 and D3 have equal nutritional value is probably wrong and should be reconsidered.
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evidence that Vitamin d3 increases serum 25 hydroxyVitamin d more efficiently than does Vitamin D2
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998Co-Authors: Hoang M Trang, David E C Cole, Laurence A Rubin, Andreas Pierratos, Reinhold ViethAbstract:In all species tested, except humans, biological differences between Vitamins D 2 and D 3 are accepted as fact. To test the presumption of equivalence in humans, we compared the ability of equal molar quantities of Vitamin D 2 or D 3 to increase serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D], the measure of Vitamin D nutrition. Subjects took 260 nmol (4000 IU) Vitamin D 2 (n = 17) or Vitamin D 3 (n = 55) daily for 14 d. 25(OH)D was assayed with a method that detects both the Vitamin D 2 and D 3 forms. With Vitamin D 3 , mean (±SD) serum 25(OH)D increased from 41.3 ± 17.7 nmol/L before to 64.6 ± 17.2 nmol/L after treatment. With Vitamin D 2 , the 25(OH)D concentration went from 43.7 ± 17.7 nmol/L before to 57.4 ± 13.0 nmol/L after. The increase in 25(OH)D with Vitamin D 3 was 23.3 ± 15.7 nmol/L. or 1.7 times the increase obtained with Vitamin D 2 (13.7 ± 11.4 nmol/L; P = 0.03). There was an inverse relation between the increase in 25(OH)D and the initial 25(OH)D concentration. The lowest 2 tertiles for basal 25(OH)D showed larger increases in 25(OH)D: 30.6 and 25.5 nmol/L, respectively, for the first and second tertiles. In the highest tertile [25(OH)D >49 nmol/L] the mean increase in 25(OH)D was 13.3 nmol/L (P ≤ 0.03 for comparison with each lower tertile). Although the 1.7-times greater efficacy for Vitamin D 3 shown here may seem small, it is more than what others have shown for 25(OH)D increases when comparing 2-fold differences in Vitamin D 3 dose. The assumption that Vitamins D 2 and D 3 have equal nutritional value is probably wrong and should be reconsidered.
Conrad O Perera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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kinetics of the conversion of ergosterol in edible mushrooms
Journal of Food Engineering, 2007Co-Authors: Viraj J Jasinghe, Conrad O Perera, Shyam S SablaniAbstract:Abstract Kinetics of conversion of ergosterol to Vitamin D2 has been investigated in cultivated edible mushrooms. It was observed that the rates of conversion of ergosterol to Vitamin D2 were varied in different types of mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) showed the highest conversion rate followed by Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and Abalone (Pleurotus cystidus) whereas the lowest conversion rate was observed in Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Both initial moisture content and temperature of irradiation influenced the conversion of ergosterol, and a 2 × 2 factorial design was used to study this influence. It was shown that the conversion of ergosterol to Vitamin D2 followed zero-order kinetics, where the rate constant varied with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation (K0 = 7.32 s−1; Ea = 51.5 kJ mol−1). Vitamin D2 yields from Shiitake mushrooms with respect to temperature of irradiation (T) and moisture content of the mushrooms (M) can be calculated from the equation: D 2 = - 91.3 + 2.25 ∗ T + 71 ∗ M .
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ultraviolet irradiation the generator of Vitamin D2 in edible mushrooms
Food Chemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Viraj J Jasinghe, Conrad O PereraAbstract:Fresh Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes), Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), and Abalone mushrooms (Pleurotus cystidus) were irradiated with Ultraviolet-A (UV-A; wavelength 315–400 nm), Ultraviolet-B (UV-B; wavelength 290–315 nm), and Ultraviolet-C (UV-C; wavelength 190–290 nm). Irradiation of each side of the mushrooms for 1 h, was found to be the optimum period of irradiation in this conversion. The conversions of ergosterol to Vitamin D2 under UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C were shown to be significantly different (p < 0.01). The highest Vitamin D2 content (184 ± 5.71 μg/g DM) was observed in Oyster mushrooms irradiated with UV-B at 35 °C and around 80% moisture. On the other hand, under the same conditions of irradiation, the lowest Vitamin D2 content (22.9 ± 2.68 μg/g DM) was observed in Button mushrooms.
Giselda Bucca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vitamins d3 and D2 have marked but different global effects on gene expression in a rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell line
Molecular Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Manuela Mengozzi, Giselda Bucca, Andrew Hesketh, Pietro Ghezzi, Colin P SmithAbstract:Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) but it is unclear whether Vitamin D supplementation improves the clinical course of MS, and there is uncertainty about the dose and form of Vitamin D (D2 or D3) to be used. The mechanisms underlying the effects of Vitamin D in MS are not clear. Vitamin D3 increases the rate of differentiation of primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), suggesting that it might help remyelination in addition to modulating the immune response. Here we analyzed the transcriptome of differentiating rat CG4 OPCs treated with Vitamin D2 or with Vitamin D3 at 24 h and 72 h following onset of differentiation. Gene expression in differentiating CG4 cells in response to Vitamin D2 or D3 was quantified using Agilent DNA microarrays (n = 4 replicates), and the transcriptome data were processed and analysed using the R software environment. Differential expression between the experimental conditions was determined using LIMMA, applying the Benjamini and Hochberg multiple testing correction to p-values, and significant genes were grouped into co-expression clusters by hierarchical clustering. The functional significance of gene groups was explored by pathway enrichment analysis using the clusterProfiler package. Differentiation alone changed the expression of about 10% of the genes at 72 h compared to 24 h. Vitamin D2 and D3 exerted different effects on gene expression, with D3 influencing 1272 genes and D2 574 at 24 h. The expression of the vast majority of these genes was either not changed in differentiating cells not exposed to Vitamin D or followed the same trajectory as the latter. D3-repressed genes were enriched for Gene Ontology (GO) categories including transcription factors and the Notch pathway, while D3-induced genes were enriched for the Ras pathway. This study shows that Vitamin D3, compared with D2, changes the expression of a larger number of genes in OLs. Identification of genes affected by D3 in OLs should help to identify mechanisms mediating its action in MS.
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Vitamins d3 and D2 have marked but different global effects on gene expression in a rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell line
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Manuela Mengozzi, Giselda Bucca, Andrew Hesketh, Pietro Ghezzi, Colin P SmithAbstract:Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) but there is uncertainty about what dose and form of Vitamin D could improve the clinical course of MS. The mechanisms underlying the effects of Vitamin D in MS are not clear. Vitamin D3 increases the rate of differentiation of primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), suggesting that it might help remyelination in addition to modulating the immune response. Here we analyzed the transcriptome of differentiating rat CG4 OPCs treated with Vitamin D2 or with D3 at 24 h and 72 h following onset of differentiation. Differentiation alone changed the expression of about 10% of the genes at 72 h compared to 24 h. Vitamin D2 and D3 exerted different effects on gene expression, with D3 influencing 1,272 genes and D2 574 at 24 h. The expression of the vast majority of these genes was either not changed in differentiating cells not exposed to Vitamin D or followed the same trajectory as the latter. D3-repressed genes were enriched for gene ontology categories including transcription factors and the Notch pathway, while D3-induced genes were enriched for the Ras pathway. These findings should help to identify mechanisms mediating D3 action in MS.
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Daily supplementation with 15 μg Vitamin D2 compared with Vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyVitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2017Co-Authors: L Tripkovic, Colin P Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma A Chope, L. R. Wilson, Kathryn Hart, Sig Johnsen, Simon De Lusignan, Ruan ElliottAbstract:Background: There are conflicting views in the literature as to whether Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 are equally effective in increasing and maintaining serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D], particularly at lower doses of Vitamin D. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether Vitamin D2 or Vitamin D3 fortified in juice or food, at a relatively low dose of 15 μg/d, was effective in increasing serum total 25(OH)D and to compare their respective efficacy in South Asian and white European women over the winter months within the setting of a large randomized controlled trial. Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial was conducted in healthy South Asian and white European women aged 20–64 y (n = 335; Surrey, United Kingdom) who consumed placebo, juice supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D2, biscuit supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D2, juice supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D3, or biscuit supplemented with 15 μg Vitamin D3 daily for 12 wk. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12 of the study. Results: Postintervention in the 2 ethnic groups combined, both the Vitamin D3 biscuit and the Vitamin D3 juice groups showed a significantly greater absolute incremental change (Δ) in total 25(OH)D when compared with the Vitamin D2 biscuit group [Δ (95% CI): 15.3 nmol/L (7.4, 23.3 nmol/L) (P < 0.0003) and 16.0 nmol/L (8.0, 23.9 nmol/L) ( P < 0.0001)], the Vitamin D2 juice group [Δ (95% CI): 16.3 nmol/L (8.4, 24.2 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001) and 16.9 nmol/L (9.0, 24.8 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001)], and the placebo group [Δ (95% CI): 42.3 nmol/L (34.4, 50.2 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001) and 42.9 nmol/L (35.0, 50.8 nmol/L) (P < 0.0002)]. Conclusions: With the use of a daily dose of Vitamin D relevant to public health recommendations (15 μg) and in vehicles relevant to food-fortification strategies, Vitamin D3 was more effective than Vitamin D2 in increasing serum 25(OH)D in the wintertime. Vitamin D3 may therefore be a preferential form to optimize Vitamin D status within the general population. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN23421591.
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comparison of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin d3 supplementation in raising serum 25 hydroxyVitamin d status a systematic review and meta analysis
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: L Tripkovic, H Lambert, K Hart, Colin P Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma A Chope, Elina Hypponen, J L Berry, Reinhold ViethAbstract:BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether there is a definitive difference between the effects of Vitamins D2 and D3 in the raising of serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D]. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article was to report a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have directly compared the effects of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in humans. DESIGN: The ISI Web of Knowledge (January 1966 to July 2011) database was searched electronically for all relevant studies in adults that directly compared Vitamin D3 with Vitamin D2. The Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry, International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number register, and clinicaltrials.gov were also searched for any unpublished trials. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of RCTs indicated that supplementation with Vitamin D3 had a significant and positive effect in the raising of serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared with the effect of Vitamin D2 (P = 0.001). When the frequency of dosage administration was compared, there was a significant response for Vitamin D3 when given as a bolus dose (P = 0.0002) compared with administration of Vitamin D2, but the effect was lost with daily supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that Vitamin D3 is more efficacious at raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations than is Vitamin D2, and thus Vitamin D3) could potentially become the preferred choice for supplementation. However, additional research is required to examine the metabolic pathways involved in oral and intramuscular administration of Vitamin D and the effects across age, sex, and ethnicity, which this review was unable to verify.
