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Jo L Freudenheim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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foods contributing to macronutrient intake of women living in puerto rico reflect both traditional puerto rican and Western type Diets
Nutrients, 2018Co-Authors: Emily Truesdell, Michelle Schelskesantos, Cruz M Nazario, Rosa V Rosariorosado, Susan E Mccann, Amy E Millen, Farah A Ramirezmarrero, Jo L FreudenheimAbstract:Lack of variability in dietary intake within a population makes identification of relationships between diet and disease difficult. Studies in populations with greater interindividual variation can provide important insights. The Puerto Rican diet is in transition from a traditional to a more Western-type diet, resulting in greater interindividual variability. We identified foods contributing to absolute intake and variability in the intake of macronutrients among Puerto Rican women. One hundred women, aged 30–79, residents of San Juan, Puerto Rico, completed three, interviewer-administered, 24-h dietary recalls from which foods contributing to absolute intake and intake variability in intake of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate and dietary fiber were determined. The overall prevalence of intake of foods was also calculated. Traditional Puerto Rican foods such as legumes, rice, and plantains were important contributors to the intake of calories and macronutrients as were foods more typical of Western Diets including white bread and sweetened carbonated beverages. Identification of food sources of nutrients for this population with a diet in transition can contribute to the development of instruments to measure dietary intake and to understand the contribution of diet to the etiology of chronic disease among Puerto Rican women.
Eugene B Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Western Diets gut dysbiosis and metabolic diseases are they linked
Gut microbes, 2017Co-Authors: Kristina Martinez, Vanessa Leone, Eugene B ChangAbstract:ABSTRACTObesity afflicts 36.5% of the US population and 600 million individuals world-wide. Thus, it is imperative to understand the risk factors underlying metabolic disease including diet, activity level, sleep, and genetics. Another key contributory factor is the gut microbiota given its widely reported role in the development of metabolic disease. The gut microbiota, particularly its structure and function, is heavily influenced by Western style Diets rich in a complex mixture of fats and high in simple sugars. In this review, the profound impact of obesity and Western Diets on the gut microbiota will be illustrated, and the following research questions will be addressed: 1) to what extent do high fat Diets (HFDs) alter community membership and function and does this depend upon the amount or type of fat consumed?, 2) how rapidly do dietary shifts alter gut microbial communities?, 3) are these alterations sustained or can the microbiome recover from dietary stress?, 4) how does diet drive host-microbe...
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diet induced expansion of pathobionts in experimental colitis implications for tailored therapies
Gut microbes, 2013Co-Authors: Suzanne Devkota, Eugene B ChangAbstract:Evidence presented in our recent study and elsewhere suggests that the interplay of dietary macronutrients with the intestinal lumen alters the microbial environment, and thus host-microbe interactions, in ways that are not always in a favorable, mutualistic fashion. Specifically, in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), experimental and clinical observations have implicated a detrimental impact of environmental/microbial factors on the etiopathogenesis of IBD in individuals with a background of genetic susceptibility to the disease.1 Thus, now more than ever, we are realizing that specific intestinal microbes can metabolize and react to a wide array of dietary compositions that, in turn, markedly alter microbial populations. We aimed to understand if certain dietary fats that are prevalent in Western Diets are capable of precipitating colonic inflammation through their actions on the enteric microbiota. On a background of genetic susceptibility, these microbial changes can impact host immune homeostasis and...
Luigi Fontana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Long-Term Low-Calorie Low-Protein Vegan Diet and Endurance Exercise are Associated with Low Cardiometabolic Risk
Rejuvenation Research, 2007Co-Authors: Luigi Fontana, Samuel Klein, Tim Meyer, John O. HolloszyAbstract:Background: Western Diets, which typically contain large amounts of energy-dense processed foods, together with a sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. We evaluated the long-term effects of consuming a low-calorie low-protein vegan diet or performing regular endurance exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, cardiometabolic risk factors were evaluated in 21 sedentary subjects, who had been on a low-calorie low-protein raw vegan diet for 4.4 ± 2.8 years, (mean age, 53.1 ± 11 yrs), 21 body mass index (BMI)-matched endurance runners consuming Western Diets, and 21 age- and gender-matched sedentary subjects, consuming Western Diets. Results: BMI was lower in the low-calorie low-protein vegan diet (21.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2) and endurance runner (21.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2) groups than in the sedentary Western diet group (26.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2) (p < 0.005). Plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, blood pressure (BP)...
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long term low protein low calorie diet and endurance exercise modulate metabolic factors associated with cancer risk
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Luigi Fontana, Samuel Klein, John O. HolloszyAbstract:Background: Western Diets, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles are associated with increased cancer risk. The mechanisms responsible for this increased risk, however, are not clear. Objective: We hypothesized that long-term low protein, low calorie intake and endurance exercise are associated with low concentrations of plasma growth factors and hormones that are linked to an increased risk of cancer. Design: Plasma growth factors and hormones were evaluated in 21 sedentary subjects, who had been eating a low-protein, low-calorie diet for 4.4 ± 2.8 y (x ± SD age: 53.0 ± 11 y); 21 endurance runners matched by body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ); and 21 age- and sex-matched sedentary subjects eating Western Diets. Results: BMI was lower in the low-protein, low-calorie diet (21.3 ± 3.1) and runner (21.6 ± 1.6) groups than in the Western diet (26.5 ± 2.7; P < 0.005) group. Plasma concentrations of insulin, free sex hormones, leptin, and C-reactive protein were lower and sex hormone-binding globulin was higher in the low-protein, low-calorie diet and runner groups than in the sedentary Western diet group (all P < 0.05). Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and the concentration ratio of IGF-I to IGF binding protein 3 were lower in the low-protein, low-calorie diet group (139 ± 37 ng/mL and 0.033 ± 0.01, respectively) than in the runner (177 ± 37 ng/mL and 0.044 ± 0.01, respectively) and sedentary Western (201 ± 42 ng/mL and 0.046 ± 0.01, respectively) diet groups (P < 0.005). Conclusions: Exercise training, decreased adiposity, and long-term consumption of a low-protein, low-calorie diet are associated with low plasma growth factors and hormones that are linked to an increased risk of cancer. Low protein intake may have additional protective effects because it is associated with a decrease in circulating IGF-I independent of body fat mass.
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effect of long term calorie restriction with adequate protein and micronutrients on thyroid hormones
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006Co-Authors: Samuel Klein, Luigi Fontana, John O. Holloszy, Bhartur N PremachandraAbstract:Context: Caloric restriction (CR) retards aging in mammals. It has been hypothesized that a reduction in T3 hormone may increase life span by conserving energy and reducing free-radical production. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between long-term CR with adequate protein and micronutrient intake on thyroid function in healthy lean weight-stable adult men and women. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this study, serum thyroid hormones were evaluated in 28 men and women (mean age, 52 ± 12 yr) consuming a CR diet for 3–15 yr (6 ± 3 yr), 28 age- and sex-matched sedentary (WD), and 28 body fat-matched exercising (EX) subjects who were eating Western Diets. Main Outcome Measures: Serum total and free T4, total and free T3, reverse T3, and TSH concentrations were the main outcome measures. Results: Energy intake was lower in the CR group (1779 ± 355 kcal/d) than the WD (2433 ± 502 kcal/d) and EX (2811 ± 711 kcal/d) groups (P < 0.001). Serum T3 concentration was lower in t...
Artemis P Simopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dietary omega 3 fatty acid deficiency and high fructose intake in the development of metabolic syndrome brain metabolic abnormalities and non alcoholic fatty liver disease
Nutrients, 2013Co-Authors: Artemis P SimopoulosAbstract:Western Diets are characterized by both dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and increased fructose intake. The latter found in high amounts in added sugars such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Both a low intake of omega-3 fatty acids or a high fructose intake contribute to metabolic syndrome, liver steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), promote brain insulin resistance, and increase the vulnerability to cognitive dysfunction. Insulin resistance is the core perturbation of metabolic syndrome. Multiple cognitive domains are affected by metabolic syndrome in adults and in obese adolescents, with volume losses in the hippocampus and frontal lobe, affecting executive function. Fish oil supplementation maintains proper insulin signaling in the brain, ameliorates NAFLD and decreases the risk to metabolic syndrome suggesting that adequate levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet can cope with the metabolic challenges imposed by high fructose intake in Western Diets which is of major public health importance. This review presents the current status of the mechanisms involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome, brain insulin resistance, and NAFLD a most promising area of research in Nutrition for the prevention of these conditions, chronic diseases, and improvement of Public Health.
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the importance of the omega 6 omega 3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Artemis P SimopoulosAbstract:Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of ~1 whereas in Western Diets the ratio is 15/1–16.7/1. Western Diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today’s Western Diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount ...
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the importance of the ratio of omega 6 omega 3 essential fatty acids
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2002Co-Authors: Artemis P SimopoulosAbstract:Abstract Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of ∼ 1 whereas in Western Diets the ratio is 15/1–16.7/1. Western Diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today’s Western Diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2–3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world.
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the importance of the ratio of omega 6 omega 3 essential fatty acids
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2002Co-Authors: Artemis P SimopoulosAbstract:Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western Diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western Diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western Diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world.
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essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999Co-Authors: Artemis P SimopoulosAbstract:Human beings evolved consuming a diet that con- tained about equal amounts of n23 and n26 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100-150 y there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of n26 fatty acids due to the increased intake of veg- etable oils from corn, sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cottonseed, and soybeans. Today, in Western Diets, the ratio of n 26 to n23 fatty acids ranges from <20-30:1 instead of the traditional range of 1-2:1. Studies indicate that a high intake of n26 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and proaggrega- tory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction and decreases in bleeding time. n 23 Fatty acids, however, have antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties. These beneficial effects of n23 fatty acids have been shown in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and, in some patients with renal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most of the studies were carried out with fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)). However, a-linolenic acid , found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, rapeseed, and walnuts, desaturates and elongates in the human body to EPA and DHA and by itself may have beneficial effects in health and in the control of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(suppl): 560S-9S.
David Colozza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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urbanisation dietary change and traditional food practices in indonesia a longitudinal analysis
Social Science & Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: David Colozza, Mauricio AvendanoAbstract:Abstract The nutrition transition hypothesis poses that as low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) become wealthier and more urbanised, they experience a shift in dietary consumption towards ‘Western’ Diets high in sugars, fats, animal-source foods, processed and packaged products. This paper uses panel data covering a period of 23 years to examine how changes in the urban environment relate to food expenditures, dietary diversity and traditional practices (food self-production and sharing) in Indonesia, a country that has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanisation over the last few decades. We first examine trends separately for urban and rural areas, and then use fixed effect models to examine whether change in urban residence is associated with changes in food expenditures, traditional practices, and overall dietary diversity. Results show that, despite some increases in acquisitions of animal-source foods and of packaged and ready-made foods, budget allocations for other food groups has remained constant, and that changes have largely occurred in parallel across urban and rural areas. In turn, traditional Diets high in cereal and plant products, as well as traditional food practices continue to be dominant in both rural and urban areas, despite the context of rapid socio-economic change and urbanisation. Fixed effect regression suggests that transition from rural to urban residence is not significantly associated with changes in food expenditures for any of the outcomes examined. On the other hand, there is some evidence that moving specifically to Jakarta is associated with some change towards ‘Western’ food preferences.
