The Experts below are selected from a list of 276 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Diego Rosso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact of direct greenhouse gas emissions on the carbon footprint of Water Reclamation processes employing nitrification-denitrification.
The Science of the total environment, 2014Co-Authors: Andrew G. Schneider, Amy Townsend-small, Diego RossoAbstract:Abstract Water Reclamation has the potential to reduce Water supply demands from aquifers and more energy-intensive Water production methods (e.g., seaWater desalination). However, Water Reclamation via biological nitrification–denitrification is also associated with the direct emission of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 . We quantified these direct emissions from the nitrification–denitrification reactors of a Water Reclamation plant in Southern California, and measured the 14 C content of the CO 2 to distinguish between short- and long-lived carbon. The total emissions were 1.5 (± 0.2) g-fossil CO 2 m − 3 of wasteWater treated, 0.5 (± 0.1) g-CO 2 -eq of CH 4 m − 3 , and 1.8 (± 0.5) g-CO 2 -eq of N 2 O m − 3 , for a total of 3.9 (± 0.5) g-CO 2 -eq m − 3 . This demonstrated that Water Reclamation can be a source of GHGs from long lived carbon, and thus a candidate for GHG reduction credit. From the 14 C measurements, we found that between 11.4% and 15.1% of the CO 2 directly emitted was derived from fossil sources, which challenges past assumptions that the direct CO 2 emissions from Water Reclamation contain only modern carbon. A comparison of our direct emission measurements with estimates of indirect emissions from several Water production methods, however, showed that the direct emissions from Water Reclamation constitute only a small fraction of the plant's total GHG footprint.
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Nitrous Oxide Emissions from WasteWater Treatment and Water Reclamation Plants in Southern California
Journal of environmental quality, 2011Co-Authors: Amy Townsend-small, Diane E. Pataki, Linda Y. Tseng, Cheng Yao Tsai, Diego RossoAbstract:Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse gas produced during microbial nitrification and denitrification. In developed countries, centralized Water Reclamation plants often use these processes for N removal before effluent is used for irrigation or discharged to surface Water, thus making this treatment a potentially large source of N₂O in urban areas. In the arid but densely populated southwestern United States, Water Reclamation for irrigation is an important alternative to long-distance Water importation. We measured N₂O concentrations and fluxes from several wasteWater treatment processes in urban southern California. We found that N removal during Water Reclamation may lead to in situ N₂O emission rates that are three or more times greater than traditional treatment processes (C oxidation only). In the Water Reclamation plants tested, N₂O production was a greater percentage of total N removed (1.2%) than traditional treatment processes (C oxidation only) (0.4%). We also measured stable isotope ratios (δN and δO) of emitted N₂O and found distinct δN signatures of N₂O from denitrification (0.0 ± 4.0 ‰) and nitrification reactors (-24.5 ± 2.2 ‰), respectively. These isotope data confirm that both nitrification and denitrification contribute to N₂O emissions within the same treatment plant. Our estimates indicate that N₂O emissions from biological N removal for Water Reclamation may be several orders of magnitude greater than N₂O emissions from agricultural activities in highly urbanized southern California. Our results suggest that wasteWater treatment that includes biological nitrogen removal can significantly increase urban N₂O emissions.
Hiroaki Tanaka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of Virus Reduction by Ultrafiltration with Coagulation–Sedimentation in Water Reclamation
Food and Environmental Virology, 2017Co-Authors: Akihiko Hata, Naoyuki Yamashita, Hiroaki TanakaAbstract:The evaluation of virus reduction in Water Reclamation processes is essential for proper assessment and management of the risk of infection by enteric viruses. Ultrafiltration (UF) with coagulation–sedimentation (CS) is potentially effective for efficient virus removal. However, its performance at removing indigenous viruses has not been evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the reduction of indigenous viruses by UF with and without CS in a pilot-scale Water Reclamation plant in Okinawa, Japan, by measuring the concentration of viruses using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Aichi virus (AiV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were targeted in addition to the main enteric viruses of concern for risk management, namely, norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II (GI and GII) and rotavirus (RoV). PMMoV, which is a plant pathogenic virus and is present at high concentrations in Water contaminated by human feces, has been suggested as a useful viral indicator. We also investigated the reduction of a spiked model virus (F-specific RNA bacteriophage MS2) to measure the effect of viral inactivation by both qPCR and plaque assay. Efficiencies of removal of NoV GI, NoV GII, RoV, and AiV by UF with and without CS were >0.5 to 3.7 log_10, although concentrations were below the detection limit in permeate Water. PMMoV was the most prevalent virus in both feed and permeate Water following UF, but CS pretreatment could not significantly improve its removal efficiency (mean removal efficiency: UF, 3.1 log_10; CS + UF, 3.4 log_10; t test, P > 0.05). CS increased the mean removal efficiency of spiked MS2 by only 0.3 log_10 by qPCR ( t -test, P > 0.05), but by 2.8 log_10 by plaque assay ( t -test, P
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Evaluation of Virus Reduction by Ultrafiltration with Coagulation-Sedimentation in Water Reclamation.
Food and environmental virology, 2017Co-Authors: Suntae Lee, Akihiko Hata, Naoyuki Yamashita, Hiroaki TanakaAbstract:The evaluation of virus reduction in Water Reclamation processes is essential for proper assessment and management of the risk of infection by enteric viruses. Ultrafiltration (UF) with coagulation–sedimentation (CS) is potentially effective for efficient virus removal. However, its performance at removing indigenous viruses has not been evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the reduction of indigenous viruses by UF with and without CS in a pilot-scale Water Reclamation plant in Okinawa, Japan, by measuring the concentration of viruses using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Aichi virus (AiV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were targeted in addition to the main enteric viruses of concern for risk management, namely, norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II (GI and GII) and rotavirus (RoV). PMMoV, which is a plant pathogenic virus and is present at high concentrations in Water contaminated by human feces, has been suggested as a useful viral indicator. We also investigated the reduction of a spiked model virus (F-specific RNA bacteriophage MS2) to measure the effect of viral inactivation by both qPCR and plaque assay. Efficiencies of removal of NoV GI, NoV GII, RoV, and AiV by UF with and without CS were >0.5 to 3.7 log10, although concentrations were below the detection limit in permeate Water. PMMoV was the most prevalent virus in both feed and permeate Water following UF, but CS pretreatment could not significantly improve its removal efficiency (mean removal efficiency: UF, 3.1 log10; CS + UF, 3.4 log10; t test, P > 0.05). CS increased the mean removal efficiency of spiked MS2 by only 0.3 log10 by qPCR (t-test, P > 0.05), but by 2.8 log10 by plaque assay (t-test, P
Jorge Rubio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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more environmentally friendly vehicle washes Water Reclamation
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2012Co-Authors: Rafael Zaneti, R Etchepare, Jorge RubioAbstract:Abstract The weight of vehicle wash activities in urban Water management is evaluated in Brazil. The treatment of wash wasteWater from a typical car wash station by flocculation-column flotation plus sand filtration and chlorination has been fully studied, and reclaimed Water criteria are discussed. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was performed with a dose–response model, and an Escherichia coli limit of 200 UFC.100 mL −1 in the reclaimed Water was suggested as acceptable microbiological risk. A mass balance was applied for the assessment of the concentration of critical constituents as a function of Water cycles, and the results revealed that the chloride and TDS concentrations in reclaimed Water stabilised below 350 and 900 mg L −1 , respectively. The cost-benefit analysis performed for six different Brazilian scenarios showed that Water Reclamation is highly competitive and that the payback period might be as short as one year, depending on Water prices and daily wash demand. It is believed that the implementation of the present technology in Brazil and elsewhere is dependent mainly on state policies such as those pertaining to the involvement of larger players (for example, large Brazilian petro station companies) and creating and supporting an early niche market.
Atef Jaouani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Decision Support Tool for Water Reclamation Beyond Technical Considerations – Egyptian, Moroccan and Tunisian Case Studies
Integrated environmental assessment and management, 2020Co-Authors: Emmanuel Oertlé, Sandra R. Mueller, Redouane Choukr-allah, Atef JaouaniAbstract:While the Middle East and North African (MENA) region is facing challenges to sustain Water security, Water Reclamation has received increasing consideration as a favorable mitigating solution. Despite the availability of adequate technologies, economic, political, legal, social, and environmental constraints often hamper stakeholders, and especially decision makers, from exploiting the existing potential into solution implementation. In the present paper, a comprehensive assessment for Water Reclamation and reuse was developed. This assessment consisted of 4 objectives: 1) apply a decision-support tool (DST) for Water Reclamation potential for municipal wasteWater, 2) apply a DST for simulating and estimating the lifecycle costs of project-related technologies for Water Reclamation (municipal and industrial wasteWater, as well as drainage canal Water), 3) assess the national-level conditions for Water reuse with a multicriteria decision analysis (MCA), and 4) establish exemplary strategies, barriers, and measures for Water reuse. The present MCA considered 6 thematic subjects: policy and institution, economy, society, Water management, legislation, and environment. The assessment was applied to food and nonfood crop irrigation in Egyptian, Moroccan, and Tunisian case studies. For all defined case studies, adapted treatment trains that could treat wasteWater to the desired quality at reasonable costs were identified and are presented in the present paper. Results showed that technological options are available for Water reuse, but the concept is not widely implemented in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The present paper identifies key barriers and drivers for the implementation of Water Reclamation for irrigation. In particular, the considered countries showed different characteristics regarding efficient Water management, Water pricing, subsidies and wasteWater tariffs, implementation of monitoring and reporting systems, or legal aspects regarding the use of reclaimed Water for food crop irrigation. Further exploration of case studies on high potential Water reuse and financially affordable wasteWater Reclamation, particularly case studies that explore the impacts of policies and practices across countries, would be useful for helping the MENA region improve their Water security situation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:885-897. © 2020 SETAC.
Amy Townsend-small - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact of direct greenhouse gas emissions on the carbon footprint of Water Reclamation processes employing nitrification-denitrification.
The Science of the total environment, 2014Co-Authors: Andrew G. Schneider, Amy Townsend-small, Diego RossoAbstract:Abstract Water Reclamation has the potential to reduce Water supply demands from aquifers and more energy-intensive Water production methods (e.g., seaWater desalination). However, Water Reclamation via biological nitrification–denitrification is also associated with the direct emission of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 . We quantified these direct emissions from the nitrification–denitrification reactors of a Water Reclamation plant in Southern California, and measured the 14 C content of the CO 2 to distinguish between short- and long-lived carbon. The total emissions were 1.5 (± 0.2) g-fossil CO 2 m − 3 of wasteWater treated, 0.5 (± 0.1) g-CO 2 -eq of CH 4 m − 3 , and 1.8 (± 0.5) g-CO 2 -eq of N 2 O m − 3 , for a total of 3.9 (± 0.5) g-CO 2 -eq m − 3 . This demonstrated that Water Reclamation can be a source of GHGs from long lived carbon, and thus a candidate for GHG reduction credit. From the 14 C measurements, we found that between 11.4% and 15.1% of the CO 2 directly emitted was derived from fossil sources, which challenges past assumptions that the direct CO 2 emissions from Water Reclamation contain only modern carbon. A comparison of our direct emission measurements with estimates of indirect emissions from several Water production methods, however, showed that the direct emissions from Water Reclamation constitute only a small fraction of the plant's total GHG footprint.
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Nitrous Oxide Emissions from WasteWater Treatment and Water Reclamation Plants in Southern California
Journal of environmental quality, 2011Co-Authors: Amy Townsend-small, Diane E. Pataki, Linda Y. Tseng, Cheng Yao Tsai, Diego RossoAbstract:Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse gas produced during microbial nitrification and denitrification. In developed countries, centralized Water Reclamation plants often use these processes for N removal before effluent is used for irrigation or discharged to surface Water, thus making this treatment a potentially large source of N₂O in urban areas. In the arid but densely populated southwestern United States, Water Reclamation for irrigation is an important alternative to long-distance Water importation. We measured N₂O concentrations and fluxes from several wasteWater treatment processes in urban southern California. We found that N removal during Water Reclamation may lead to in situ N₂O emission rates that are three or more times greater than traditional treatment processes (C oxidation only). In the Water Reclamation plants tested, N₂O production was a greater percentage of total N removed (1.2%) than traditional treatment processes (C oxidation only) (0.4%). We also measured stable isotope ratios (δN and δO) of emitted N₂O and found distinct δN signatures of N₂O from denitrification (0.0 ± 4.0 ‰) and nitrification reactors (-24.5 ± 2.2 ‰), respectively. These isotope data confirm that both nitrification and denitrification contribute to N₂O emissions within the same treatment plant. Our estimates indicate that N₂O emissions from biological N removal for Water Reclamation may be several orders of magnitude greater than N₂O emissions from agricultural activities in highly urbanized southern California. Our results suggest that wasteWater treatment that includes biological nitrogen removal can significantly increase urban N₂O emissions.
