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Lladó Santaeularia Alexandra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Animales salvajes en Mesopotamia: los grandes mamíferos en el tercer milenio a. C.
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2020Co-Authors: Lladó Santaeularia AlexandraAbstract:Los animales han tenido siempre una gran repercusión en la Historia del ser humano. Durante el Paleolítico eran cazados como fuente de alimento para complementar una dieta pobre en proteínas. Más tarde, la domesticación de algunas especies fue uno de los principales motores de la revolución neolítica, convirtiéndolos en un recurso económico de gran importancia. Además de la carne y las pieles, se empezaron a explotar otros productos secundarios como la leche o la lana, y algunos animales fueron empleados como fuerza de trabajo agrícola y medio de transporte terrestre. Pese a estos cambios trascendentales, los animales salvajes siguieron teniendo una importante presencia en la sociedad. Los depredadores eran una amenaza constante para las personas y sus rebaños, mientras que los herbívoros seguían siendo cazados por necesidad o por entretenimiento. El caso de Mesopotamia no es distinto. A lo largo de toda su historia encontramos multitud de referencias a los animales salvajes tanto en las fuentes escritas como en las representaciones figurativas, demostrando que su importancia, al menos simbólica, era parecida a la de los animales domésticos. Incluso algunos de ellos tuvieron cierta trascendencia en actividades económicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis analiza la presencia de fauna salvaje en la Mesopotamia del tercer milenio a. C. y su relación con la sociedad de la época, centrándose en el caso concreto de los grandes mamíferos. Para ello, se propone un enfoque multidisciplinar que incluye el estudio de los restos faunísticos, las representaciones figurativas y las fuentes escritas (lexicográficas, literarias y administrativas), con el objetivo de tener una visión lo más completa posible sobre la situación concreta de cada una de estas especies en el periodo estudiado.Animals have always had quite a large repercussion on humans’ history. In the Paleolithic, they were hunted as feeding source to complement a low-protein diet. Later on, the domestication of some species facilitated the Neolithic revolution as Animals became an important economic resource. Apart from consuming their meat and using their furs, other secondary products such as milk and wool started to being exploited. Some others were used as Working Animals in agriculture and for terrestrial transportation. Even though all these transcendental changes, wild Animals still had an important presence in society. Predators were a constant threat for people and herds, while herbivores were hunted because of necessity or as entertainment. Mesopotamian case was not different. Throughout all its history, numerous references to wild Animals in textual sources as well as figurative representations can be found, what demonstrates that their importance was similar to the domestic Animals’, at least in a symbolic way. Some of these wild Animals even had a certain transcendence in economic activities. In this context, the aim of this dissertation is to analyse the presence of wild fauna in Mesopotamia during the third millennium BC and its relationship with the society of the period, focusing on the specific case of big mammals. To achieve such a goal, an interdisciplinary approach is proposed, which includes the study of faunal remains, figurative representations and written sources (lexical, literary and administrative) to provide a general picture of the status of the animal world in the third millennium BC
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Animales salvajes en Mesopotamia: los grandes mamíferos en el tercer milenio a. C.
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2020Co-Authors: Lladó Santaeularia AlexandraAbstract:[spa] Los animales han tenido siempre una gran repercusión en la Historia del ser humano. Durante el Paleolítico eran cazados como fuente de alimento para complementar una dieta pobre en proteínas. Más tarde, la domesticación de algunas especies fue uno de los principales motores de la revolución neolítica, convirtiéndolos en un recurso económico de gran importancia. Además de la carne y las pieles, se empezaron a explotar otros productos secundarios como la leche o la lana, y algunos animales fueron empleados como fuerza de trabajo agrícola y medio de transporte terrestre. Pese a estos cambios trascendentales, los animales salvajes siguieron teniendo una importante presencia en la sociedad. Los depredadores eran una amenaza constante para las personas y sus rebaños, mientras que los herbívoros seguían siendo cazados por necesidad o por entretenimiento. El caso de Mesopotamia no es distinto. A lo largo de toda su historia encontramos multitud de referencias a los animales salvajes tanto en las fuentes escritas como en las representaciones figurativas, demostrando que su importancia, al menos simbólica, era parecida a la de los animales domésticos. Incluso algunos de ellos tuvieron cierta trascendencia en actividades económicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis analiza la presencia de fauna salvaje en la Mesopotamia del tercer milenio a. C. y su relación con la sociedad de la época, centrándose en el caso concreto de los grandes mamíferos. Para ello, se propone un enfoque multidisciplinar que incluye el estudio de los restos faunísticos, las representaciones figurativas y las fuentes escritas (lexicográficas, literarias y administrativas), con el objetivo de tener una visión lo más completa posible sobre la situación concreta de cada una de estas especies en el periodo estudiado.[eng] Animals have always had quite a large repercussion on humans’ history. In the Paleolithic, they were hunted as feeding source to complement a low-protein diet. Later on, the domestication of some species facilitated the Neolithic revolution as Animals became an important economic resource. Apart from consuming their meat and using their furs, other secondary products such as milk and wool started to being exploited. Some others were used as Working Animals in agriculture and for terrestrial transportation. Even though all these transcendental changes, wild Animals still had an important presence in society. Predators were a constant threat for people and herds, while herbivores were hunted because of necessity or as entertainment. Mesopotamian case was not different. Throughout all its history, numerous references to wild Animals in textual sources as well as figurative representations can be found, what demonstrates that their importance was similar to the domestic Animals’, at least in a symbolic way. Some of these wild Animals even had a certain transcendence in economic activities. In this context, the aim of this dissertation is to analyse the presence of wild fauna in Mesopotamia during the third millennium BC and its relationship with the society of the period, focusing on the specific case of big mammals. To achieve such a goal, an interdisciplinary approach is proposed, which includes the study of faunal remains, figurative representations and written sources (lexical, literary and administrative) to provide a general picture of the status of the animal world in the third millennium BC
Jc Pritchard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sharing the Load: A Guide to Improving the Welfare of Working Animals Through Collective Action
2011Co-Authors: Lisa Van Dijk, Jc Pritchard, Subir K. Pradhan, Kimberley L. WellsAbstract:Introduction Over thousands of years Working Animals have supported the livelihoods of rural and urban families in the developing world. Draught and pack Animals such as donkeys, horses, bullocks and camels play a vital role through (i) generation of income for the family unit, through direct use or hiring out to transport people and goods, (ii) supporting agricultural activities by transporting feed and water for livestock, cultivating crops and taking agricultural products to market, and (iii) reduction of the labour and drudgery of daily domestic household tasks such as collection of water and firewood, especially for women and the elderly.
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Sharing the load: sustainable community action to improve the welfare of Working Animals in developing countries
2008Co-Authors: L Van Dijk, Kimberley L. Wells, Ks Pradhan, A Banerjee, Helen R. Whay, Tl Dennison, Jc PritchardAbstract:welfare of Working Animals in developing countries Lisa van DIJK ,S.K. PRADHAN , Anindo BANERJEE , Helen R. WHAY , Tania L. DENNISON 1, , Kimberly L. WELLS 1 and Joy C. PRITCHARD 1, 4 1 Brooke Hospital for Animals, Broadmead House, 21 Panton Street, London SW1Y 4DR, UK. 2 Brooke Hospital for Animals (India), F-86 Preet Vihar, Delhi 110092, India. 3 Praxis India, C-75 NDSE Part-II, New Delhi 110049, India. 4 Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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assessment of the welfare of Working horses mules and donkeys using health and behaviour parameters
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Jc Pritchard, A C Lindberg, David C J Main, H R WhayAbstract:Working Animals provide an essential transport resource in developing countries worldwide. Many of these Animals are owned by poor people and work in harsh environments, so their welfare is a cause for concern. A protocol was developed to assess the welfare of Working horses, mules and donkeys in urban and peri-urban areas, using direct observation of health and behaviour parameters. In this study, 4903 Animals used for draught, pack and ridden work in Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Jordan and Pakistan were assessed between December 2002 and April 2003. The data showed that donkeys were more likely than mules or horses to demonstrate avoidance or aggressive behaviour towards an observer, while horses were most likely to make a friendly approach. Fewer than 8% of Working equines had abnormal mucous membranes, ectoparasites or poor coat condition. Body lesions occurred predominantly in the areas of the breast/shoulder, withers and girth in all three species, with mules having the highest prevalence of lesions in these areas (22.5, 21.3 and 28.4%, respectively). Among horses and donkeys, the prevalence of these lesions was influenced by the type of work carried out. Lesions on the head, neck, ribs, flank and tail base were seen in less than 10% of Animals. Across all three species approximately 70% of Animals were thin, having a body condition score (BCS) of 2 or less on a scale of 1-5 (1, very thin; 5, very fat) and more horses were in very thin condition (BCS 1) than mules or donkeys. Over 75% of Animals demonstrated limb deformities and abnormalities of gait. The results of this study are being used as the initial stage of a long-term strategy to inform priorities for welfare interventions in Working equines and to establish a welfare benchmark. Subsequent stages will rank the welfare concerns identified, assess the contributing risk factors and implement specific interventions to address these risks. Following intervention, success in improving welfare will be measured by repetition of this protocol and comparison with the benchmark.
H R Whay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of the welfare of Working horses mules and donkeys using health and behaviour parameters
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Jc Pritchard, A C Lindberg, David C J Main, H R WhayAbstract:Working Animals provide an essential transport resource in developing countries worldwide. Many of these Animals are owned by poor people and work in harsh environments, so their welfare is a cause for concern. A protocol was developed to assess the welfare of Working horses, mules and donkeys in urban and peri-urban areas, using direct observation of health and behaviour parameters. In this study, 4903 Animals used for draught, pack and ridden work in Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Jordan and Pakistan were assessed between December 2002 and April 2003. The data showed that donkeys were more likely than mules or horses to demonstrate avoidance or aggressive behaviour towards an observer, while horses were most likely to make a friendly approach. Fewer than 8% of Working equines had abnormal mucous membranes, ectoparasites or poor coat condition. Body lesions occurred predominantly in the areas of the breast/shoulder, withers and girth in all three species, with mules having the highest prevalence of lesions in these areas (22.5, 21.3 and 28.4%, respectively). Among horses and donkeys, the prevalence of these lesions was influenced by the type of work carried out. Lesions on the head, neck, ribs, flank and tail base were seen in less than 10% of Animals. Across all three species approximately 70% of Animals were thin, having a body condition score (BCS) of 2 or less on a scale of 1-5 (1, very thin; 5, very fat) and more horses were in very thin condition (BCS 1) than mules or donkeys. Over 75% of Animals demonstrated limb deformities and abnormalities of gait. The results of this study are being used as the initial stage of a long-term strategy to inform priorities for welfare interventions in Working equines and to establish a welfare benchmark. Subsequent stages will rank the welfare concerns identified, assess the contributing risk factors and implement specific interventions to address these risks. Following intervention, success in improving welfare will be measured by repetition of this protocol and comparison with the benchmark.
J. Monrad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prevalence of strongyles and efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin in Working horses in El Sauce, Nicaragua.
Veterinary parasitology, 2011Co-Authors: Niels C Kyvsgaard, Jenny Lindbom, Line Lundberg Andreasen, Luz Adilia Luna-olivares, Martin Krarup Nielsen, J. MonradAbstract:Horses, mules and donkeys are indispensable farming and Working Animals in many developing countries, and their health status is important to the farmers. Strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses world-wide and are known to constitute a threat to equine health. This study determined the prevalence of strongyle infection, the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole treatment, and strongyle re-infection rates of Working horses during the dry months in Nicaragua. One hundred and five horses used by farmers for transport of people and goods were randomly allocated into three treatment groups, i.e., the IVM group treated with ivermectin, the FBZ group treated with fenbendazole and the control group treated with placebo. Determined by pre-treatment faecal egg counts (FECs), horses showed a high prevalence (94%) of strongyle parasites with high intensities of infection (mean FEC of 1117 eggs per gram (EPG) with an SD of 860 EPG, n=102). Body condition scores of all horses ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 with a mean of 2.4 (scales 1-5). Fourteen days after treatment faecal egg count reductions (FECRs) were 100% and 94% in the IVM and the FBZ groups, respectively. The egg reappearance period (ERP) defined as the time until the mean FEC reached 20% of the pre-treatment level, was estimated as 42 days for the FBZ group and 60 days for the IVM group. Individual faecal cultures were set up and the larval differentiation revealed a 36% prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris before treatment (n=45). In the FBZ group, 25% of the horses were S. vulgaris-positive 70 days post treatment compared to 11% in the IVM group. Our results indicate that strongyle infection intensities in Nicaragua are high and that S. vulgaris is endemic in the area. Furthermore, efficacies and ERPs of IVM and FBZ were within the expected range with no signs of anthelmintic resistance.
Čufar Katarina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The decline of pile-dwellings at Ljubljansko barje
Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, 2011Co-Authors: Velušček Anton, Toškan Borut, Čufar KatarinaAbstract:The article presents the results of archaeological, dendrochronological, and archaeozoological research at four pile-dwelling settlements at the Ljubljansko barje, at the previously investigated Založnica and at the newly discovered Črni graben, Dušanovo, and Blato. During 2009 and 2010, we had documented and sampled archaeological finds (pottery), wooden remains of piles driven into the ground, on which the pile-dwellings were built, and animal bone remains. Dendrochronological analysis was performed on the samples of wood, comprising over 45 tree rings. The determinability of animal bones was high as expected (NISP = 42 at N = 70). Wood samples from Založnica, which was inhabited during the century prior to 2400 BC, were dated to the period between 2459 and 2457. Ash wood at Črni graben was mostly cut down in 2491 BC. The wood from the sites of Dušanovo and Blato could not be analysed because it had too few tree rings or was not sufficiently preserved. The archaeological finds at Založnica, Črni graben, and Dušanovo are assigned to the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture. The pile-dwelling of Blato is later and most probably dates to the Middle Bronze Age. Thus it belongs to the group of similar settlements that mark the end of the pile-dwelling era at the Ljubljansko barje. The species composition of the animal remains sample, with a significant representation of hunted species, is also in line with such a time definition. A bovine phalange from the pile-dwelling of Črni graben reveals deformations that can be connected to the use of these Animals as Working Animals
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The decline of pile-dwellings at Ljubljansko barje
ZRC SAZU Založba ZRC, 2011Co-Authors: Velušček Anton, Toškan Borut, Čufar KatarinaAbstract:V prispevku objavljamo rezultate arheoloških, dendrokronoloških in arheozooloških raziskav na štirih koliščarskih naseljih z Ljubljanskega barja, na predhodno raziskani Založnici in na novoodkritih Črnem grabnu, Dušanovem in Blatu. V letih 2009 in 2010 smo dokumentirali in vzorčili arheološke najdbe (keramiko), ostanke lesa v tla zabitih kolov, na katerih so bila postavljena koliščarska bivališča, in ostanke živalskih kosti. Na vzorcih lesa, ki so vsebovali nad 45 branik, smo opravili dendrokronološke raziskave. Določljivost živalskih kosti je bila pričakovano velika (NISP = 42 pri N = 70). Vzorci lesa z Založnice, ki je bila poseljena v stoletju pred 2400 pr. Kr., so bili datirani v leta med 2459 in 2457. Jesenov les na Črnem grabnu je bil večinoma posekan leta 2491 pr. Kr. Lesa z najdišč Dušanovo in Blato nismo mogli analizirati, ker je imel premalo branik oz. ni bil dovolj ohranjen. Arheološke najdbe na Založnici, Črnem grabnu in Dušanovem uvrščamo v somogyvár-vinkovško kulturo. Kolišče Blato je mlajše in najverjetneje datira v srednjo bronasto dobo. Tako spada v skupino podobnih naselij, s katerimi se zaključuje koliščarska doba na Ljubljanskem barju. Skladna s takšno časovno opredelitvijo je tudi vrstna sestava vzorca živalskih ostankov z dobro zastopanostjo lovnih vrst. Primerek goveje prstnice s kolišča Črni graben kaže deformacije, povezljive z izkoriščanjem teh živali kot delovno živino.The article presents the results of archaeological, dendrochronological, and archaeozoological research at four pile-dwelling settlements at the Ljubljansko barje, at the previously investigated Založnica and at the newly discovered Črni graben, Dušanovo, and Blato. During 2009 and 2010, we had documented and sampled archaeological finds (pottery), wooden remains of piles driven into the ground, on which the pile-dwellings were built, and animal bone remains. Dendrochronological analysis was performed on the samples of wood, comprising over 45 tree rings. The determinability of animal bones was high as expected (NISP = 42 at N = 70). Wood samples from Založnica, which was inhabited during the century prior to 2400 BC, were dated to the period between 2459 and 2457. Ash wood at Črni graben was mostly cut down in 2491 BC. The wood from the sites of Dušanovo and Blato could not be analysed because it had too few tree rings or was not sufficiently preserved. The archaeological finds at Založnica, Črni graben, and Dušanovo are assigned to the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture. The pile-dwelling of Blato is later and most probably dates to the Middle Bronze Age. Thus it belongs to the group of similar settlements that mark the end of the pile-dwelling era at the Ljubljansko barje. The species composition of the animal remains sample, with a significant representation of hunted species, is also in line with such a time definition. A bovine phalange from the pile-dwelling of Črni graben reveals deformations that can be connected to the use of these Animals as Working Animals