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Aimée M. Surprenant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Word Length, set size, and lexical factors: Re-examining what causes the Word Length Effect.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2018Co-Authors: Dominic Guitard, Jean Saint-aubin, Aimée M. Surprenant, Andrew J. Gabel, Ian NeathAbstract:The Word Length Effect, better recall of lists of short (fewer syllables) than long (more syllables) Words has been termed a benchmark Effect of working memory. Despite this, experiments on the Word Length Effect can yield quite different results depending on set size and stimulus properties. Seven experiments are reported that address these 2 issues. Experiment 1 replicated the finding of a preserved Word Length Effect under concurrent articulation for large stimulus sets, which contrasts with the abolition of the Word Length Effect by concurrent articulation for small stimulus sets. Experiment 2, however, demonstrated that when the short and long Words are equated on more dimensions, concurrent articulation abolishes the Word Length Effect for large stimulus sets. Experiment 3 shows a standard Word Length Effect when output time is equated, but Experiments 4-6 show no Word Length Effect when short and long Words are equated on increasingly more dimensions that previous demonstrations have overlooked. Finally, Experiment 7 compared recall of a small and large neighborhood Words that were equated on all the dimensions used in Experiment 6 (except for those directly related to neighborhood size) and a neighborhood size Effect was still observed. We conclude that lexical factors, rather than Word Length per se, are better predictors of when the Word Length Effect will occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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The Effect of Lexical Factors on Recall From Working Memory: Generalizing the Neighborhood Size Effect.
Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale, 2016Co-Authors: Lesley S. Derraugh, Ian Neath, Aimée M. Surprenant, Olivia Beaudry, Jean Saint-aubinAbstract:The Word-Length Effect, the finding that lists of short Words are better recalled than lists of long Words, is 1 of the 4 benchmark phenomena that guided development of the phonological loop component of working memory. However, previous work has noted a confound in Word-Length studies: The short Words used had more orthographic neighbors (valid Words that can be made by changing a single letter in the target Word) than long Words. The confound is that Words with more neighbors are better recalled than otherwise comparable Words with fewer neighbors. Two experiments are reported that address criticisms of the neighborhood-size account of the Word-Length Effect by (1) testing 2 new stimulus sets, (2) using open rather than closed pools of Words, and (3) using stimuli from a language other than English. In both experiments, Words from large neighborhoods were better recalled than Words from small neighborhoods. The results add to the growing number of studies demonstrating the substantial contribution of long-term memory to what have traditionally been identified as working memory tasks. The data are more easily explained by models incorporating the concept of redintegration rather than by frameworks such as the phonological loop that posit decay offset by rehearsal. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Does Length or neighborhood size cause the Word Length Effect
Memory & cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Annie Jalbert, Ian Neath, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:Jalbert, Neath, Bireta, and Surprenant (2011) suggested that past demonstrations of the Word Length Effect, the finding that Words with fewer syllables are recalled better than Words with more syllables, included a confound: The short Words had more orthographic neighbors than the long Words. The experiments reported here test two predictions that would follow if neighborhood size is a more important factor than Word Length. In Experiment 1, we found that concurrent articulation removed the Effect of neighborhood size, just as it removes the Effect of Word Length. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this pattern is also found with nonWords. For Experiment 3, we factorially manipulated Length and neighborhood size, and found only Effects of the latter. These results are problematic for any theory of memory that includes decay offset by rehearsal, but they are consistent with accounts that include a redintegrative stage that is susceptible to disruption by noise. The results also confirm the importance of lexical and linguistic factors on memory tasks thought to tap short-term memory.
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When does Length cause the Word Length Effect
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Annie Jalbert, Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:The Word Length Effect, the finding that lists of short Words are better recalled than lists of long Words, has been termed one of the benchmark findings that any theory of immediate memory must account for. Indeed, the Effect led directly to the development of working memory and the phonological loop, and it is viewed as the best remaining evidence for time-based decay. However, previous studies investigating this Effect have confounded Length with orthographic neighborhood size. In the present study, Experiments 1A and 1B revealed typical Effects of Length when short and long Words were equated on all relevant dimensions previously identified in the literature except for neighborhood size. In Experiment 2, consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) Words with a large orthographic neighborhood were better recalled than were CVC Words with a small orthographic neighborhood. In Experiments 3 and 4, using two different sets of stimuli, we showed that when short (1-syllable) and long (3-syllable) items were equated for neighborhood size, the Word Length Effect disappeared. Experiment 5 replicated this with spoken recall. We suggest that the Word Length Effect may be better explained by the differences in linguistic and lexical properties of short and long Words rather than by Length per se. These results add to the growing literature showing problems for theories of memory that include decay offset by rehearsal as a central feature.
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Backward recall and the Word Length Effect.
The American journal of psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Aimée M. Surprenant, Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Annie Jalbert, Mark A. Brown, Gerald TehanAbstract:The Word Length Effect, the finding that Words that have fewer syllables are recalled better than otherwise comparable Words that have more syllables, is one of the benchmark Effects that must be accounted for in any model of serial recall, and simulation models of immediate memory rely heavily on the finding. However, previous research has shown that the Effect disappears when participants are asked to recall the items in strict backward order. The present 2 experiments replicate and extend that finding by manipulating the participant's foreknowledge of recall direction (Experiment 1) and by giving the participant repeated practice with one direction by blocking recall direction (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a Word Length Effect obtained with forward but not backward recall. The results are problematic for all models that currently have an a priori explanation for Word Length Effects. The finding can be accounted for but is not predicted by Scale-Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning (SIMPLE), a model in which item and order information are differentially attended to in the 2 recall directions.
Ian Neath - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Word Length, set size, and lexical factors: Re-examining what causes the Word Length Effect.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2018Co-Authors: Dominic Guitard, Jean Saint-aubin, Aimée M. Surprenant, Andrew J. Gabel, Ian NeathAbstract:The Word Length Effect, better recall of lists of short (fewer syllables) than long (more syllables) Words has been termed a benchmark Effect of working memory. Despite this, experiments on the Word Length Effect can yield quite different results depending on set size and stimulus properties. Seven experiments are reported that address these 2 issues. Experiment 1 replicated the finding of a preserved Word Length Effect under concurrent articulation for large stimulus sets, which contrasts with the abolition of the Word Length Effect by concurrent articulation for small stimulus sets. Experiment 2, however, demonstrated that when the short and long Words are equated on more dimensions, concurrent articulation abolishes the Word Length Effect for large stimulus sets. Experiment 3 shows a standard Word Length Effect when output time is equated, but Experiments 4-6 show no Word Length Effect when short and long Words are equated on increasingly more dimensions that previous demonstrations have overlooked. Finally, Experiment 7 compared recall of a small and large neighborhood Words that were equated on all the dimensions used in Experiment 6 (except for those directly related to neighborhood size) and a neighborhood size Effect was still observed. We conclude that lexical factors, rather than Word Length per se, are better predictors of when the Word Length Effect will occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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The Effect of Lexical Factors on Recall From Working Memory: Generalizing the Neighborhood Size Effect.
Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale, 2016Co-Authors: Lesley S. Derraugh, Ian Neath, Aimée M. Surprenant, Olivia Beaudry, Jean Saint-aubinAbstract:The Word-Length Effect, the finding that lists of short Words are better recalled than lists of long Words, is 1 of the 4 benchmark phenomena that guided development of the phonological loop component of working memory. However, previous work has noted a confound in Word-Length studies: The short Words used had more orthographic neighbors (valid Words that can be made by changing a single letter in the target Word) than long Words. The confound is that Words with more neighbors are better recalled than otherwise comparable Words with fewer neighbors. Two experiments are reported that address criticisms of the neighborhood-size account of the Word-Length Effect by (1) testing 2 new stimulus sets, (2) using open rather than closed pools of Words, and (3) using stimuli from a language other than English. In both experiments, Words from large neighborhoods were better recalled than Words from small neighborhoods. The results add to the growing number of studies demonstrating the substantial contribution of long-term memory to what have traditionally been identified as working memory tasks. The data are more easily explained by models incorporating the concept of redintegration rather than by frameworks such as the phonological loop that posit decay offset by rehearsal. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Does Length or neighborhood size cause the Word Length Effect
Memory & cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Annie Jalbert, Ian Neath, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:Jalbert, Neath, Bireta, and Surprenant (2011) suggested that past demonstrations of the Word Length Effect, the finding that Words with fewer syllables are recalled better than Words with more syllables, included a confound: The short Words had more orthographic neighbors than the long Words. The experiments reported here test two predictions that would follow if neighborhood size is a more important factor than Word Length. In Experiment 1, we found that concurrent articulation removed the Effect of neighborhood size, just as it removes the Effect of Word Length. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this pattern is also found with nonWords. For Experiment 3, we factorially manipulated Length and neighborhood size, and found only Effects of the latter. These results are problematic for any theory of memory that includes decay offset by rehearsal, but they are consistent with accounts that include a redintegrative stage that is susceptible to disruption by noise. The results also confirm the importance of lexical and linguistic factors on memory tasks thought to tap short-term memory.
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When does Length cause the Word Length Effect
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Annie Jalbert, Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:The Word Length Effect, the finding that lists of short Words are better recalled than lists of long Words, has been termed one of the benchmark findings that any theory of immediate memory must account for. Indeed, the Effect led directly to the development of working memory and the phonological loop, and it is viewed as the best remaining evidence for time-based decay. However, previous studies investigating this Effect have confounded Length with orthographic neighborhood size. In the present study, Experiments 1A and 1B revealed typical Effects of Length when short and long Words were equated on all relevant dimensions previously identified in the literature except for neighborhood size. In Experiment 2, consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) Words with a large orthographic neighborhood were better recalled than were CVC Words with a small orthographic neighborhood. In Experiments 3 and 4, using two different sets of stimuli, we showed that when short (1-syllable) and long (3-syllable) items were equated for neighborhood size, the Word Length Effect disappeared. Experiment 5 replicated this with spoken recall. We suggest that the Word Length Effect may be better explained by the differences in linguistic and lexical properties of short and long Words rather than by Length per se. These results add to the growing literature showing problems for theories of memory that include decay offset by rehearsal as a central feature.
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Backward recall and the Word Length Effect.
The American journal of psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Aimée M. Surprenant, Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Annie Jalbert, Mark A. Brown, Gerald TehanAbstract:The Word Length Effect, the finding that Words that have fewer syllables are recalled better than otherwise comparable Words that have more syllables, is one of the benchmark Effects that must be accounted for in any model of serial recall, and simulation models of immediate memory rely heavily on the finding. However, previous research has shown that the Effect disappears when participants are asked to recall the items in strict backward order. The present 2 experiments replicate and extend that finding by manipulating the participant's foreknowledge of recall direction (Experiment 1) and by giving the participant repeated practice with one direction by blocking recall direction (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a Word Length Effect obtained with forward but not backward recall. The results are problematic for all models that currently have an a priori explanation for Word Length Effects. The finding can be accounted for but is not predicted by Scale-Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning (SIMPLE), a model in which item and order information are differentially attended to in the 2 recall directions.
Tamra J. Bireta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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When does Length cause the Word Length Effect
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Annie Jalbert, Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:The Word Length Effect, the finding that lists of short Words are better recalled than lists of long Words, has been termed one of the benchmark findings that any theory of immediate memory must account for. Indeed, the Effect led directly to the development of working memory and the phonological loop, and it is viewed as the best remaining evidence for time-based decay. However, previous studies investigating this Effect have confounded Length with orthographic neighborhood size. In the present study, Experiments 1A and 1B revealed typical Effects of Length when short and long Words were equated on all relevant dimensions previously identified in the literature except for neighborhood size. In Experiment 2, consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) Words with a large orthographic neighborhood were better recalled than were CVC Words with a small orthographic neighborhood. In Experiments 3 and 4, using two different sets of stimuli, we showed that when short (1-syllable) and long (3-syllable) items were equated for neighborhood size, the Word Length Effect disappeared. Experiment 5 replicated this with spoken recall. We suggest that the Word Length Effect may be better explained by the differences in linguistic and lexical properties of short and long Words rather than by Length per se. These results add to the growing literature showing problems for theories of memory that include decay offset by rehearsal as a central feature.
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Backward recall and the Word Length Effect.
The American journal of psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Aimée M. Surprenant, Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Annie Jalbert, Mark A. Brown, Gerald TehanAbstract:The Word Length Effect, the finding that Words that have fewer syllables are recalled better than otherwise comparable Words that have more syllables, is one of the benchmark Effects that must be accounted for in any model of serial recall, and simulation models of immediate memory rely heavily on the finding. However, previous research has shown that the Effect disappears when participants are asked to recall the items in strict backward order. The present 2 experiments replicate and extend that finding by manipulating the participant's foreknowledge of recall direction (Experiment 1) and by giving the participant repeated practice with one direction by blocking recall direction (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a Word Length Effect obtained with forward but not backward recall. The results are problematic for all models that currently have an a priori explanation for Word Length Effects. The finding can be accounted for but is not predicted by Scale-Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning (SIMPLE), a model in which item and order information are differentially attended to in the 2 recall directions.
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The syllable-based Word Length Effect and stimulus set specificity.
Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2006Co-Authors: Tamra J. Bireta, Ian Neath, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:The Word Length Effect is the finding that a list of items that take less time to pronounce is better recalled on an immediate serial recall test than an otherwise equivalent list of items that take more time to pronounce. Contrary to the predictions of all major models of the Word Length Effect, Hulme, Suprenant, Bireta, Stuart, and Neath (2004) found that short and long items presented within the same list were recalled equally as well as short items presented in lists of just short items. Different results were reported by Cowan, Baddeley, Elliot, and Norris (2003), who found that mixed lists were recalled worse than pure short lists, but better than pure long lists. The experiments reported here suggest that the different empirical findings are due to properties of the stimulus sets used: one stimulus set produces results that replicate Cowan et al., whereas all other sets tested so far yield results that replicate Hulme et al.
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Abolishing the Word-Length Effect.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2004Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Aimée M. Suprenant, Tamra J. Bireta, George Stuart, Ian NeathAbstract:The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short Words in pure and mixed lists. In pure lists, long Words were much more poorly remembered than short Words. In mixed lists, this Word-Length Effect was abolished and both the long and short Words were recalled as well as short Words in pure lists. These findings contradict current models that seek to explain the Word-Length Effect in terms of item-based Effects such as difficulty in assembling items, or in terms of list-based accounts of rehearsal speed. An alternative explanation, drawing on ideas of item complexity and item distinctiveness, is proposed.
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The time-based Word Length Effect and stimulus set specificity
Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2003Co-Authors: Ian Neath, Tamra J. Bireta, Aimée M. SurprenantAbstract:The Word Length Effect is the finding that short items are remembered better than long items on immediate serial recall tests. The time-based Word Length Effect refers to this finding when the lists comprise items that vary only in pronunciation time. Three experiments compared recall of three different sets of disyllabic Words that differed systematically only in spoken duration. One set showed a Word Length Effect, one set showed no Effect of Word Length, and the third showed a reverse Word Length Effect, with long Words recalled better than short. A new fourth set of Words was created, and it also failed to yield a time-based Word Length Effect. Because all four experiments used the same methodology and varied only the stimulus sets, it is argued that the time-based Word Length Effect is not robust and as such poses problems for models based on the phonological loop.
Mun Geon Kyeong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Performance analysis of Word-Length Effect on the hardware design in MMSE/DD space-time array receiver
IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202), 2001Co-Authors: Hyun Seo Oh, Mun Geon KyeongAbstract:In this paper, the BER performance of MMSE/DD (decision-directed minimum mean square error) adaptation algorithm-based space-time array receiver was analyzed for wideband CDMA basestation system, taking account of Word Length or quantized bit size of weight and input snapshot vectors under Rayleigh fading channel with two multipaths and mobile speed of 60 km/h and 200 km/h. In conjunction with existing demodulator input to the base station modem chip, the floating and fixed point simulation results were examined and the basic guideline to determine the optimal bit resolution of weight and IQ input vectors fed into DBFN (digital beamforming network) was recommended for efficient design of digital beamformers and multi-channel ADCs (analog-to-digital converters).
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performance analysis of Word Length Effect on the hardware design in mmse dd space time array receiver
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001Co-Authors: Jun Hwan Lee, Mun Geon KyeongAbstract:In this paper, the BER performance of MMSE/DD (decision-directed minimum mean square error) adaptation algorithm-based space-time array receiver was analyzed for wideband CDMA basestation system, taking account of Word Length or quantized bit size of weight and input snapshot vectors under Rayleigh fading channel with two multipaths and mobile speed of 60 km/h and 200 km/h. In conjunction with existing demodulator input to the base station modem chip, the floating and fixed point simulation results were examined and the basic guideline to determine the optimal bit resolution of weight and IQ input vectors fed into DBFN (digital beamforming network) was recommended for efficient design of digital beamformers and multi-channel ADCs (analog-to-digital converters).
Jason J S Barton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The impact of central sparing on the Word-Length Effect in hemianopia.
Cognitive neuropsychology, 2016Co-Authors: Cristina Rubino, Shanna C. Yeung, Jason J S BartonAbstract:Studies suggest that a Word-Length Effect of up to 160 ms/letter distinguishes hemianopic dyslexia from pure alexia. However, partial preservation of central vision is common in right hemianopia, but its Effects on single-Word reading are unknown. Eighteen healthy subjects read single Words with a gaze-contingent right hemianopia simulation that varied the degree of central sparing. Mean reading onset time declined with small degrees of central sparing, but the Word-Length Effect did not decrease until sparing exceeded 3.15°. We next evaluated the Effects of font size. Effects of central sparing were constant when expressed in number of letters, with a decline in Word-Length Effect beginning as sparing approached 4 letters. We conclude that the Effects of central sparing on mean reading onset time and the Word-Length Effect are distinct. We provide diagnostic Word-Length criteria for discriminating between pure alexia and hemianopic dyslexia with various degrees of central sparing.
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The Effects of homonymous hemianopia in experimental studies of alexia.
Neuropsychologia, 2015Co-Authors: Jing Ye Bao, Cristina Rubino, Alisdair Taylor, Jason J S BartonAbstract:Abstract Pure alexia is characterized by an increased Word-Length Effect in reading. However, this disorder is usually accompanied by right homonymous hemianopia, which itself can cause a mildly increased Word-Length Effect. Some alexic studies have used hemianopic patients with modest Word-Length Effects: it is not clear (a) whether they had pure alexia and (b) if not, whether their results could be explained by the field defect. Our goal was to determine if impairments in visual processing claimed to be related to alexia could be replicated in homonymous hemianopia alone. Twelve healthy subjects performed five experiments used in two prior studies of alexia, under both normal and simulated hemianopic conditions, using a gaze-contingent display generated by an eye-tracker. We replicated the increased Word-Length Effect for reading time with right homonymous hemianopia, and showed a similar Effect for a lexical decision task. Simulated hemianopia impaired scanning accuracy for letter or number strings, and slowed object part processing, though the Effect of configuration was not greater under hemianopic viewing. Hemianopia impaired the identification of Words whose letters appeared and disappeared sequentially on the screen, with better performance on a cumulative presentation in which the letters remained on the screen. The reporting of trigrams was less accurate with hemianopia, though syllabic structure did not influence the results. We conclude that some impairments that have been attributed to the processing defects underlying alexia may actually be due to right homonymous hemianopia. Our results underline the importance of considering the contribution of accompanying low-level visual impairments when studying high-level processes.
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The Word-Length Effect in reading: a review.
Cognitive neuropsychology, 2014Co-Authors: Jason J S Barton, Laura Eklinder Björnstrom, Hashim M. Hanif, Charlotte HillsAbstract:The finding that visual processing of a Word correlates with the number of its letters has an extensive history. In healthy subjects, a variety of methods, including perceptual thresholds, naming a ...
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Visual Word expertise: a study of inversion and the Word-Length Effect, with perceptual transforms.
Perception, 2014Co-Authors: Laura Eklinder Björnstrom, Charlotte Hills, Hashim M. Hanif, Jason J S BartonAbstract:The Word-Length Effect may indicate whether reading is proceeding in an efficient whole-Word fashion or by serial letter processing. If it is an index of an orientation-dependent expert reading mechanism, then it should show an inversion Effect, with a large difference between upright and upside-down text that is specific for normally configured text. We measured response time of healthy subjects reading 3- to 9-letter Words presented in normal configuration, in mirror reflection or spelt backward, in either upright or inverted orientation. The Word-Length Effect showed an inversion Effect specific for normal text, as it was not seen for either backward or mirrored text, a result that differed from that for simple mean response times. Also, the Word-Length Effect was smaller for backward than for mirrored text, suggesting that reading of transformed text uses primarily local letters rather than global Word forms. We conclude that the Word-Length Effect is a suitable index of expert reading, and reveals that reading under perceptually difficult conditions relies on a sublexical letter-based strategy.
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The Word Length Effect in virtual hemianopia, real hemianopia, and alexia
Journal of Vision, 2011Co-Authors: Claire A. Sheldon, Mathias Abegg, Alla Sekunova, Jason J S BartonAbstract:• Mean reading time highly correlated with Word-Length Effect. • Logically, this is not necessarily a given in alexia with agraphia, a linguistic disorder, mean reading times are prolonged without a Word Length Effect. • Mean reading time may be a redundant variable in perceptual reading disorders. INTRODUCTION: • Word-Length Effect = time taken to read a Word correlates with numbers of letters • Perceptual rather than linguistic variable • A hallmark of pure alexia • Most of these subjects also have right hemianopia • Right hemianopia per se slows reading
