Xylem Sap

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Shinobu Satoh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Seasonal fluctuation of organic and inorganic components in Xylem Sap of Populus nigra
    Plant Root, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jun Furukawa, Hiroaki Iwai, Yuta Abe, Hiroaki Mizuno, Kaoru Matsuki, Keiko Sagawa, Mikiko Kojima, Hitoshi Sakakibara, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    Deciduous trees show annual periodicity in shoot growth and development, but such periodicity is not well investigated in roots. To clarify the seasonal fluctuation in root functions, Xylem Sap from Populus nigra branches was analyzed for 2 years. Various Xylem Sap components including calcium, potassium, glucose, and proteins showed seasonal fluctuations with peaks from winter to spring. Abscisic acid (ABA) was the most abundant hormone in the Xylem Sap throughout all seasons and showed two peaks from late autumn to spring. We hypothesize that low temperature in winter promotes metal loading into the Xylem Sap and the synthesis of proteins and sugars in roots as an adaptation to the winter environment and to prepare for spring bud burst. acetic acid; IA-Ala, indole-3-acetyl- L-alanine; IA-Ile, indole-3-acetyl-L-isoleucine; IA-Leu, indole-3-acetyl- L-leucine; IA-Asp, indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid; IA-Trp, indole-3-acetyl-L-tryptophan; IA-Phe, indole- 3-acetyl-L-phenylalanine; GA, gibberellic acid; ABA, abscisic acid

  • Abscisic acid-inducible 25 kDa Xylem Sap protein abundant in winter poplar
    Plant Root, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jun Furukawa, Hiroaki Iwai, Yuta Abe, Hiroaki Mizuno, Kaoru Matsuki, Keiko Sagawa, Hitoshi Mori, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    To investigate the environmental regulation of root function, Xylem Sap was annually collected from Populus nigra and the proteins in the Sap were analyzed. A 25 kDa Xylem Sap protein (XSP25) was found to be most abundant in the Xylem Sap in winter and mass spectrometry analyses showed its high similarity to abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible basic secretory protein reported in tobacco BY-2 cells. By utilizing the information of whole genome sequence of Populus, PmXSP25 was cloned from Populus maximowiczii, naturally growing poplar in Japan. The expression of PmXSP25 was abundant in root at December and February and strongly enhanced by ABA application to the autumn root. We suggest that dormancy- inducing short day length and low temperature promote the synthesis of XSP25 in root, possibly via ABA, as an adaptation to the winter environment.

  • Organic substances in Xylem Sap delivered to above-ground organs by the roots
    Journal of Plant Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    Squash ( Cucurbita maxima ) Xylem Sap, an apoplastic fluid, contains t -zeatin riboside, glutamine, methylglycine, myo -inositol, fructose, oligosaccharides of arabinogalactan, glucan, galacturonan, and pectins (rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II), as well as various proteins, including arabinogalactan and pathogen-related proteins. These substances are mainly produced in stele (Xylem) parenchyma and the pericycle in the root-hair zone where ion transporter genes are expressed. Glycine-rich protein genes ( CRGRPs ) cloned by antiserum raised against whole Xylem Sap of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) were abundantly expressed in the parenchyma cells surrounding Xylem vessels in the root-hair zone. CRGRP proteins accumulated and immobilized in the lignified walls of metaXylem vessels and perivascular fibers in shoots, suggesting a systemic delivery mechanism of wall materials via Xylem Sap. A major 30-kDa protein (XSP30) found in cucumber Xylem Sap was homologous to the B chains of a lectin (ricin) and bound to a nonfucosylated core N -acetylglucosamine dimer of N-linked glycoproteins abundant in leaf parenchyma cells. XSP30 gene expression, abundant in root Xylem parenchyma and pericycle, and the level of XSP30 protein fluctuated diurnally under the control of a circadian clock, and the amplitude was up-regulated by gibberellic acid produced in young leaves, suggesting a long-distance control system between organs.

  • Squash Xylem Sap has activities that inhibit proliferation and promote the elongation of tobacco BY-2 cell protoplasts.
    Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB, 2005
    Co-Authors: Takeshi Kuroha, Masato Sakurai, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    Abstract To elucidate the physiological functions of the substances in Xylem Sap, we analyzed the biological activities of Xylem Sap from squash ( Cucurbita maxima Duch.) root using tobacco BY-2 ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2) cell protoplasts. When BY-2 cell protoplasts were cultivated with the total substance of squash Xylem Sap, the protoplasts elongated remarkably, and cell division was inhibited. Although trans- zeatin riboside (ZR), the most abundant cytokinin in squash Xylem Sap, had a concentration-dependent effect similar to that of total squash Xylem Sap, ZR concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than those found endogenously in squash Xylem Sap (i.e. 2 × 10 –8  M) were required to affect the growth of BY-2 cell protoplasts. The ability to stimulate cell elongation and inhibit cell division in BY-2 cell protoplasts was observed for the ethyl acetate phase fraction (pH 2) of squash Xylem Sap and an acetonitrile-eluate fraction from reverse-phase chromatography. The Xylem Sap also showed inhibitory activity for auxin-induced elongation of excised cucumber hypocotyls. These results suggest that an organic substance other than ZR is produced in the root and transported to above-ground organs through the Xylem via the transpiration stream, where it is involved in regulating cell proliferation and elongation in the shoot, possibly as an auxin antagonist.

  • Induction of Xylem Sap methylglycine by a drought and rewatering treatment and its inhibitory effects on the growth and development of plant organs
    Physiologia Plantarum, 2005
    Co-Authors: Atsushi Oda, Takeshi Kuroha, Madoka Shimizu, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    In higher plants, the Xylem vessels functionally connect the roots with the above-ground organs. The Xylem Sap transports various organic compounds, such as proteins and amino acids. We examined drought and rewatering-inducible changes in the amino acid composition of root Xylem Sap collected from Cucurbita maxima roots. The major free amino acids in C. maxima root Xylem Sap were methylglycine (MeGly; sarcosine) and glutamine (Gln), but MeGly was not detected in the Xylem Sap of cucumber. MeGly is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of trimethylglycine (TMG; betaine), but its physiological effects in plants are unknown. Drought and rewatering treatment resulted in an increase in the concentration of MeGly in root Xylem Sap to 2.5 mM. After flowering, the MeGly concentration in the Xylem Sap dropped significantly, whereas the concentration of Gln decreased only after fruit ripening. One milli molar MeGly inhibited the formation of adventitious roots and their elongation in C. maxima, but glycine, dimethylglycine, or TMG had no effect. Similar effects and the inhibition of stem elongation were observed in shoot cuttings of cucumber and Phaseolus angularis. These observations seem to imply a possible involvement of Xylem Sap MeGly in the physiological responses of C. maxima plants to drought stress.

Daniel P Schachtman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • metabolomic and proteomic changes in the Xylem Sap of maize under drought
    Plant Cell and Environment, 2008
    Co-Authors: Sophie Alvarez, Ellen L Marsh, Steve G. Schroeder, Daniel P Schachtman
    Abstract:

    Plants produce compounds in roots that are transported to shoots via the Xylem Sap. Some of these compounds are vital for signalling and adaptation to environmental stress such as drought. In this study, we screened the Xylem Sap using mass spectrometry to quantify the changes in new and previously identified Sap constituents under extended drought. We detected and quantified the changes in the concentration of 31 compounds present in the Xylem Sap under progressively increasing drought stress. We found changes in the hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinin, and the presence of high concentrations of the aromatic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Several phenylpropanoid compounds (coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids) were found in Xylem Sap. The concentrations of some of these phenylpropanoid compounds changed under drought. In parallel, an analysis of the Xylem Sap proteome was conducted. We found a higher abundance of cationic peroxidases, which with the increase in phenylpropanoids may lead to a reduction in lignin biosynthesis in the Xylem vessels and could induce cell wall stiffening. The application of new methodologies provides insights into the range of compounds in Sap and how alterations in composition may lead to changes in development and signalling during adaptation to drought.

  • Characterization of the Maize Xylem Sap Proteome
    Journal of proteome research, 2006
    Co-Authors: Sophie Alvarez, Ellen L Marsh, Jason Q. D. Goodger, Sixue Chen, Victor S. Asirvatham, Daniel P Schachtman
    Abstract:

    The Xylem in plants has mainly been described as a conduit for water and minerals, but emerging evidence also indicates that the Xylem contains protein. To study the proteins in Xylem Sap, we characterized the identity and composition of the maize Xylem Sap proteome. The composition of the Xylem Sap proteome in maize revealed proteins related to different phases of Xylem differentiation including cell wall metabolism, secondary cell wall synthesis, and programmed cell death. Many proteins were found to be present as multiple isoforms and some of these isoforms are glycosylated. Proteins involved in defense mechanisms were also present in Xylem Sap and the Sap proteins were shown to have antifungal activity in bioassays.

  • Relationships between Xylem Sap constituents and leaf conductance of well-watered and water-stressed maize across three Xylem Sap sampling techniques
    Journal of experimental botany, 2005
    Co-Authors: Jason Q. D. Goodger, Ellen L Marsh, Robert E. Sharp, Daniel P Schachtman
    Abstract:

    Many different techniques have been used for Xylem Sap collection, but few direct comparisons of techniques have been conducted and few comparisons have been based on comprehensive analyses of Xylem Sap. Moreover, the suitability of extraction techniques for use on plants grown under water-stress conditions has not been addressed. Xylem Sap was extracted from both well-watered and water-stressed Zea mays plants using three different techniques. The main aim was to determine how the extraction method altered the correlations between Sap constituents and stomatal conductance in order to determine which relationships change with extraction technique. A ‘root pressure’ technique was the simplest method of extracting large volumes of Sap, but the low Sap delivery rates altered the composition of Sap. Two pressurization techniques that varied in the position from which Sap was collected were tested. The pressurization techniques allowed for the control of delivery rates that influence Sap constituent concentrations. The position from which Xylem Sap was collected on the plant was also found to be important. All three techniques produced consistent correlations between ABA and chloride delivery rates and changes in stomatal conductance, suggesting that each technique could be applied to identify certain putative Xylem-borne signals.

Heinz Rennenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • spatial and seasonal variation in amino compounds in the Xylem Sap of a mistletoe viscum album and its hosts populus spp and abies alba
    Tree Physiology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Peter Escher, Monika Eiblmeier, Ilka Hetzger, Heinz Rennenberg
    Abstract:

    : In a field study, the composition and concentrations of amino compounds in the Xylem Sap of the mistletoe, Viscum album L., and in the Xylem Sap of two host species, an evergreen conifer (Abies alba Mill.) and a deciduous broad-leaved tree (Populus x euramericana), were analyzed. The Xylem Sap of both hosts and mistletoe contained large, but similar amounts of total organic nitrogen in low molecular weight amino compounds (TONLW). Nevertheless, individual amino compounds accumulated in the Xylem Sap of mistletoe relative to the host Xylem Sap, indicating selective uptake. In the Xylem Sap of Populus, major amino compounds (asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln)) and the bulk parameters, TONLW and proteinogenic amino acids, showed significant seasonal variation. In Abies and in mistletoe on either host, variation of amino compounds in Xylem Sap was largely explained by inter-annual differences, not by seasonal variation. In both hosts, TONLW in the Xylem Sap was dominated by Gln. There was a steady decrease in relative abundance of Gln from the host Xylem Sap to the mistletoe Xylem Sap and to the stems and leaves of mistletoe. Simultaneously, the abundance of arginine (Arg) increased. Arginine was the predominant amino compound in the stems and leaves of mistletoe, occurring at concentrations previously observed only in leaves of trees exposed to excess nitrogen. We conclude that Gln (2 mol N mol(-1)) delivered by the host Xylem Sap is converted, in mistletoe, to Arg (4 mol N mol(-1)) and that the organic carbon liberated from Gln contributes significantly to the parasite's heterotrophic carbon gain. Statistical analyses of the data support this conclusion. Accumulation of Arg in mistletoe is an indication of excess N supply as a result of the uptake of amino compounds from the host Xylem Sap and a lack of phloem uploading.

  • Thiol composition of a Xylem-tapping mistletoe and the Xylem Sap of its hosts
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: Heinz Rennenberg, Robert Schupp, Andrea Schneider
    Abstract:

    Abstract Considerable amounts of low M r thiols were found in leaves, flowers and stems of the European mistletoe Viscum album (L.). Leaf thiol contents were the highest so far reported for green tissue. Thiol composition was similar in all mistletoe organs analysed. Glutathione was the predominant low M r thiol of V. album independent of Xylem Sap thiol composition of the host. From the present findings it may be concluded that either cysteine removed from the Xylem Sap of the host is rapidly incorporated into glutathione in the endophytic system, or glutathione is selectively removed from the Xylem Sap of the host. The significance of de novo reduction of sulphate taken from the Xylem Sap of the host for the mistletoe's thiol composition and content remains to be elucidated.

  • Thiol composition of Xylem Sap of beech trees
    Phytochemistry, 1991
    Co-Authors: Robert Schupp, Vjekoslav Glavac, Heinz Rennenberg
    Abstract:

    Abstract The thiol composition of the Xylem Sap of beech trees ( Fagus sylvatica L.) was analysed in ca 40-year-old trees at two forest stands differing in soil characteristics. Five trees from an acidic and five from a calcareous soil were felled bimonthly from October 1988 to October 1989. Xylem Sap was taken from 100 cm long segments of the trunk base by means of water displacement. Cysteine and glutathione were the only thiols found in the Xylem Sap. During the entire season the cysteine concentration of the Xylem Sap was higher than that of glutathione. The cysteine concentrations ranged from 5 to 2600 nmol l −1 Xylem Sap and the glutathione concentrations from 2 to 400 nmol l −1 , with peak values for both thiols in the spring. During winter, cysteine contents were significantly higher in the Xylem Sap of trees grown on acidic soil than on calcareous soil. The origin of reduced sulphur in the Xylem Sap and its possible contribution to sulphur nutrition are discussed.

Elisabeth Jamet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Xylem Sap proteomics
    2014
    Co-Authors: Thomas Duge De Bernonville, Cécile Albenne, Laurent Hoffmann, Matthieu Arlat, Emmanuelle Lauber, Elisabeth Jamet
    Abstract:

    Xylem Sap proteomics

  • Xylem Sap Proteomics
    Methods of Molecular Biology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Thomas Dugé De Bernonville, Cécile Albenne, Laurent Hoffmann, Matthieu Arlat, Emmanuelle Lauber, Elisabeth Jamet
    Abstract:

    Proteomic analysis of Xylem Sap has recently become a major field of interest to understand several biological questions related to plant development and responses to environmental clues. The Xylem Sap appears as a dynamic fluid undergoing changes in its proteome upon abiotic and biotic stresses. Unlike cell compartments which are amenable to purification in sufficient amount prior to proteomic analysis, the Xylem Sap has to be collected in particular conditions to avoid contamination by intracellular proteins and to obtain enough material. A model plant like Arabidopsis thaliana is not suitable for such an analysis because efficient harvesting of Xylem Sap is difficult. The analysis of the Xylem Sap proteome also requires specific procedures to concentrate proteins and to focus on proteins predicted to be secreted. Indeed, Xylem Sap proteins appear to be synthesized and secreted in the root stele or to originate from dying differentiated Xylem cells. This chapter describes protocols to collect Xylem Sap from Brassica species and to prepare total and N-glycoprotein extracts for identification of proteins by mass spectrometry analyses and bioinformatics.

  • Analysis of the Xylem Sap proteome of Brassica oleracea reveals a high content in secreted proteins.
    Proteomics, 2011
    Co-Authors: Laetitia Ligat, Cécile Albenne, Matthieu Arlat, Emmanuelle Lauber, Hélène San Clemente, Benoît Valot, Michel Zivy, Rafael Pont-lezica, Elisabeth Jamet
    Abstract:

    Xylem plays a major role in plant development and is considered part of the apoplast. Here, we studied the proteome of Brassica oleracea cv Bartolo and compared it to the plant cell wall proteome of another Brassicaceae, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. B. oleracea was chosen because it is technically difficult to harvest enough A. thaliana Xylem Sap for proteomic analysis. We studied the whole proteome and an N-glycoproteome obtained after Concanavalin A affinity chromatography. Altogether, 189 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS using Brassica EST and cDNA sequences. A predicted signal peptide was found in 164 proteins suggesting that most proteins of the Xylem Sap are secreted. Eighty-one proteins were identified in the N-glycoproteome, with 25 of them specific of this fraction, suggesting that they were concentrated during the chromatography step. All the protein families identified in this study were found in the cell wall proteomes. However, proteases and oxido-reductases were more numerous in the Xylem Sap proteome, whereas enzyme inhibitors were rare. The origin of Xylem Sap proteins is discussed. All the experimental data including the MS/MS data were made available in the WallProtDB cell wall proteomic database.

Takeshi Kuroha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Squash Xylem Sap has activities that inhibit proliferation and promote the elongation of tobacco BY-2 cell protoplasts.
    Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB, 2005
    Co-Authors: Takeshi Kuroha, Masato Sakurai, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    Abstract To elucidate the physiological functions of the substances in Xylem Sap, we analyzed the biological activities of Xylem Sap from squash ( Cucurbita maxima Duch.) root using tobacco BY-2 ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2) cell protoplasts. When BY-2 cell protoplasts were cultivated with the total substance of squash Xylem Sap, the protoplasts elongated remarkably, and cell division was inhibited. Although trans- zeatin riboside (ZR), the most abundant cytokinin in squash Xylem Sap, had a concentration-dependent effect similar to that of total squash Xylem Sap, ZR concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than those found endogenously in squash Xylem Sap (i.e. 2 × 10 –8  M) were required to affect the growth of BY-2 cell protoplasts. The ability to stimulate cell elongation and inhibit cell division in BY-2 cell protoplasts was observed for the ethyl acetate phase fraction (pH 2) of squash Xylem Sap and an acetonitrile-eluate fraction from reverse-phase chromatography. The Xylem Sap also showed inhibitory activity for auxin-induced elongation of excised cucumber hypocotyls. These results suggest that an organic substance other than ZR is produced in the root and transported to above-ground organs through the Xylem via the transpiration stream, where it is involved in regulating cell proliferation and elongation in the shoot, possibly as an auxin antagonist.

  • Induction of Xylem Sap methylglycine by a drought and rewatering treatment and its inhibitory effects on the growth and development of plant organs
    Physiologia Plantarum, 2005
    Co-Authors: Atsushi Oda, Takeshi Kuroha, Madoka Shimizu, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    In higher plants, the Xylem vessels functionally connect the roots with the above-ground organs. The Xylem Sap transports various organic compounds, such as proteins and amino acids. We examined drought and rewatering-inducible changes in the amino acid composition of root Xylem Sap collected from Cucurbita maxima roots. The major free amino acids in C. maxima root Xylem Sap were methylglycine (MeGly; sarcosine) and glutamine (Gln), but MeGly was not detected in the Xylem Sap of cucumber. MeGly is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of trimethylglycine (TMG; betaine), but its physiological effects in plants are unknown. Drought and rewatering treatment resulted in an increase in the concentration of MeGly in root Xylem Sap to 2.5 mM. After flowering, the MeGly concentration in the Xylem Sap dropped significantly, whereas the concentration of Gln decreased only after fruit ripening. One milli molar MeGly inhibited the formation of adventitious roots and their elongation in C. maxima, but glycine, dimethylglycine, or TMG had no effect. Similar effects and the inhibition of stem elongation were observed in shoot cuttings of cucumber and Phaseolus angularis. These observations seem to imply a possible involvement of Xylem Sap MeGly in the physiological responses of C. maxima plants to drought stress.

  • a trans zeatin riboside in root Xylem Sap negatively regulates adventitious root formation on cucumber hypocotyls
    Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002
    Co-Authors: Takeshi Kuroha, Hiroshi Kamada, Hisashi Kato, Tadao Asami, Shigeo Yoshida, Shinobu Satoh
    Abstract:

    Shoot cultures of cucumber were used to analyse the roles of root-derived substances in adventitious root formation on hypocotyl tissues. Xylem Sap collected from the roots of squash had a strong inhibitory effect on the formation of hypocotyl adventitious roots. Double-solvent extraction followed by fractionation with both normal and reverse phase column chromatographies and analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry identified transzeatin riboside (ZR) as the primary suppressor of adventitious root formation. ZR was the predominant cytokinin present in the Xylem Sap, occurring at a concentration of 2310 ‐8 M. Application of ZR at concentrations from 3.16310 ‐9 M effected inhibition of adventitious root formation. These results suggest that ZR transported from roots via Xylem Sap may act as an endogenous suppressor of hypocotyl adventitious root formation in planta.