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Vilmantė Karlavičienė - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Evaluation of the Urban Storm Water Runoff Pollutant Removal Efficiency with a Focus on the Retention Time
Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 2017Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Mindaugas Rimeika, William Hogland, Raminta Rudzevičiūtė, Monika ReinikytėAbstract:In urban areas, during heavy rain events various pollutants are flushed off impervious surfaces with storm Water Runoff and through the storm Water drainage system directly discharged to surface Water bodies. Commonly, storm Water Runoff sedimentation tanks are used to remove suspended solids and total petroleum hydrocarbons from the first portions of storm Water Runoff. Unfortunately, the operation of especially storm Water sedimentation tanks is still quite complicated and not very effective. The regulation of outflow rate can be one of the ways to increase the effectiveness of pollutants removal using sedimentation tank technology. The research was performed at the storm Water Runoff treatment unit based on the sedimentation process. The aim of the study was to investigate the removal of suspended solids (SS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at the storm Water Runoff sedimentation tank with a focus on the retention time. Initially, the distribution of concentration of SS and TPH in various places of sedimentation tank after the rain event was investigated. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of SS and TPH are very similar all over the tank after a rain event. Therefore, it is more reasonable to take one composite sample instead several grab samples during the research of sedimentation process efficiency. According to the obtained SS and TPH removal efficiency results it was determined that optimal storm Water Runoff retention time in the researched sedimentation tank is 48 hour, when the inflow and outflow of sedimentation tank are closed.
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The Research of the Suitability of Hydrostatic Water Level Sensor to Measure Storm Water Runoff Flow Rate with the Focus on the Influence of Sediments
Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 2017Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Vaidas Vinciūnas, Raimondas Zaborovskis, Mindaugas RimeikaAbstract:Since most of the contaminants in surface Waters fall with storm Water Runoff, it is very important to correctly describe the content of pollutants discharging with them (kilograms or tons) for a given unit of time (hour, shift, day, month or year). Measurements are complicated by the fact that the flow rate and pollutant concentration is very variable over time. The aim of the research was to determine the grain size of sweepings accumulated on the surfaces of the researched territory and to investigate the impact of storm Water Runoff sediments on the accuracy of measurements of Water level height using the hydrostatic Water level sensor. For the experiment four typical Vilnius city streets, two storm Water Runoff treatment plants and also the streets sweeping machine was chosen. Storm Water Runoff in urban areas has an abundance of sediment, therefore, studying the hydrostatic Water level sensor DI 240 Diver suitability to determine storm Water Runoff flow rate, for the experimental studies the impact of sludge and sand for measuring accuracy was chosen. Particles with diameters ranging from 0.315 to 0.630 mm consisting the maximum weight (the average value of 24 g per 100 g of the sample) of street sweepings. Storm Water Runoff treatment plants sediments are approximately 60% of the smallest particles with a size of less than 0.05 mm. Particles of less than 0.25 mm consisting about 80% of sediment. During laboratory and full scale tests it was determined, that there is no significant affect of sediments on the accuracy of the hydrostatic Water level sensor measurements. The average square error (standard deviation) was 0.567 cm when the measurement uncertainty was 0.0021 cm.
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The impact of storm Water Runoff on a small urban stream
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Sigita Švedienė, Danutė Elena Marčiulionienė, Peter Randerson, Mindaugas Rimeika, William HoglandAbstract:Background, aim, and scope In urban areas, storm Water Runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm Water Runoff recipients, both Water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm Water Runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm Water Runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm Water. Some storm Water Runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. Materials and methods During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD_7, COD_Cr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm Water Runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment . Riga, pp 108–116, 1989 ). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992 ). Results The mean pH of urban storm Water Runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L^−1, TPH—2.4 mg L^−1, BOD_7—300 mg O_2 L^−1 and COD_Cr—1,400 mg L^−1. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD_7—41% and COD_Cr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum . There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm Water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm Water Runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Discussion Most local authorities do not consider storm Water Runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface Runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm Water Runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. Recommendations and perspectives To avoid the environmental impact of storm Water Runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm Water Runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm Water Runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm Water Runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.
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The impact of storm Water Runoff on a small urban stream
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Sigita Švedienė, Danutė Elena Marčiulionienė, Peter Randerson, Mindaugas Rimeika, William HoglandAbstract:In urban areas, storm Water Runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm Water Runoff recipients, both Water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm Water Runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm Water Runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm Water. Some storm Water Runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD7, CODCr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm Water Runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment. Riga, pp 108–116, 1989). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992). The mean pH of urban storm Water Runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L−1, TPH—2.4 mg L−1, BOD7—300 mg O2 L−1 and CODCr—1,400 mg L−1. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD7—41% and CODCr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum. There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm Water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm Water Runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Most local authorities do not consider storm Water Runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface Runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm Water Runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. To avoid the environmental impact of storm Water Runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm Water Runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm Water Runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm Water Runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.
William Hogland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Evaluation of the Urban Storm Water Runoff Pollutant Removal Efficiency with a Focus on the Retention Time
Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 2017Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Mindaugas Rimeika, William Hogland, Raminta Rudzevičiūtė, Monika ReinikytėAbstract:In urban areas, during heavy rain events various pollutants are flushed off impervious surfaces with storm Water Runoff and through the storm Water drainage system directly discharged to surface Water bodies. Commonly, storm Water Runoff sedimentation tanks are used to remove suspended solids and total petroleum hydrocarbons from the first portions of storm Water Runoff. Unfortunately, the operation of especially storm Water sedimentation tanks is still quite complicated and not very effective. The regulation of outflow rate can be one of the ways to increase the effectiveness of pollutants removal using sedimentation tank technology. The research was performed at the storm Water Runoff treatment unit based on the sedimentation process. The aim of the study was to investigate the removal of suspended solids (SS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at the storm Water Runoff sedimentation tank with a focus on the retention time. Initially, the distribution of concentration of SS and TPH in various places of sedimentation tank after the rain event was investigated. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of SS and TPH are very similar all over the tank after a rain event. Therefore, it is more reasonable to take one composite sample instead several grab samples during the research of sedimentation process efficiency. According to the obtained SS and TPH removal efficiency results it was determined that optimal storm Water Runoff retention time in the researched sedimentation tank is 48 hour, when the inflow and outflow of sedimentation tank are closed.
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The impact of storm Water Runoff on a small urban stream
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Sigita Švedienė, Danutė Elena Marčiulionienė, Peter Randerson, Mindaugas Rimeika, William HoglandAbstract:Background, aim, and scope In urban areas, storm Water Runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm Water Runoff recipients, both Water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm Water Runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm Water Runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm Water. Some storm Water Runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. Materials and methods During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD_7, COD_Cr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm Water Runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment . Riga, pp 108–116, 1989 ). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992 ). Results The mean pH of urban storm Water Runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L^−1, TPH—2.4 mg L^−1, BOD_7—300 mg O_2 L^−1 and COD_Cr—1,400 mg L^−1. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD_7—41% and COD_Cr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum . There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm Water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm Water Runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Discussion Most local authorities do not consider storm Water Runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface Runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm Water Runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. Recommendations and perspectives To avoid the environmental impact of storm Water Runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm Water Runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm Water Runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm Water Runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.
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The impact of storm Water Runoff on a small urban stream
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Sigita Švedienė, Danutė Elena Marčiulionienė, Peter Randerson, Mindaugas Rimeika, William HoglandAbstract:In urban areas, storm Water Runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm Water Runoff recipients, both Water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm Water Runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm Water Runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm Water. Some storm Water Runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD7, CODCr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm Water Runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment. Riga, pp 108–116, 1989). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992). The mean pH of urban storm Water Runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L−1, TPH—2.4 mg L−1, BOD7—300 mg O2 L−1 and CODCr—1,400 mg L−1. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD7—41% and CODCr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum. There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm Water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm Water Runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Most local authorities do not consider storm Water Runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface Runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm Water Runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. To avoid the environmental impact of storm Water Runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm Water Runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm Water Runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm Water Runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.
Mindaugas Rimeika - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Evaluation of the Urban Storm Water Runoff Pollutant Removal Efficiency with a Focus on the Retention Time
Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 2017Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Mindaugas Rimeika, William Hogland, Raminta Rudzevičiūtė, Monika ReinikytėAbstract:In urban areas, during heavy rain events various pollutants are flushed off impervious surfaces with storm Water Runoff and through the storm Water drainage system directly discharged to surface Water bodies. Commonly, storm Water Runoff sedimentation tanks are used to remove suspended solids and total petroleum hydrocarbons from the first portions of storm Water Runoff. Unfortunately, the operation of especially storm Water sedimentation tanks is still quite complicated and not very effective. The regulation of outflow rate can be one of the ways to increase the effectiveness of pollutants removal using sedimentation tank technology. The research was performed at the storm Water Runoff treatment unit based on the sedimentation process. The aim of the study was to investigate the removal of suspended solids (SS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at the storm Water Runoff sedimentation tank with a focus on the retention time. Initially, the distribution of concentration of SS and TPH in various places of sedimentation tank after the rain event was investigated. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of SS and TPH are very similar all over the tank after a rain event. Therefore, it is more reasonable to take one composite sample instead several grab samples during the research of sedimentation process efficiency. According to the obtained SS and TPH removal efficiency results it was determined that optimal storm Water Runoff retention time in the researched sedimentation tank is 48 hour, when the inflow and outflow of sedimentation tank are closed.
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The Research of the Suitability of Hydrostatic Water Level Sensor to Measure Storm Water Runoff Flow Rate with the Focus on the Influence of Sediments
Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 2017Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Vaidas Vinciūnas, Raimondas Zaborovskis, Mindaugas RimeikaAbstract:Since most of the contaminants in surface Waters fall with storm Water Runoff, it is very important to correctly describe the content of pollutants discharging with them (kilograms or tons) for a given unit of time (hour, shift, day, month or year). Measurements are complicated by the fact that the flow rate and pollutant concentration is very variable over time. The aim of the research was to determine the grain size of sweepings accumulated on the surfaces of the researched territory and to investigate the impact of storm Water Runoff sediments on the accuracy of measurements of Water level height using the hydrostatic Water level sensor. For the experiment four typical Vilnius city streets, two storm Water Runoff treatment plants and also the streets sweeping machine was chosen. Storm Water Runoff in urban areas has an abundance of sediment, therefore, studying the hydrostatic Water level sensor DI 240 Diver suitability to determine storm Water Runoff flow rate, for the experimental studies the impact of sludge and sand for measuring accuracy was chosen. Particles with diameters ranging from 0.315 to 0.630 mm consisting the maximum weight (the average value of 24 g per 100 g of the sample) of street sweepings. Storm Water Runoff treatment plants sediments are approximately 60% of the smallest particles with a size of less than 0.05 mm. Particles of less than 0.25 mm consisting about 80% of sediment. During laboratory and full scale tests it was determined, that there is no significant affect of sediments on the accuracy of the hydrostatic Water level sensor measurements. The average square error (standard deviation) was 0.567 cm when the measurement uncertainty was 0.0021 cm.
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The impact of storm Water Runoff on a small urban stream
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Sigita Švedienė, Danutė Elena Marčiulionienė, Peter Randerson, Mindaugas Rimeika, William HoglandAbstract:Background, aim, and scope In urban areas, storm Water Runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm Water Runoff recipients, both Water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm Water Runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm Water Runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm Water. Some storm Water Runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. Materials and methods During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD_7, COD_Cr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm Water Runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment . Riga, pp 108–116, 1989 ). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992 ). Results The mean pH of urban storm Water Runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L^−1, TPH—2.4 mg L^−1, BOD_7—300 mg O_2 L^−1 and COD_Cr—1,400 mg L^−1. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD_7—41% and COD_Cr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum . There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm Water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm Water Runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Discussion Most local authorities do not consider storm Water Runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface Runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm Water Runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. Recommendations and perspectives To avoid the environmental impact of storm Water Runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm Water Runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm Water Runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm Water Runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.
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The impact of storm Water Runoff on a small urban stream
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008Co-Authors: Vilmantė Karlavičienė, Sigita Švedienė, Danutė Elena Marčiulionienė, Peter Randerson, Mindaugas Rimeika, William HoglandAbstract:In urban areas, storm Water Runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm Water Runoff recipients, both Water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm Water Runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm Water Runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm Water. Some storm Water Runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD7, CODCr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm Water Runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment. Riga, pp 108–116, 1989). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992). The mean pH of urban storm Water Runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L−1, TPH—2.4 mg L−1, BOD7—300 mg O2 L−1 and CODCr—1,400 mg L−1. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD7—41% and CODCr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum. There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm Water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm Water Runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Most local authorities do not consider storm Water Runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface Runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm Water Runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. To avoid the environmental impact of storm Water Runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm Water Runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm Water Runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm Water Runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.
R. P. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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soil structural degradation in sw england and its impact on surface Water Runoff generation
Soil Use and Management, 2013Co-Authors: R. C. Palmer, R. P. SmithAbstract:Field investigations between 2002 and 2011 identified soil structural degradation to be widespread in SW England with 38% of the 3243 surveyed sites having sufficiently degraded soil structure to produce observable features of enhanced surface-Water Runoff within the landscape. Soil under arable crops often had high or severe levels of structural degradation. Late-harvested crops such as maize had the most damaged soil where 75% of sites were found to have degraded structure generating enhanced surface-Water Runoff. Soil erosion in these crops was found at over one in five sites. A tendency for the establishment of winter cereals in late autumn in the South West also often resulted in damaged soil where degraded structure and enhanced surface-Water Runoff were found in three of every five cereal fields. Remedial actions to improve soil structure are either not being undertaken or are being unsuccessfully used. Brown Sands, Brown Earths and loamy Stagnogley Soils were the most frequently damaged soils. The intensive use of well-drained, high quality sandy and coarse loamy soils has led to soil structural damage resulting in enhanced surface-Water Runoff from fields that should naturally absorb winter rain. Surface Water pollution, localized flooding and reduced winter recharge rates to aquifers result from this damage. Chalk and limestone landscapes on the other hand show little evidence of serious soil structural degradation and <20% of fields in these landscapes generate enhanced Runoff.
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Soil structural degradation in SW England and its impact on surface-Water Runoff generation
Soil Use and Management, 2013Co-Authors: R. C. Palmer, R. P. SmithAbstract:Field investigations between 2002 and 2011 identified soil structural degradation to be widespread in SW England with 38% of the 3243 surveyed sites having sufficiently degraded soil structure to produce observable features of enhanced surface-Water Runoff within the landscape. Soil under arable crops often had high or severe levels of structural degradation. Late-harvested crops such as maize had the most damaged soil where 75% of sites were found to have degraded structure generating enhanced surface-Water Runoff. Soil erosion in these crops was found at over one in five sites. A tendency for the establishment of winter cereals in late autumn in the South West also often resulted in damaged soil where degraded structure and enhanced surface-Water Runoff were found in three of every five cereal fields. Remedial actions to improve soil structure are either not being undertaken or are being unsuccessfully used. Brown Sands, Brown Earths and loamy Stagnogley Soils were the most frequently damaged soils. The intensive use of well-drained, high quality sandy and coarse loamy soils has led to soil structural damage resulting in enhanced surface-Water Runoff from fields that should naturally absorb winter rain. Surface Water pollution, localized flooding and reduced winter recharge rates to aquifers result from this damage. Chalk and limestone landscapes on the other hand show little evidence of serious soil structural degradation and
Christian Valentin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Above-ground earthworm casts affect Water Runoff and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam
Catena, 2008Co-Authors: Pascal Jouquet, Pascal Podwojewski, Nicolas Bottinelli, Jérôme Mathieu, Maigualida Ricoy, Didier Orange, Toan Duc Tran, Christian ValentinAbstract:This manuscript focuses on the effects of above-ground earthworm casts on Water Runoff and soil erosion in steep-slope ecosystems in Northern Vietnam. We investigated the effects of Amynthas khami, an anecic species producing above-ground casts of prominent size, on Water infiltration and soil detachment along a land-use intensification gradient: a cultivation of cassava (Mahinot esculenta; CAS), a plantation of Bracharia (Bracharia ruzziziensis; BRA), a fallow (FAL), a fallow after a forest of Eucalyptus sp. (EUC) and a plantation of trees (Acacia mangium and Venicia Montana; FOR). Two scales of studies were considered: (i) at the structure scale (cm2), a Water Runoff simulation was used to differentiate the effects of casts, free biogenic aggregates that previously belong to casts, and free physicogenic aggregates; (ii) at the station levels, 1-m2 plots were used to determine Runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season in 2005. A. khami was sensitive to land-use management. Earthworm density was low in all the fields (0–1 ind m−2). The highest densities were found in EUC and FOR and no individual was found in CAS. As a consequence, soil surface in EUC and FOR was covered with casts and free biogenic aggregates (approximately 22 and 8 kgm−2, respectively). In FAL and BRA, casts covered the soil only sparsely with b3 kgm−2. In CAS, soil surface was characterized by free physicogenic aggregates that might be produced by human activity or endogeic earthworms through tillage (approximately 1 kg m−2). Water Runoff simulation clearly showed an enhancement of Water infiltration with earthworm casting activity. Water Runoff was more decreased with casts (R2=0.26) than free biogenic aggregates (R2=0.49). Conversely, physicogenic aggregates were not associated with higher Water infiltration. Analyses of Runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season underlined that the more land-use type have aggregates on soil surface and the less important is surface Runoff (R2=0.922). Conversely, no relation occurred between aggregates and soil detachment rate. While above-ground casting activity decreased surface Runoff, they were not involved in soil detachment, and therefore soil erosion.
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Above-ground earthworm casts affect Water Runoff and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam
CATENA, 2008Co-Authors: Pascal Jouquet, Pascal Podwojewski, Nicolas Bottinelli, Jérôme Mathieu, Maigualida Ricoy, Didier Orange, Dt Tran, Christian ValentinAbstract:This manuscript focuses on the effects of above-ground earthworm casts on Water Runoff and soil erosion in steep-slope ecosystems in Northern Vietnam. We investigated the effects of Amynthas khami, an anecic species producing above-ground casts of prominent size, on Water infiltration and soil detachment along a land-use intensification gradient: a cultivation of cassava (Mahinot esculenta; CAS), a plantation of Bracharia (Bracharia ruzziziensis; BRA), a fallow (FAL), a fallow after a forest of Eucalyptus sp. (EUC) and a plantation of trees (Acacia mangium and Venicia Montana; FOR). Two scales of studies were considered: (i) at the structure scale (cm(2)), a Water Runoff simulation was used to differentiate the effects of casts, free biogenic aggregates that previously belong to casts, and free pbysicogenic aggregates; (ii) at the station levels, 1-m(2) plots were used to determine Runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season in 2005. A. khami was sensitive to land-use management. Earthworm density was low in all the fields (0-1 ind m(-2)). The highest densities were found in EUC and FOR and no individual was found in CAS. As a consequence, soil surface in EUC and FOR was covered with casts and free biogenic aggregates (approximately 22 and 8 kg m(-2), respectively). In FAL and BRA, casts covered the soil only sparsely with < 3 kg m-2. In CAS, soil surface was characterized by free physicogenic aggregates that might be produced by human activity or cridogeic earthworms through tillage (approximately 1 kg m-2). Water Runoff simulation clearly showed an enhancement of Water infiltration with earthworm casting activity. Water Runoff was more decreased with casts (R-2 = 0.26) than free biogenic aggregates (R-2 = 0.49). Conversely, physicogenic aggregates were not associated with higher Water infiltration. Analyses of Runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season underlined that the more land-use type have aggregates on soil surface and the less important is surface Runoff (R-2 = 0.922). Conversely, no relation occurred between aggregates and soil detachment rate. While above-ground casting activity decreased surface Runoff, they were not involved in soil detachment, and therefore soil erosion.
