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H A Barnes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reintroduction of a neonatal Woolly Monkey lagothrix lagotricha at Monkey world ape rescue centre uk following separation from mother by dominant male at birth
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: H A BarnesAbstract:In May 2010, a newborn ♂ Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha at Monkey World – Ape Rescue Centre, UK, was found being carried by the dominant ♂ (its father). Attempts were made to encourage the ♂ to return the infant to the mother but these were unsuccessful. Both parents were anaesthetized, and the infant was returned to the ♀ who went on to rear it successfully.
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hand rearing and reintroduction of Woolly Monkey lagothrix lagotricha at Monkey world ape rescue centre uk
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: H A Barnes, A CroninAbstract:Woolly Monkey populations are decreasing in the wild and in captivity. Woolly Monkeys have a reputation for being difficult to keep and breed, infant mortality is high and hand-rearing is rarely attempted or successful. Between 2006 and 2008, three ♂ Woolly Monkeys Lagothrix lagotricha born at Monkey World – Ape Rescue Centre, UK, failed to suckle and these infants were removed for hand-rearing. Because no published information was available to inform our procedures, detailed records of the hand-rearing and reintroduction process were kept, and an account is provided here. Although parent-rearing is always the best option, this paper details the hand-rearing and reintroduction process used successfully at Monkey World in order to encourage other keepers who are managing suboptimal birth circumstances in captive Woolly Monkey populations.
Sam Shanee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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habitat preference in the critically endangered yellow tailed Woolly Monkey lagothrix flavicauda at la esperanza peru
American Journal of Primatology, 2019Co-Authors: S Zambrano, Sam Shanee, Noga Shanee, Eben N Broadbent, Anneke M Deluycker, Michael K Steinberg, Scott A Ford, Alma Hernandez Jaramillo, Robin Fernandezhilario, Carolina Lagos CastilloAbstract:: Habitat loss is one of the main threats to wildlife. Therefore, knowledge of habitat use and preference is essential for the design of conservation strategies and identification of priority sites for the protection of endangered species. The yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda Humboldt, 1812), categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is endemic to montane forests in northern Peru where its habitat is greatly threatened. We assessed how habitat use and preference in L. flavicauda are linked to forest structure and composition. The study took place near La Esperanza, in the Amazonas region, Peru. Our objective was to identify characteristics of habitat most utilized by L. flavicauda to provide information that will be useful for the selection of priority sites for conservation measures. Using presence records collected from May 2013 to February 2014 for one group of L. flavicauda, we classified the study site into three different use zones: low-use, medium-use, and high-use. We assessed forest structure and composition for all use zones using 0.1 ha Gentry vegetation transects. Results show high levels of variation in plant species composition across the three use zones. Plants used as food resources had considerably greater density, dominance, and ecological importance in high-use zones. High-use zones presented similar structure to medium- and low-use zones; thus it remains difficult to assess the influence of forest structure on habitat preference. We recommend focusing conservation efforts on areas with a similar floristic composition to the high-use zones recorded in this study and suggest utilizing key alimentation species for reforestation efforts.
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the rise and fall of a genus complete mtdna genomes shed light on the phylogenetic position of yellow tailed Woolly Monkeys lagothrix flavicauda and on the evolutionary history of the family atelidae primates platyrrhini
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2015Co-Authors: Paulo B Chaves, Fanny M Cornejo, Christopher A Schmitt, Sam Shanee, Anthony Di Fiore, Liliana CortesortizAbstract:Abstract Using complete mitochondrial genome sequences, we provide the first molecular analysis of the phylogenetic position of the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda (a.k.a. Oreonax flavicauda), a critically endangered neotropical primate endemic to northern Peru. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys have been debated for many years, but in this study both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions unequivocally support a monophyletic Woolly Monkey clade that includes L. flavicauda as the basal taxon within the radiation. Bayesian dating analyses using several alternative calibrations suggest that the divergence of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys from other Lagothrix occurred in the Pleistocene, ∼2.1 Ma, roughly 6.5 my after the divergence of Woolly Monkeys from their sister genus, Brachyteles. Additionally, comparative analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (COX2) gene shows that genetic distances between yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys and other Lagothrix from across the genus’ geographic distribution fall well within the range of between-species divergences seen in a large number of other platyrrhine primate genera at the same locus and outside the range of between-genus divergences. Our results thus confirm a position within Lagothrix for the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey and strongly suggest that the name Oreonax be formally considered a synonym for this genus. This revision in taxonomic status does not change the dire conservation threats facing the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey in Peru, where the remaining wild population is estimated at only ∼10,000 individuals living in a highly fragmented landscape.
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yellow tailed Woolly Monkey lagothrix flavicauda proximal spacing and forest strata use in la esperanza peru
Primates, 2014Co-Authors: Sam ShaneeAbstract:Inter-individual spacing of primates and their use of forest strata depend on temporal and spatial changes in the environment and on predator avoidance, group demography, and social conditions. Greater proximity also increases the chances of agonistic and affinitive contact between individuals. I collected behavioral data for three groups of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix flavicauda) by instantaneous sampling of focal animals for 15 months in La Esperanza, northeastern Peru. By use of combined data for all groups I examined the effects of season, activity, and age/sex class on nearest-neighbor distances and forest strata use. Small differences were observed for nearest-neighbor distances, forest strata use by different age/sex classes, and activity. Adult males had the lowest contact index scores. Contact index scores were low for juvenile females, for which nearest-neighbor distances were largest. Very little aggressive behavior was observed. Focal animals preferred upper levels of the forest with little difference in height for different activities. Lagothrix flavicauda have very cohesive groups with little seasonal or activity-dependent difference between nearest-neighbor distances or proximity. These results suggest that this species has less variable social organization and greater group cohesion than other Atelini. However, more studies are needed on other populations of L. flavicauda to better determine the species’ social organization. Studies are also required to determine the extent to which dispersal times and kinship affect proximity, nearest-neighbor distances, and aggression.
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yellow tailed Woolly Monkey lagothrix flavicauda proximal spacing and forest strata use in la esperanza peru
Primates, 2014Co-Authors: Sam ShaneeAbstract:Inter-individual spacing of primates and their use of forest strata depend on temporal and spatial changes in the environment and on predator avoidance, group demography, and social conditions. Greater proximity also increases the chances of agonistic and affinitive contact between individuals. I collected behavioral data for three groups of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix flavicauda) by instantaneous sampling of focal animals for 15 months in La Esperanza, northeastern Peru. By use of combined data for all groups I examined the effects of season, activity, and age/sex class on nearest-neighbor distances and forest strata use. Small differences were observed for nearest-neighbor distances, forest strata use by different age/sex classes, and activity. Adult males had the lowest contact index scores. Contact index scores were low for juvenile females, for which nearest-neighbor distances were largest. Very little aggressive behavior was observed. Focal animals preferred upper levels of the forest with little difference in height for different activities. Lagothrix flavicauda have very cohesive groups with little seasonal or activity-dependent difference between nearest-neighbor distances or proximity. These results suggest that this species has less variable social organization and greater group cohesion than other Atelini. However, more studies are needed on other populations of L. flavicauda to better determine the species’ social organization. Studies are also required to determine the extent to which dispersal times and kinship affect proximity, nearest-neighbor distances, and aggression.
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yellow tailed Woolly Monkey lagothrix flavicauda conservation status anthropogenic threats and conservation initiatives
2014Co-Authors: Noga Shanee, Sam ShaneeAbstract:This chapter examines threats and conservation opportunities for the Critically Endangered yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda), a species endemic to northeastern Peru. Inherent traits make this species susceptible to extinction from threats identified here as habitat loss, hunting, selective logging, road construction, extractive industry, and climate change, all of which are increasing. Using current range estimates, available habitat, and published density estimates, we present here the first estimate for L. flavicauda population size. We estimate a current population of between 88,622 and 10,564 individuals, which represents a reduction of between 46 and 93 % of the estimated original population since 1981. These numbers represent maximum population estimates as they only consider habitat availability, disregarding hunting pressure. It is clear that both the species’ population size and habitat are decreasing. State conservation efforts do not fully mitigate threats to this species, but land protection by private actors, especially rural communities through the creation of protected areas and landscape-level conservation, offers an innovative and increasingly popular conservation alternative.
Anthony Di Fiore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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variation in space use and social cohesion within and between four groups of Woolly Monkeys lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii in relation to fruit availability and mating opportunities at the tiputini biodiversity station ecuador
2019Co-Authors: Kelsey M Ellis, Anthony Di FioreAbstract:Like other members of their subfamily (e.g., spider Monkeys and muriquis), Woolly Monkeys have long been suspected to have flexible association patterns. Yet, the dispersed nature of Woolly Monkey groups as they perform their daily activities has made it difficult for previous studies to quantitatively describe how spatial cohesion and ranging dynamics, both within and between groups, may vary over time and in relation to temporal fluctuations in resources, such as fruit and mating opportunities. Using a combination of location and subgroup composition records collected by multiple observers on animals belonging to four neighboring social groups, we found that lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Amazonian Ecudaor demonstrate relatively high degrees of fission-fusion dynamics, with groups dividing frequently into subgroups and showing temporally variable cohesion among group members. Associations were not limited to members of a single social group, and tolerant associations between members of some neighboring social groups occurred with relatively high frequency. As observed in other Woolly Monkey populations, home range overlap between neighboring groups was extensive, with particular pairs of groups showing higher degrees of overlap than others. Although Woolly Monkeys are considered non-territorial, the four focal social groups retained some exclusivity of their core areas as evidenced by minimal core area overlap during most months of sampling for most pairs of groups. Surprisingly, habitat-wide estimates of fruit availability had little to no influence on the observed variation in group cohesion and ranging patterns among the four groups, while indices of mating opportunities did, suggesting that grouping and ranging dynamics in Woolly Monkeys may not primarily be the result of competition over food, but rather of competition over mates.
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the rise and fall of a genus complete mtdna genomes shed light on the phylogenetic position of yellow tailed Woolly Monkeys lagothrix flavicauda and on the evolutionary history of the family atelidae primates platyrrhini
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2015Co-Authors: Paulo B Chaves, Fanny M Cornejo, Christopher A Schmitt, Sam Shanee, Anthony Di Fiore, Liliana CortesortizAbstract:Abstract Using complete mitochondrial genome sequences, we provide the first molecular analysis of the phylogenetic position of the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda (a.k.a. Oreonax flavicauda), a critically endangered neotropical primate endemic to northern Peru. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys have been debated for many years, but in this study both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions unequivocally support a monophyletic Woolly Monkey clade that includes L. flavicauda as the basal taxon within the radiation. Bayesian dating analyses using several alternative calibrations suggest that the divergence of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys from other Lagothrix occurred in the Pleistocene, ∼2.1 Ma, roughly 6.5 my after the divergence of Woolly Monkeys from their sister genus, Brachyteles. Additionally, comparative analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (COX2) gene shows that genetic distances between yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys and other Lagothrix from across the genus’ geographic distribution fall well within the range of between-species divergences seen in a large number of other platyrrhine primate genera at the same locus and outside the range of between-genus divergences. Our results thus confirm a position within Lagothrix for the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey and strongly suggest that the name Oreonax be formally considered a synonym for this genus. This revision in taxonomic status does not change the dire conservation threats facing the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey in Peru, where the remaining wild population is estimated at only ∼10,000 individuals living in a highly fragmented landscape.
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life history behavior and development of wild immature lowland Woolly Monkeys lagothrix poeppigii in amazonian ecuador
2014Co-Authors: Christopher A Schmitt, Anthony Di FioreAbstract:Primate life histories are marked by remarkably long prereproductive periods, particularly in atelins. Woolly Monkeys have among the longest immature phases relative to their body size, but the behavior of Woolly Monkey juveniles and adolescents has until now been largely unknown. This chapter establishes guidelines for identifying developmental landmarks in immature Woolly Monkeys and presents data on a study of the behavioral development and life history of wild juvenile and adolescent lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) in Amazonian Ecuador. Despite overall low levels of sociality across all ages in this taxon, some sex-specific developmental patterns emerged. Male immatures preferentially interacted with adult male groupmates, presumably to gain access to important social resources. Female immatures appeared to increasingly distance themselves from groupmates up to dispersal, but showed a sharp increase in sexual interest in coresident adult males immediately prior to dispersing. Although data on adolescents are limited, this phase in particular appears to be a time of critical importance to Woolly Monkey life histories in both males and females, and may be of particular interest for future research.
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Time Allocation Patterns of Lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii)
2000Co-Authors: Anthony Di Fiore, Peter S. RodmanAbstract:We investigated the time allocation decisions of lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) in a terra firma forest in eastern Ecuador where they occur sympatrically with 9 other primate species. Woolly mon-keys spent considerable amounts of time searching for and attempting to procure animal prey—roughly as much time as they spent consuming plant material: ripe fruits, leaves, and flowers. The amount of time spent foraging for animal prey is positively related to the habitat-wide availability of ripe fruits (the predominant component of the Woolly Monkey diet), and nega-tively related to both ambient temperature and the abundance of potential prey items in the habitat. Time spent resting showed exactly the opposite pattern with respect to these ecological variables. These results suggest that Woolly Monkeys follow an energy-maximizing strategy of food acquisition during times of fruit abundance—focusing on animal foods and perhaps lay-ing down fat reserves to utilize when ecological conditions worsen—and follow an energy-minimizing strategy when fruit resources are scarce. Such a stron
Christopher A Schmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the rise and fall of a genus complete mtdna genomes shed light on the phylogenetic position of yellow tailed Woolly Monkeys lagothrix flavicauda and on the evolutionary history of the family atelidae primates platyrrhini
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2015Co-Authors: Paulo B Chaves, Fanny M Cornejo, Christopher A Schmitt, Sam Shanee, Anthony Di Fiore, Liliana CortesortizAbstract:Abstract Using complete mitochondrial genome sequences, we provide the first molecular analysis of the phylogenetic position of the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda (a.k.a. Oreonax flavicauda), a critically endangered neotropical primate endemic to northern Peru. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys have been debated for many years, but in this study both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions unequivocally support a monophyletic Woolly Monkey clade that includes L. flavicauda as the basal taxon within the radiation. Bayesian dating analyses using several alternative calibrations suggest that the divergence of yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys from other Lagothrix occurred in the Pleistocene, ∼2.1 Ma, roughly 6.5 my after the divergence of Woolly Monkeys from their sister genus, Brachyteles. Additionally, comparative analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (COX2) gene shows that genetic distances between yellow-tailed Woolly Monkeys and other Lagothrix from across the genus’ geographic distribution fall well within the range of between-species divergences seen in a large number of other platyrrhine primate genera at the same locus and outside the range of between-genus divergences. Our results thus confirm a position within Lagothrix for the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey and strongly suggest that the name Oreonax be formally considered a synonym for this genus. This revision in taxonomic status does not change the dire conservation threats facing the yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey in Peru, where the remaining wild population is estimated at only ∼10,000 individuals living in a highly fragmented landscape.
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life history behavior and development of wild immature lowland Woolly Monkeys lagothrix poeppigii in amazonian ecuador
2014Co-Authors: Christopher A Schmitt, Anthony Di FioreAbstract:Primate life histories are marked by remarkably long prereproductive periods, particularly in atelins. Woolly Monkeys have among the longest immature phases relative to their body size, but the behavior of Woolly Monkey juveniles and adolescents has until now been largely unknown. This chapter establishes guidelines for identifying developmental landmarks in immature Woolly Monkeys and presents data on a study of the behavioral development and life history of wild juvenile and adolescent lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) in Amazonian Ecuador. Despite overall low levels of sociality across all ages in this taxon, some sex-specific developmental patterns emerged. Male immatures preferentially interacted with adult male groupmates, presumably to gain access to important social resources. Female immatures appeared to increasingly distance themselves from groupmates up to dispersal, but showed a sharp increase in sexual interest in coresident adult males immediately prior to dispersing. Although data on adolescents are limited, this phase in particular appears to be a time of critical importance to Woolly Monkey life histories in both males and females, and may be of particular interest for future research.
A Cronin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hand rearing and reintroduction of Woolly Monkey lagothrix lagotricha at Monkey world ape rescue centre uk
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: H A Barnes, A CroninAbstract:Woolly Monkey populations are decreasing in the wild and in captivity. Woolly Monkeys have a reputation for being difficult to keep and breed, infant mortality is high and hand-rearing is rarely attempted or successful. Between 2006 and 2008, three ♂ Woolly Monkeys Lagothrix lagotricha born at Monkey World – Ape Rescue Centre, UK, failed to suckle and these infants were removed for hand-rearing. Because no published information was available to inform our procedures, detailed records of the hand-rearing and reintroduction process were kept, and an account is provided here. Although parent-rearing is always the best option, this paper details the hand-rearing and reintroduction process used successfully at Monkey World in order to encourage other keepers who are managing suboptimal birth circumstances in captive Woolly Monkey populations.
