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D S Degraff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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daughters and wives marital status poverty and young Womens Employment in sri lanka
2000Co-Authors: A Malhotra, D S DegraffAbstract:In this Chapter we examine ways in which the Employment status of young women in Sri Lanka may be conditioned by both the economic status of their families and their position within the family as daughters or wives. Our argument is twofold. First given the centrality of marriage in Sri Lanka the dynamics of women’s Employment and economic contributions to the family cannot be fully understood without considering the role of marital status. Whether a young woman is married or single may affect the aspirations of individual women the expectations roles and constraints imposed at the household level and the Employment conditions and opportunities available in the labour market. Secondly we argue that within a context of high rates of unEmployment and labour market imperfections the relationship between socio-economic status and Employment is shaped not only by motivations based on economic need and on individual preferences and human capital but also by the ability to obtain a job through access to appropriate contacts and resources. Marital status may also influence this dimension of young women’s Employment as it defines in part the contacts and resources available. (excerpt)
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Womens hours of Employment in urban brazil
1997Co-Authors: R Connelly, D S Degraff, D LevisonAbstract:This study examined the determinants of Employment and hours of work in 1985 among a sample of reproductive-age women in Brazil. Data were obtained from the 1985 Pesquisas Nacional de Amostra de Domicilios among a sample with and without husbands. The pattern of work and mean hours of work by age followed the classic inverted U-shape. The youngest and oldest were the most likely to work over 60 hours/week. The U-shaped pattern expressed the relationship between education and the percentage employed. Women with the highest levels of education had the highest probability of being employed and worked fewer hours. The lowest level of exogenous family income had the highest probability of Employment and the greatest variation in hours worked. A generalized tobit model indicates that Womens predicted wage was a positive predictor of Employment. Older age was correlated with lower levels of participation. Education was negatively related to participation after controls for wages. Wealth was a negative predictor of Employment. The presence of at least 1 adult male with a formal sector job decreased the probability of Employment. The number of young children had a negative effect on Employment among women with husbands but did not affect the probability of Employment. Having a male in a job with benefits reduced the probability of Womens Employment. Women without husbands were much more likely to be employed. The presence of a 15-19-year-old daughter reduced the probability of the Employment of women without husbands. Variables explaining Employment did not explain hours worked among women without husbands.
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tackling endogeneity alternatives for analysis of Womens Employment and child care in brazil
1996Co-Authors: R Connelly, D S Degraff, D Levison, B MccallAbstract:There is an ongoing discussion among economic demographers about the existence and importance of simultaneity bias in the analysis of a variety of household behaviors. In particular researchers have differing opinions on the degree to which family structure especially recent fertility should be treated as endogenous to other decisions. A range of approaches may be applied to this issue of endogeneity. Endogeneity in family structure and the potentially serious problem of simultaneity bias have been addressed with regard to a research project on Womens Employment and family strategies for the provision of care for young children in urban Brazil. The issue of endogeneity is explored using several estimation alternatives applying each to the same problem. The approaches proposed include instrumental variables twins-based methods and nonparametric estimation. The authors focus specifically upon the relationship between mothers Employment and the demand for child care in urban Brazil when the presence of young children may be endogenous.
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poverty marital status and young Womens work in sri lanka
1994Co-Authors: A Malhotra, D S DegraffAbstract:Survey data from 1992 among a sample of 577 currently married women and 812 never married women aged 18-33 years in Kalutara district Sri Lanka are used to examine the effects of poverty class structure and gender inequality on Womens Employment activities. Marital status is considered an aspect of Womens role that mediates the process through which socioeconomic status (ownership of consumer durables) affects Employment status. Analysis is based on the construction of a standard reduced-form model of Womens Employment (single women separately from married women) in the paid labor force. Activity is a function of socioeconomic class poverty status Womens personal characteristics household structure cultural ideology and urban residence. Analysis includes a detailed description of how women acquire jobs and spend their earnings. It is expected that differences by class and marital status would vary with the motivations for paid work the importance of appropriate resources and the ability to use the system in obtaining jobs and the relevance of Womens work to personal and family goals. Findings indicate that 28% of single women and only 11% of married women were employed. Almost 40% of women had more than a 10th grade education (48% of single women and 26% of married women). 81% of married women were mothers. 6% lived in very poor households. 46% of poor single women were employed compared to 24-29% among other classes. Among married women poor and very wealthy women had the highest Employment rates. Multivariate results supported the bivariate results. Poverty increased the odds of paid work among single women and the U-shaped pattern among married women. In wealthy families Employment roles differed between unmarried daughters and married women. None of the women in the sample gave their entire income to the family. The contribution of Womens wages to family income varied by social class. Poor single and poor married women were most likely to contribute their wages for family needs. Wealthy married women also contributed to family needs. Daughters in wealthy families kept their own money. Better educated married women were more likely to work. Mothers were less likely to work. The likelihood of Employment varied by marital status and family and social factors.
Nisha Malhotra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Domestic Violence and Women’s Autonomy: Evidence from India.” Canadian
2016Co-Authors: Mukesh Eswaran, Nisha MalhotraAbstract:This paper sets out a simple non-cooperative model of resource allocation within the household in developing countries that incorporates domestic violence as an instrument for enhancing bargaining power. We demonstrate that the extent of domestic violence faced by women is not necessarily declining in their reservation utilities, nor necessarily increasing in their spouses. Using the National Family Health Survey data of India for 1998-99, we isolate the e¤ect of domestic violence on female autonomy, taking into account the possible two-way causality through the choice of appropriate instruments. We provide some evidence for the evolutionary theory of domestic violence, which argues that such violence stems from the jealousy caused by paternity uncertainty in our evolutionary past. The \u85ndings have strong policy implications suggesting that it will take more than an improvement in Womens Employment options to address the problem of spousal violence
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Domestic Violence and Women’s Autonomy: Evidence from India.” Canadian Journal of Economics, forthcoming
2011Co-Authors: Mukesh Eswaran, Nisha MalhotraAbstract:This paper sets out a simple non-cooperative model of resource allocation within the household in developing countries that incorporates domestic violence as an instrument for enhancing bargaining power. We demonstrate that the extent of domestic violence faced by women is not necessarily declining in their reservation utilities, nor necessarily increasing in their spouses. Using the National Family Health Survey data of India for 1998-99, we isolate the e¤ect of domestic violence on female autonomy, taking into account the possible two-way causality through the choice of appropriate instruments. We provide some evidence for the evolutionary theory of domestic violence, which argues that such violence stems from the jealousy caused by paternity uncertainty in our evolutionary past. The \u85ndings have strong policy implications suggesting that it will take more than an improvement in Womens Employment options to address the problem of spousal violence
A Malhotra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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daughters and wives marital status poverty and young Womens Employment in sri lanka
2000Co-Authors: A Malhotra, D S DegraffAbstract:In this Chapter we examine ways in which the Employment status of young women in Sri Lanka may be conditioned by both the economic status of their families and their position within the family as daughters or wives. Our argument is twofold. First given the centrality of marriage in Sri Lanka the dynamics of women’s Employment and economic contributions to the family cannot be fully understood without considering the role of marital status. Whether a young woman is married or single may affect the aspirations of individual women the expectations roles and constraints imposed at the household level and the Employment conditions and opportunities available in the labour market. Secondly we argue that within a context of high rates of unEmployment and labour market imperfections the relationship between socio-economic status and Employment is shaped not only by motivations based on economic need and on individual preferences and human capital but also by the ability to obtain a job through access to appropriate contacts and resources. Marital status may also influence this dimension of young women’s Employment as it defines in part the contacts and resources available. (excerpt)
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poverty marital status and young Womens work in sri lanka
1994Co-Authors: A Malhotra, D S DegraffAbstract:Survey data from 1992 among a sample of 577 currently married women and 812 never married women aged 18-33 years in Kalutara district Sri Lanka are used to examine the effects of poverty class structure and gender inequality on Womens Employment activities. Marital status is considered an aspect of Womens role that mediates the process through which socioeconomic status (ownership of consumer durables) affects Employment status. Analysis is based on the construction of a standard reduced-form model of Womens Employment (single women separately from married women) in the paid labor force. Activity is a function of socioeconomic class poverty status Womens personal characteristics household structure cultural ideology and urban residence. Analysis includes a detailed description of how women acquire jobs and spend their earnings. It is expected that differences by class and marital status would vary with the motivations for paid work the importance of appropriate resources and the ability to use the system in obtaining jobs and the relevance of Womens work to personal and family goals. Findings indicate that 28% of single women and only 11% of married women were employed. Almost 40% of women had more than a 10th grade education (48% of single women and 26% of married women). 81% of married women were mothers. 6% lived in very poor households. 46% of poor single women were employed compared to 24-29% among other classes. Among married women poor and very wealthy women had the highest Employment rates. Multivariate results supported the bivariate results. Poverty increased the odds of paid work among single women and the U-shaped pattern among married women. In wealthy families Employment roles differed between unmarried daughters and married women. None of the women in the sample gave their entire income to the family. The contribution of Womens wages to family income varied by social class. Poor single and poor married women were most likely to contribute their wages for family needs. Wealthy married women also contributed to family needs. Daughters in wealthy families kept their own money. Better educated married women were more likely to work. Mothers were less likely to work. The likelihood of Employment varied by marital status and family and social factors.
Mukesh Eswaran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Domestic Violence and Women’s Autonomy: Evidence from India.” Canadian
2016Co-Authors: Mukesh Eswaran, Nisha MalhotraAbstract:This paper sets out a simple non-cooperative model of resource allocation within the household in developing countries that incorporates domestic violence as an instrument for enhancing bargaining power. We demonstrate that the extent of domestic violence faced by women is not necessarily declining in their reservation utilities, nor necessarily increasing in their spouses. Using the National Family Health Survey data of India for 1998-99, we isolate the e¤ect of domestic violence on female autonomy, taking into account the possible two-way causality through the choice of appropriate instruments. We provide some evidence for the evolutionary theory of domestic violence, which argues that such violence stems from the jealousy caused by paternity uncertainty in our evolutionary past. The \u85ndings have strong policy implications suggesting that it will take more than an improvement in Womens Employment options to address the problem of spousal violence
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Domestic Violence and Women’s Autonomy: Evidence from India.” Canadian Journal of Economics, forthcoming
2011Co-Authors: Mukesh Eswaran, Nisha MalhotraAbstract:This paper sets out a simple non-cooperative model of resource allocation within the household in developing countries that incorporates domestic violence as an instrument for enhancing bargaining power. We demonstrate that the extent of domestic violence faced by women is not necessarily declining in their reservation utilities, nor necessarily increasing in their spouses. Using the National Family Health Survey data of India for 1998-99, we isolate the e¤ect of domestic violence on female autonomy, taking into account the possible two-way causality through the choice of appropriate instruments. We provide some evidence for the evolutionary theory of domestic violence, which argues that such violence stems from the jealousy caused by paternity uncertainty in our evolutionary past. The \u85ndings have strong policy implications suggesting that it will take more than an improvement in Womens Employment options to address the problem of spousal violence
Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Womens rising Employment and the future of the family in industrial societies
Population and Development Review, 1994Co-Authors: Valerie Kincade OppenheimerAbstract:A critical analysis was provided of the economic independence hypothesis and Beckers theories of marriage and family behavior. Historically there have been assessments of the fit between Womens labor force participation and patterns of marriage formation divorce and fertility in order to determine how much coincidence played a role. Also examined were how well the theories of Womens economic independence explain delayed marriage nonmarriage or both. Empirical evidence at the micro level was used to indicate the extent of support for economic independence theories. Specific attention was directed to Gary Beckers specialization theories; it was posited that specialization might actually put families and marriage at risk. Recent trends have shown a tremendous decline in mens labor market position which theories need to begin addressing. The specialization-trading model of marriage of marital relationships inevitably leads to a prediction of a decline in marriage. Low fertility means reduced need for Womens specialization in home production and a low productivity population. A more adaptive family strategy for a modern industrial society would be based on both parents working. Increased Womens Employment serves as a substitute for the work of their children for enhancing social mobility and as a stabilizing factor in the familys economic equilibrium over the development cycle. When mens economic position and its impact on marriage behavior is modeled by Wilson and Neckerman a threshold effect emerges where for instance the rise of black female-headed families in the US is considered reflective of the decline in the marriageable supply of men. Census data on moderately well educated and less well educated males indicated a deteriorated labor market position between 1950 and 1980. 1) Mens labor market declines accelerated after 1970. 2) 25-34 year old male non-graduates as well as very young men experienced labor market declines. 3) Male high school graduates also suffered declines in Employment particularly Blacks. These three trends occurred throughout the declines in prime marrying ages. Chinhui Juhn revealed that mens unEmployment declined over time and once out of work there was little reentry into the work force. Deterioration in earnings was also evident. Earnings ratio data can obscure relationships. Mens declining earnings are effecting the ratio because Womens earnings have remained stable since the mid 1980s. Even the economic position of college graduates who experienced income declines in the 1970s does not explain the continued rise in delayed marriage by the 1980s.
