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Timothy R. Cavagnaro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermochemolysis of Winery Wastewater particulates molecular structural implications for water reuse
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Antonio F. Patti, Vincent Verheyen, Alicia Jayne Cruickshank, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in Winery Wastewater remediation and reuse. These practices require more detailed understanding of Wastewater composition to ensure optimum usage, and to minimize the risk of long term soil degradation and grape contamination. Particulate organic matter is an important contributor to the carbon burden in Winery Wastewaters. This article investigates the molecular structure of particulates from the most common Winery Wastewater treatment processes via infrared spectroscopic and thermochemolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. Study of the organic composition of both influent and effluent particles enabled further insight into which compounds could prove problematic during treatment and on discharge. The yield and molecular structure of desorbed or “guest” compounds were found to strongly correlate with those produced during pyrolytic cracking. These “guest” compounds and macromolecular fragments form a continuum whose separation is based on molecular size. Polyphenolic and lignin derived compounds tended to survive the water treatment processes within assemblages of microbial detritus. No evidence was found for particles adsorbing and concentrating other unrelated organics such as anthropogenic chemicals from Winery Wastewaters. Any release of particulates will require careful management to prevent localized accumulation of recalcitrant compounds to toxic levels.
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Thermochemolysis of Winery Wastewater particulates—Molecular structural implications for water reuse
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Antonio F. Patti, Vincent Verheyen, Alicia Jayne Cruickshank, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in Winery Wastewater remediation and reuse. These practices require more detailed understanding of Wastewater composition to ensure optimum usage, and to minimize the risk of long term soil degradation and grape contamination. Particulate organic matter is an important contributor to the carbon burden in Winery Wastewaters. This article investigates the molecular structure of particulates from the most common Winery Wastewater treatment processes via infrared spectroscopic and thermochemolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. Study of the organic composition of both influent and effluent particles enabled further insight into which compounds could prove problematic during treatment and on discharge. The yield and molecular structure of desorbed or “guest” compounds were found to strongly correlate with those produced during pyrolytic cracking. These “guest” compounds and macromolecular fragments form a continuum whose separation is based on molecular size. Polyphenolic and lignin derived compounds tended to survive the water treatment processes within assemblages of microbial detritus. No evidence was found for particles adsorbing and concentrating other unrelated organics such as anthropogenic chemicals from Winery Wastewaters. Any release of particulates will require careful management to prevent localized accumulation of recalcitrant compounds to toxic levels.
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Physicochemical and microbiological effects of long- and short-term Winery Wastewater application to soils.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Ronald J. Smernik, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Application of Winery Wastewaters to soils for irrigation of various crops or landscapes is a common practice in the wine industry. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of this practice, by comparing the physicochemical and microbiological soil properties in paired sites that differed in having had a history of Winery waste application or not. We also compared the effects of a single application of untreated Winery Wastewater, to application of treated Winery Wastewater (sequencing batch reactor) and pure water to eliminate the effects of wetting alone. Long-term application of Winery wastes was found to have significant impacts on soil microbial community structure, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, as well as on many physicochemical properties including pH, EC, and cation concentrations. 13C NMR revealed only slight differences in the nature of the carbon present at each of the paired sites. A single application of untreated Winery Wastewater was shown to have significant impacts upon soil respiration, nitrogen cycling and microbial community structure, but the treated Wastewater application showed no significant differences to wetting alone. Results are discussed in the context of sustainable Winery Wastewater disposal.
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Review: Winery Wastewater quality and treatment options in Australia
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Commercial production of wine results in the generation of large volumes of Wastewater, which typically contains large amounts of organic material and salts as a result of product loss and cleaning processes. The treatment and management of this waste stream is of significant concern, especially considering increasing environmental restrictions. There are numerous treatment options available for the management of Wastewaters, which vary with respect to efficacy, cost and reliability. This review presents a summary of these treatment options, and describes the mechanism of each process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use within the wine industry. The current knowledge of Winery Wastewater (WWW) composition and current and emerging management and/or treatment options are described, within an Australian context. Firstly WWW composition is discussed, and then both established and emerging physicochemical and biological treatment options reviewed, and options for disposal/re‐entry to the environment considered. Knowledge gaps and a way forward are presented in conclusion, and focus primarily on research in areas relating to WWW composition, and effects of WWW application on soil and plant health.
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An evaluation of Winery Wastewater application to vineyard soils.
2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. Cavagnaro, Kerri L. Steenwerth, Maya C. BuelowAbstract:The ability to reuse Winery Wastewater (WWW) has potential benefits both with respect to treatment of a waste stream, as well as providing a beneficial water resource in water limited regions such as south-eastern Australia, California and South Africa. Our studies in south-eastern Australia and California have focused on determining the effects of WWW application on vineyard soils, with respect to both physicochemical an microbiological properties. Work to date shows that long term WWW application to soils appears to alter the soil microbial community, as evidenced by changes to respiration rates, nitrogen cycling and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in paired sites (one with 30 years of WWW application, the other with none) investigated in Victoria, Australia. Irrigation studies in a Californian vineyard have shown that irrigation with sodium and potassium rich synthetic Wastewater affects grapevine nutrition status, as well as soil chemistry. Results from these studies will be presented with a view to guiding sustainable WWW reuse.
Antonio F. Patti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermochemolysis of Winery Wastewater particulates molecular structural implications for water reuse
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Antonio F. Patti, Vincent Verheyen, Alicia Jayne Cruickshank, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in Winery Wastewater remediation and reuse. These practices require more detailed understanding of Wastewater composition to ensure optimum usage, and to minimize the risk of long term soil degradation and grape contamination. Particulate organic matter is an important contributor to the carbon burden in Winery Wastewaters. This article investigates the molecular structure of particulates from the most common Winery Wastewater treatment processes via infrared spectroscopic and thermochemolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. Study of the organic composition of both influent and effluent particles enabled further insight into which compounds could prove problematic during treatment and on discharge. The yield and molecular structure of desorbed or “guest” compounds were found to strongly correlate with those produced during pyrolytic cracking. These “guest” compounds and macromolecular fragments form a continuum whose separation is based on molecular size. Polyphenolic and lignin derived compounds tended to survive the water treatment processes within assemblages of microbial detritus. No evidence was found for particles adsorbing and concentrating other unrelated organics such as anthropogenic chemicals from Winery Wastewaters. Any release of particulates will require careful management to prevent localized accumulation of recalcitrant compounds to toxic levels.
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Thermochemolysis of Winery Wastewater particulates—Molecular structural implications for water reuse
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Antonio F. Patti, Vincent Verheyen, Alicia Jayne Cruickshank, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in Winery Wastewater remediation and reuse. These practices require more detailed understanding of Wastewater composition to ensure optimum usage, and to minimize the risk of long term soil degradation and grape contamination. Particulate organic matter is an important contributor to the carbon burden in Winery Wastewaters. This article investigates the molecular structure of particulates from the most common Winery Wastewater treatment processes via infrared spectroscopic and thermochemolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. Study of the organic composition of both influent and effluent particles enabled further insight into which compounds could prove problematic during treatment and on discharge. The yield and molecular structure of desorbed or “guest” compounds were found to strongly correlate with those produced during pyrolytic cracking. These “guest” compounds and macromolecular fragments form a continuum whose separation is based on molecular size. Polyphenolic and lignin derived compounds tended to survive the water treatment processes within assemblages of microbial detritus. No evidence was found for particles adsorbing and concentrating other unrelated organics such as anthropogenic chemicals from Winery Wastewaters. Any release of particulates will require careful management to prevent localized accumulation of recalcitrant compounds to toxic levels.
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Physicochemical and microbiological effects of long- and short-term Winery Wastewater application to soils.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Ronald J. Smernik, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Application of Winery Wastewaters to soils for irrigation of various crops or landscapes is a common practice in the wine industry. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of this practice, by comparing the physicochemical and microbiological soil properties in paired sites that differed in having had a history of Winery waste application or not. We also compared the effects of a single application of untreated Winery Wastewater, to application of treated Winery Wastewater (sequencing batch reactor) and pure water to eliminate the effects of wetting alone. Long-term application of Winery wastes was found to have significant impacts on soil microbial community structure, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, as well as on many physicochemical properties including pH, EC, and cation concentrations. 13C NMR revealed only slight differences in the nature of the carbon present at each of the paired sites. A single application of untreated Winery Wastewater was shown to have significant impacts upon soil respiration, nitrogen cycling and microbial community structure, but the treated Wastewater application showed no significant differences to wetting alone. Results are discussed in the context of sustainable Winery Wastewater disposal.
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Review: Winery Wastewater quality and treatment options in Australia
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Commercial production of wine results in the generation of large volumes of Wastewater, which typically contains large amounts of organic material and salts as a result of product loss and cleaning processes. The treatment and management of this waste stream is of significant concern, especially considering increasing environmental restrictions. There are numerous treatment options available for the management of Wastewaters, which vary with respect to efficacy, cost and reliability. This review presents a summary of these treatment options, and describes the mechanism of each process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use within the wine industry. The current knowledge of Winery Wastewater (WWW) composition and current and emerging management and/or treatment options are described, within an Australian context. Firstly WWW composition is discussed, and then both established and emerging physicochemical and biological treatment options reviewed, and options for disposal/re‐entry to the environment considered. Knowledge gaps and a way forward are presented in conclusion, and focus primarily on research in areas relating to WWW composition, and effects of WWW application on soil and plant health.
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An evaluation of Winery Wastewater application to vineyard soils.
2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. Cavagnaro, Kerri L. Steenwerth, Maya C. BuelowAbstract:The ability to reuse Winery Wastewater (WWW) has potential benefits both with respect to treatment of a waste stream, as well as providing a beneficial water resource in water limited regions such as south-eastern Australia, California and South Africa. Our studies in south-eastern Australia and California have focused on determining the effects of WWW application on vineyard soils, with respect to both physicochemical an microbiological properties. Work to date shows that long term WWW application to soils appears to alter the soil microbial community, as evidenced by changes to respiration rates, nitrogen cycling and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in paired sites (one with 30 years of WWW application, the other with none) investigated in Victoria, Australia. Irrigation studies in a Californian vineyard have shown that irrigation with sodium and potassium rich synthetic Wastewater affects grapevine nutrition status, as well as soil chemistry. Results from these studies will be presented with a view to guiding sustainable WWW reuse.
Kim Patricia May Mosse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermochemolysis of Winery Wastewater particulates molecular structural implications for water reuse
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Antonio F. Patti, Vincent Verheyen, Alicia Jayne Cruickshank, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in Winery Wastewater remediation and reuse. These practices require more detailed understanding of Wastewater composition to ensure optimum usage, and to minimize the risk of long term soil degradation and grape contamination. Particulate organic matter is an important contributor to the carbon burden in Winery Wastewaters. This article investigates the molecular structure of particulates from the most common Winery Wastewater treatment processes via infrared spectroscopic and thermochemolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. Study of the organic composition of both influent and effluent particles enabled further insight into which compounds could prove problematic during treatment and on discharge. The yield and molecular structure of desorbed or “guest” compounds were found to strongly correlate with those produced during pyrolytic cracking. These “guest” compounds and macromolecular fragments form a continuum whose separation is based on molecular size. Polyphenolic and lignin derived compounds tended to survive the water treatment processes within assemblages of microbial detritus. No evidence was found for particles adsorbing and concentrating other unrelated organics such as anthropogenic chemicals from Winery Wastewaters. Any release of particulates will require careful management to prevent localized accumulation of recalcitrant compounds to toxic levels.
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Thermochemolysis of Winery Wastewater particulates—Molecular structural implications for water reuse
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Antonio F. Patti, Vincent Verheyen, Alicia Jayne Cruickshank, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in Winery Wastewater remediation and reuse. These practices require more detailed understanding of Wastewater composition to ensure optimum usage, and to minimize the risk of long term soil degradation and grape contamination. Particulate organic matter is an important contributor to the carbon burden in Winery Wastewaters. This article investigates the molecular structure of particulates from the most common Winery Wastewater treatment processes via infrared spectroscopic and thermochemolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. Study of the organic composition of both influent and effluent particles enabled further insight into which compounds could prove problematic during treatment and on discharge. The yield and molecular structure of desorbed or “guest” compounds were found to strongly correlate with those produced during pyrolytic cracking. These “guest” compounds and macromolecular fragments form a continuum whose separation is based on molecular size. Polyphenolic and lignin derived compounds tended to survive the water treatment processes within assemblages of microbial detritus. No evidence was found for particles adsorbing and concentrating other unrelated organics such as anthropogenic chemicals from Winery Wastewaters. Any release of particulates will require careful management to prevent localized accumulation of recalcitrant compounds to toxic levels.
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Physicochemical and microbiological effects of long- and short-term Winery Wastewater application to soils.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Ronald J. Smernik, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Application of Winery Wastewaters to soils for irrigation of various crops or landscapes is a common practice in the wine industry. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of this practice, by comparing the physicochemical and microbiological soil properties in paired sites that differed in having had a history of Winery waste application or not. We also compared the effects of a single application of untreated Winery Wastewater, to application of treated Winery Wastewater (sequencing batch reactor) and pure water to eliminate the effects of wetting alone. Long-term application of Winery wastes was found to have significant impacts on soil microbial community structure, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, as well as on many physicochemical properties including pH, EC, and cation concentrations. 13C NMR revealed only slight differences in the nature of the carbon present at each of the paired sites. A single application of untreated Winery Wastewater was shown to have significant impacts upon soil respiration, nitrogen cycling and microbial community structure, but the treated Wastewater application showed no significant differences to wetting alone. Results are discussed in the context of sustainable Winery Wastewater disposal.
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Review: Winery Wastewater quality and treatment options in Australia
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Commercial production of wine results in the generation of large volumes of Wastewater, which typically contains large amounts of organic material and salts as a result of product loss and cleaning processes. The treatment and management of this waste stream is of significant concern, especially considering increasing environmental restrictions. There are numerous treatment options available for the management of Wastewaters, which vary with respect to efficacy, cost and reliability. This review presents a summary of these treatment options, and describes the mechanism of each process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use within the wine industry. The current knowledge of Winery Wastewater (WWW) composition and current and emerging management and/or treatment options are described, within an Australian context. Firstly WWW composition is discussed, and then both established and emerging physicochemical and biological treatment options reviewed, and options for disposal/re‐entry to the environment considered. Knowledge gaps and a way forward are presented in conclusion, and focus primarily on research in areas relating to WWW composition, and effects of WWW application on soil and plant health.
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An evaluation of Winery Wastewater application to vineyard soils.
2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. Cavagnaro, Kerri L. Steenwerth, Maya C. BuelowAbstract:The ability to reuse Winery Wastewater (WWW) has potential benefits both with respect to treatment of a waste stream, as well as providing a beneficial water resource in water limited regions such as south-eastern Australia, California and South Africa. Our studies in south-eastern Australia and California have focused on determining the effects of WWW application on vineyard soils, with respect to both physicochemical an microbiological properties. Work to date shows that long term WWW application to soils appears to alter the soil microbial community, as evidenced by changes to respiration rates, nitrogen cycling and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in paired sites (one with 30 years of WWW application, the other with none) investigated in Victoria, Australia. Irrigation studies in a Californian vineyard have shown that irrigation with sodium and potassium rich synthetic Wastewater affects grapevine nutrition status, as well as soil chemistry. Results from these studies will be presented with a view to guiding sustainable WWW reuse.
Evan W. Christen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The relative effects of sodium and potassium on soil hydraulic conductivity and implications for Winery Wastewater management
Geoderma, 2012Co-Authors: Michele Arienzo, Evan W. Christen, N. S. Jayawardane, Wendy C. QuayleAbstract:Abstract The relative effects of Na + and K + on soil structural stability are not clearly defined by the existing literature. This is an important issue for the application of Winery Wastewater on soils as it contains high levels of K + and varying levels of Na + . To evaluate the relative effects of Na + and K + on soil structural stability both surface and subsoil from a land application site for Winery Wastewater were used to assess changes in soil hydraulic conductivity in repacked soil columns. The soil was rich of smectite, 51–56%, with minor presence of illite, 5–8%, and kaolinite 10% clays. Solutions with sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) of 5–40, where the monovalent cation was Na + or K + and the divalent cation was Ca 2 + or Mg 2 + were used to leach the soil columns, at electrolyte concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 640 meq L − 1 . In both surface and subsoil, percolating solutions with PAR or SAR, comprising all cation combinations, of 20 and 40 caused a decrease in hydraulic conductivity as electrolyte concentrations reduced. However, in PAR solutions the decreases in hydraulic conductivity were significantly smaller than the corresponding SAR solutions. These results indicated greater soil stability in the presence of K + relative to Na + .
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Physicochemical and microbiological effects of long- and short-term Winery Wastewater application to soils.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Ronald J. Smernik, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Application of Winery Wastewaters to soils for irrigation of various crops or landscapes is a common practice in the wine industry. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of this practice, by comparing the physicochemical and microbiological soil properties in paired sites that differed in having had a history of Winery waste application or not. We also compared the effects of a single application of untreated Winery Wastewater, to application of treated Winery Wastewater (sequencing batch reactor) and pure water to eliminate the effects of wetting alone. Long-term application of Winery wastes was found to have significant impacts on soil microbial community structure, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, as well as on many physicochemical properties including pH, EC, and cation concentrations. 13C NMR revealed only slight differences in the nature of the carbon present at each of the paired sites. A single application of untreated Winery Wastewater was shown to have significant impacts upon soil respiration, nitrogen cycling and microbial community structure, but the treated Wastewater application showed no significant differences to wetting alone. Results are discussed in the context of sustainable Winery Wastewater disposal.
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Review: Winery Wastewater quality and treatment options in Australia
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:Commercial production of wine results in the generation of large volumes of Wastewater, which typically contains large amounts of organic material and salts as a result of product loss and cleaning processes. The treatment and management of this waste stream is of significant concern, especially considering increasing environmental restrictions. There are numerous treatment options available for the management of Wastewaters, which vary with respect to efficacy, cost and reliability. This review presents a summary of these treatment options, and describes the mechanism of each process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use within the wine industry. The current knowledge of Winery Wastewater (WWW) composition and current and emerging management and/or treatment options are described, within an Australian context. Firstly WWW composition is discussed, and then both established and emerging physicochemical and biological treatment options reviewed, and options for disposal/re‐entry to the environment considered. Knowledge gaps and a way forward are presented in conclusion, and focus primarily on research in areas relating to WWW composition, and effects of WWW application on soil and plant health.
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An evaluation of Winery Wastewater application to vineyard soils.
2011Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. Cavagnaro, Kerri L. Steenwerth, Maya C. BuelowAbstract:The ability to reuse Winery Wastewater (WWW) has potential benefits both with respect to treatment of a waste stream, as well as providing a beneficial water resource in water limited regions such as south-eastern Australia, California and South Africa. Our studies in south-eastern Australia and California have focused on determining the effects of WWW application on vineyard soils, with respect to both physicochemical an microbiological properties. Work to date shows that long term WWW application to soils appears to alter the soil microbial community, as evidenced by changes to respiration rates, nitrogen cycling and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in paired sites (one with 30 years of WWW application, the other with none) investigated in Victoria, Australia. Irrigation studies in a Californian vineyard have shown that irrigation with sodium and potassium rich synthetic Wastewater affects grapevine nutrition status, as well as soil chemistry. Results from these studies will be presented with a view to guiding sustainable WWW reuse.
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Winery Wastewater inhibits seed germination and vegetative growth of common crop species
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010Co-Authors: Kim Patricia May Mosse, Evan W. Christen, Antonio F. Patti, Timothy R. CavagnaroAbstract:The ability to reuse Winery Wastewater would be of significant benefit to the wine industry, as it could potentially be a cost-effective method of Wastewater management, whilst at the same time providing a valuable water resource. This study investigated the effects of different dilutions of a semi-synthetic Winery Wastewater on the growth and germination of four common crop species in a glasshouse study; barley (Hordeum vulgare), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica). The Wastewater caused a significant delay in the germination of lucerne, millet and phalaris, although overall germination percentage of all species was not affected. Vegetative growth was significantly reduced in all species, with millet being the most severely affected. The germination index of barley correlated very highly (r(2)=0.99) with barley biomass, indicating that barley seed germination bioassays are highly relevant to plant growth, and therefore may be of use as a bioassay for Winery Wastewater toxicity.
P.a. Myburgh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vulnerability of Selected Soils in the Different Rainfall Areas to Degradation and Excessive Leaching after Winery Wastewater Application
South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2020Co-Authors: A.r. Mulidzi, C.e. Clarke, P.a. MyburghAbstract:A pot trial was conducted to assess the effect of simulated rainfall on six soils with different textures, irrigated with Winery Wastewater diluted to a chemical oxygen demand (COD) level of 3000 mg/L over one simulated irrigation season. Thereafter, simulated winter rainfall was applied to the pots. The rainfall was simulated according to the long term averages of the regions where the soils originated. Leaching of cations, particularly K+ and Na+ occurred only from four of the six soils when winter rainfall was simulated. In one of the sandy soils, the simulated rainfall was too low to allow leaching. In another soil, high clay content of 35% in combination with low rainfall prevented leaching. In three soils that received the same amount of rainfall, more cations leached from the duplex sandy soil compared to the two other soils. These trends indicated that leaching of cations was a function of soil texture and rainfall. The study showed that in regions with low rainfall, irrigation with Winery Wastewater would lead to the accumulation of cations thereby increasing soil salinity. The study confirmed that for sustainable use of Winery Wastewater irrigation in agriculture, different soil types will require individual management in order to avoid or minimize the negative environmental impact on natural resources by Wastewater irrigation.
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Response of Soil Chemical Properties to Irrigation with Winery Wastewater on a Well-drained Sandy Soil
South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2019Co-Authors: A.r. Mulidzi, C.e. Clarke, P.a. MyburghAbstract:Most wineries in South Africa dispose of their Wastewater through land application. This is carried out by irrigating small areas of cultivated pasture with the Wastewater or ponding, with the former being the more general practice. Land application of Winery Wastewater results in the accumulation of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) in the soil and leaching of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+).This could lead to long term instability of soil structure. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation with Winery Wastewater on chemical soil properties and potential environmental impacts. Therefore, an existing grazing paddock at a Winery near Rawsonville was selected where Wastewater had been applied for many years. Due to the high volumes of Wastewater irrigation plus rainfall, the inevitable over-irrigation leached large amounts of cations, particular K+ and Na+, beyond 90 cm soil depth at the selected study site. These leached elements are likely to end up in natural water resources in the long run. Irrigation with Winery Wastewater did not have a pronounced effect on soil pH(KCl). This was probably due to the decomposition of organic matter, and the fact that the applied salts were leached beyond 90 cm depth. The study confirmed that disposal of Winery Wastewater through land application can only be recommended where Wastewater application will not exceed the water requirement of the crop as well as the water holding capacity of the soil which is being irrigated.
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annual dynamics of Winery Wastewater volumes and quality and the impact of disposal on poorly drained duplex soils
South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2018Co-Authors: A.r. Mulidzi, C.e. Clarke, P.a. MyburghAbstract:The composition and volume of Winery Wastewater change throughout the year. Quality is usually at its worst when vintage operations are dominated by the production of red wines. The objective of this study was to investigate the annual dynamics of Winery Wastewater volumes and quality, as well as the effect of Winery Wastewater irrigation on the chemical soil properties of a poorly drained duplex soil. The study was conducted over two and half years. The Wastewater contained a high concentration of potassium (K+) and low levels of sodium (Na+). The results of the study confirmed that Winery Wastewater did not comply with South African national legislation for Wastewater irrigation with regard to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH throughout the study period, while some prominent spikes were observed in sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC). Land application of Winery Wastewater resulted in the accumulation of high levels of K+ in the soil. It is important to note that this study represents the worst-case scenario, i.e. large amounts of Wastewater were disposed of on a small surface, particularly during harvest and in winter. Due to the high volumes of Wastewater irrigation plus rainfall, the inevitable over-irrigation leached large amounts of K+ beyond 90 cm soil depth. Unfortunately, the leached elements are bound to end up in natural water resources, resulting in the pollution of the environment.
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Management of Winery Wastewater by Re-using it for Crop Irrigation - A Review
South African Journal of Enology & Viticulture, 2018Co-Authors: C.l. Howell, P.a. MyburghAbstract:In South Africa, grapes are an important crop in the Western and Northern Cape Provinces. The wine industry makes a significant contribution to the economy in these regions. Wineries generate large volumes of poor quality Wastewater, particularly during harvest. Information on actual amounts of water used by wineries is limited and appears to be inconsistent. Usually most of the raw water entering wineries ends up as Wastewater. Winery Wastewater has high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and contains high levels of K + and Na + . There is considerable variation in Wastewater quality parameters between wineries, as well as a strong seasonal variation. In most cases, the Wastewater is used for irrigation of small permanent pasture grazing paddocks. The use of Winery Wastewater for vineyard irrigation could have many potential benefits for the wine industry. Irrigation with Wastewaters containing high levels of K + could be beneficial to soil fertility, although long-term application could have negative effects on soil chemical properties. In terms of South African guidelines, wineries must register their intended Wastewater use with the Department of Water and Sanitation. The quantity of Wastewater irrigated on a weekly basis has to be monitored and Wastewater quality measured monthly. Weekly water balances should be drawn up with the assistance of a soil scientist. When selecting crops for irrigation with Winery Wastewater, soil characteristics and climatic conditions as well as Wastewater quality and quantity should be considered. It is important to quantify soil chemical responses to application of Winery Wastewater every three months.
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Effect of irrigation using diluted Winery Wastewater on the chemical status of a sandy alluvial soil, with particular reference to potassium and sodium
South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2018Co-Authors: C.l. Howell, P.a. Myburgh, E.l. Lategan, J.e. HoffmanAbstract:The re-use of Winery Wastewater for irrigation was investigated in a field trial with micro-sprinklerirrigated Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter in the Breede River Valley region of South Africa. Irrigation with Winery Wastewater diluted with river water to 100, 250, 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000, 2 500 and 3 000 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD) was compared to irrigation with river water. No trends were found in soil pH(KCl) and electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe ) that were related to the different levels of dilution. However, ECe was considerably higher after the application of diluted Winery Wastewater irrigations compared to ECe at bud break. This suggests an accumulation of salts from the diluted Winery Wastewater. Under the prevailing conditions, soil K+ and Na+ increased with a decrease in the dilution of the Winery Wastewater. Increases in K+ could have a negative impact on wine colour stability should potassium be taken up by the grapevine in sufficient quantities, particularly if soil K+ accumulates to such an extent that it is luxuriously absorbed by grapevines. There were no consistent trends with regard to soil organic C, which indicates that there was too little organic material in the Wastewater to have had a positive effect on soil fertility. Furthermore, organic material in the Wastewater probably oxidised when the soil was aerated between irrigations. Although irrigation with diluted Winery Wastewater had almost no other effects, element accumulation, particularly with respect to K+ and Na+, might be more prominent in heavier soils or in regions with low winter rainfall.
