Zero Liquid Discharge

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Sascha R A Kersten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • potential of supercritical water desalination scwd as Zero Liquid Discharge zld technology
    Desalination, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sascha R A Kersten
    Abstract:

    Abstract A modelling and economic study was done to evaluate the suitability of supercritical water desalination (SCWD) as Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) technology. ZLD was achieved with a two stage brine treatment process. The hydrothermal brine, remaining after separation of supercritical water (SCW), under supercritical conditions, was expanded in the first stage (flash-step), and the remaining brine was then expanded and dried in the second stage (flash-evaporation step) using the produced steam of the first stage expansion. A window of operation for the first and second stage pressures was determined. For the process, the optimum point of operation was at the maximum second stage pressure, where the exergy of the second stage produced steam was also at a maximum. The economic evaluation showed that the SCWD brine treatment price, for an ideal case where all the products were sold, decreased from $ 9.61 to 1.16/m3brine when increasing feed concentration from 3.5 to 20 wt% NaCl. The decrease was due to the income from the sale of salts, which increases with feed concentration. The brine treatment price was highly dependent on the brine source and it was recommended that SCWD be used for the treatment of concentrated waste streams.

  • design of a process for supercritical water desalination with Zero Liquid Discharge
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sybrand J Metz, Sascha R A Kersten
    Abstract:

    Conventional desalination methods have a major drawback; the production of a Liquid waste stream which must be disposed. The treatment of this waste stream has always presented technical, economic, and environmental challenges. The supercritical water desalination (SCWD) process meets these challenges as it allows for the treatment of salt-water streams with Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). An experimental apparatus has been designed, built, and operated to show the proof of principle of the SCWD process using NaCl–H2O as a model solution. Next, a SCWD process with a two-stage separation step was designed. Enthalpy calculations for a 3.5 wt % NaCl feed and experimental results show that the SCWD process operated at 460 °C and 300 bar will produce drinking water (750 ppm total dissolved solids) and salt crystals (2–5 μm) with an estimated stand-alone thermal energy consumption of 450 MJth/m3 product water.

Jose A Caballero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • desalination of shale gas wastewater thermal and membrane applications for Zero Liquid Discharge
    2018
    Co-Authors: Viviani C Onishi, Eric S Fraga, Juan A Labarta, Jose A Caballero
    Abstract:

    Abstract Natural gas exploration from unconventional shale formations, known as “shale gas,” has recently arisen as an appealing energy supply to meet the increasing worldwide demand. During the last decade, development of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) technologies have allowed the cost-effective gas exploration from previously inaccessible shale deposits. In spite of optimistic expansion projections, natural gas production from tight shale formations has social and environmental implications mainly associated with the depletion of freshwater resources and polluting wastewater generation. In this context, the capability of desalination technologies to allow water recycling and/or water reuse is crucial for the shale gas industry. Advances in Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination processes for treating hypersaline shale gas wastewater can play a key role in the mitigation of public health and environmental impacts, and in the improvement of overall process sustainability. This chapter outlines the most promising thermal- and membrane-based alternatives for ZLD desalination of shale gas wastewater.

  • process optimization for Zero Liquid Discharge desalination of shale gas flowback water under uncertainty
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017
    Co-Authors: Viviani C Onishi, Eric S Fraga, Ruben Ruizfemenia, Raquel Salcedodiaz, Alba Carreroparreno, Juan A Reyeslabarta, Jose A Caballero
    Abstract:

    Sustainable and efficient desalination is required to treat the large amounts of high-salinity flowback water from shale gas extraction. Nevertheless, uncertainty associated with well data (including water flowrates and salinities) strongly hampers the process design task. In this work, we introduce a new optimization model for the synthesis of Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination systems under uncertainty. The desalination system is based on multiple-effect evaporation with mechanical vapor recompression (MEE-MVR). Our main objective is energy efficiency intensification through brine Discharge reduction, while accounting for distinct water feeding scenarios. For this purpose, we consider the outflow brine salinity near to salt saturation condition as a design constraint to achieve ZLD operation. In this innovative approach, uncertain parameters are mathematically modelled as a set of correlated scenarios with known probability of occurrence. The scenarios set is described by a multivariate normal distribution generated via a sampling technique with symmetric correlation matrix. The stochastic multiscenario non-linear programming (NLP) model is implemented in GAMS, and optimized by the minimization of the expected total annualized cost. An illustrative case study is carried out to evaluate the capabilities of the proposed new approach. Cumulative probability curves are constructed to assess the financial risk related to uncertain space for different standard deviations of expected mean values. Sensitivity analysis is performed to appraise optimal system performance for distinct brine salinity conditions. This methodology represents a useful tool to support decision-makers towards the selection of more robust and reliable ZLD desalination systems for the treatment of shale gas flowback water.

  • desalination of shale gas produced water a rigorous design approach for Zero Liquid Discharge evaporation systems
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017
    Co-Authors: Viviani C Onishi, Eric S Fraga, Alba Carreroparreno, Juan A Reyeslabarta, Jose A Caballero
    Abstract:

    Shale gas has recently emerged as a promising energy source to face the increasing global demand. This paper introduces a new rigorous optimization model for the simultaneous synthesis of single and multiple-effect evaporation (SEE/MEE) systems, considering mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) and energy recovery. The proposed model has been especially developed for the desalination of high-salinity produced water from shale gas hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”). Its main objective is to enhance the system energy efficiency through the reduction of brine Discharges. Therefore, the outflow brine salinity should be near to salt saturation conditions to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). The multiple-effect superstructure is comprised by several effects of horizontal-tube falling film evaporation. Due to the inclusion of the electric-driven mechanical compressor, no other external energy source is needed in the SEE/MEE system. A more accurate process design is attained through the calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficients in function of the individual coefficients for the falling boiling film and vapor condensation. Additionally, the SEE/MEE-MVR model allows the estimation of the major geometrical characteristics of the evaporation system. The non-linear programming (NLP)-based model is optimized using the CONOPT solver under GAMS by the minimization of the process total annualized cost. Thermal analysis is carried out to evaluate the effects of the feed salinity and geometrical parameters on system heat transfer performance. The results highlight the ability of the developed model to rigorously design SEE/MEE-MVR systems by improving their cost-effectively and reaching ZLD conditions.

Moses O. Tadé - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • An automated composite table algorithm considering Zero Liquid Discharge possibility in water regeneration–recycle network
    Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Reza Parand, Moses O. Tadé
    Abstract:

    In this study, a novel Automated Composite Table Algorithm (ACTA) is developed for targeting the water regeneration–recycle network of single contaminant problem. The ACTA is based on Pinch Analysis, but is automated by taking into consideration the possibility of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) for the water network. In the existing literature, the targeting procedure for ZLD network is based on the graphical tool of Limiting Composite Curve (LCC). However, identification of key parameters (i.e. freshwater, wastewater, regenerated water flowrates, along with pre-regeneration concentrations) is very tedious for highly integrated water network system. The magnification around the turning point of LCC is required to identify the correct pinch points and targeting procedure is done iteratively until the reliable network targets can be determined. These limitations are now overcome by the ACTA, which is an improved version of Composite Table Algorithm that is capable of identifying key parameters algebraically for a given post-regeneration concentration. The newly developed ACTA is capable of handling a wide range of problems including ZLD and non-ZLD network, for both fixed load and fixed flowrate problems.

  • an automated composite table algorithm considering Zero Liquid Discharge possibility in water regeneration recycle network
    Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Reza Parand, Moses O. Tadé
    Abstract:

    In this study, a novel Automated Composite Table Algorithm (ACTA) is developed for targeting the water regeneration–recycle network of single contaminant problem. The ACTA is based on Pinch Analysis, but is automated by taking into consideration the possibility of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) for the water network. In the existing literature, the targeting procedure for ZLD network is based on the graphical tool of Limiting Composite Curve (LCC). However, identification of key parameters (i.e. freshwater, wastewater, regenerated water flowrates, along with pre-regeneration concentrations) is very tedious for highly integrated water network system. The magnification around the turning point of LCC is required to identify the correct pinch points and targeting procedure is done iteratively until the reliable network targets can be determined. These limitations are now overcome by the ACTA, which is an improved version of Composite Table Algorithm that is capable of identifying key parameters algebraically for a given post-regeneration concentration. The newly developed ACTA is capable of handling a wide range of problems including ZLD and non-ZLD network, for both fixed load and fixed flowrate problems.

Mohamed Gamal Eldin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pilot scale study on the treatment of basal aquifer water using ultrafiltration reverse osmosis and evaporation crystallization to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge
    Journal of Environmental Management, 2016
    Co-Authors: Kavithaa Loganathan, Pamela Chelmeayala, Mohamed Gamal Eldin
    Abstract:

    Basal aquifer water is deep groundwater found at the bottom of geological formations, underlying bitumen-saturated sands. Some of the concerns associated with basal aquifer water at the Athabasca oil sands are the high concentrations of hardness-causing compounds, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The objective of this pilot-scale study was to treat basal aquifer water to a quality suitable for its reuse in the production of synthetic oil. To achieve Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) conditions, the treatment train included chemical oxidation, polymeric ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and evaporation-crystallization technologies. The results indicated that the UF unit was effective in removing solids, with UF filtrate turbidity averaging 2.0 NTU and silt density index averaging 0.9. Membrane autopsies indicated that iron was the primary foulant on the UF and RO membranes. Laboratory and pilot-scale tests on RO reject were conducted to determine the feasibility of ZLD crystallization. Due to the high amounts of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate in the RO reject, softening of the feed was required to avoid scaling in the evaporator. Crystals produced throughout the testing were mainly sodium chloride. The results of this study indicated that the ZLD approach was effective in both producing freshwater and minimizing brine Discharges.

  • treatment of basal water using a hybrid electrodialysis reversal reverse osmosis system combined with a low temperature crystallizer for near Zero Liquid Discharge
    Desalination, 2015
    Co-Authors: Kavithaa Loganathan, Pamela Chelmeayala, Mohamed Gamal Eldin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Basal aquifer water is saline groundwater that often needs to be dewatered prior to mining. The oil sands industry is seeking cost-effective methods to treat basal aquifer water in order to allow its recycle to the bitumen extraction process. A hybrid desalination system consisting of advanced electrodialysis reversal (EDR)–reverse osmosis (RO) combined with a low-temperature evaporator/crystallizer was assessed as an opportunity to treat basal aquifer water for a near-Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) approach. The pilot-scale plant had a capacity of 50 m3/day influent. Pretreatment through sedimentation and ultrafiltration proved to be effective in removing both suspended solids and turbidity. The hybrid EDR–RO desalination system achieved about 77% recoveries, with brine concentrations up to 125,000 mg/L. The results showed that the evaporator-crystallizer was able to concentrate the EDR–RO brine to a conductivity of just over 250 mS/cm, while producing additional freshwater. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that the hybrid EDR–RO system combined with a low-temperature evaporator/crystallizer was an effective near-Zero ZLD approach to produce freshwater and minimize brine Discharge when treating basal aquifer water.

Viviani C Onishi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • desalination of shale gas wastewater thermal and membrane applications for Zero Liquid Discharge
    2018
    Co-Authors: Viviani C Onishi, Eric S Fraga, Juan A Labarta, Jose A Caballero
    Abstract:

    Abstract Natural gas exploration from unconventional shale formations, known as “shale gas,” has recently arisen as an appealing energy supply to meet the increasing worldwide demand. During the last decade, development of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) technologies have allowed the cost-effective gas exploration from previously inaccessible shale deposits. In spite of optimistic expansion projections, natural gas production from tight shale formations has social and environmental implications mainly associated with the depletion of freshwater resources and polluting wastewater generation. In this context, the capability of desalination technologies to allow water recycling and/or water reuse is crucial for the shale gas industry. Advances in Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination processes for treating hypersaline shale gas wastewater can play a key role in the mitigation of public health and environmental impacts, and in the improvement of overall process sustainability. This chapter outlines the most promising thermal- and membrane-based alternatives for ZLD desalination of shale gas wastewater.

  • process optimization for Zero Liquid Discharge desalination of shale gas flowback water under uncertainty
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017
    Co-Authors: Viviani C Onishi, Eric S Fraga, Ruben Ruizfemenia, Raquel Salcedodiaz, Alba Carreroparreno, Juan A Reyeslabarta, Jose A Caballero
    Abstract:

    Sustainable and efficient desalination is required to treat the large amounts of high-salinity flowback water from shale gas extraction. Nevertheless, uncertainty associated with well data (including water flowrates and salinities) strongly hampers the process design task. In this work, we introduce a new optimization model for the synthesis of Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination systems under uncertainty. The desalination system is based on multiple-effect evaporation with mechanical vapor recompression (MEE-MVR). Our main objective is energy efficiency intensification through brine Discharge reduction, while accounting for distinct water feeding scenarios. For this purpose, we consider the outflow brine salinity near to salt saturation condition as a design constraint to achieve ZLD operation. In this innovative approach, uncertain parameters are mathematically modelled as a set of correlated scenarios with known probability of occurrence. The scenarios set is described by a multivariate normal distribution generated via a sampling technique with symmetric correlation matrix. The stochastic multiscenario non-linear programming (NLP) model is implemented in GAMS, and optimized by the minimization of the expected total annualized cost. An illustrative case study is carried out to evaluate the capabilities of the proposed new approach. Cumulative probability curves are constructed to assess the financial risk related to uncertain space for different standard deviations of expected mean values. Sensitivity analysis is performed to appraise optimal system performance for distinct brine salinity conditions. This methodology represents a useful tool to support decision-makers towards the selection of more robust and reliable ZLD desalination systems for the treatment of shale gas flowback water.

  • desalination of shale gas produced water a rigorous design approach for Zero Liquid Discharge evaporation systems
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017
    Co-Authors: Viviani C Onishi, Eric S Fraga, Alba Carreroparreno, Juan A Reyeslabarta, Jose A Caballero
    Abstract:

    Shale gas has recently emerged as a promising energy source to face the increasing global demand. This paper introduces a new rigorous optimization model for the simultaneous synthesis of single and multiple-effect evaporation (SEE/MEE) systems, considering mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) and energy recovery. The proposed model has been especially developed for the desalination of high-salinity produced water from shale gas hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”). Its main objective is to enhance the system energy efficiency through the reduction of brine Discharges. Therefore, the outflow brine salinity should be near to salt saturation conditions to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). The multiple-effect superstructure is comprised by several effects of horizontal-tube falling film evaporation. Due to the inclusion of the electric-driven mechanical compressor, no other external energy source is needed in the SEE/MEE system. A more accurate process design is attained through the calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficients in function of the individual coefficients for the falling boiling film and vapor condensation. Additionally, the SEE/MEE-MVR model allows the estimation of the major geometrical characteristics of the evaporation system. The non-linear programming (NLP)-based model is optimized using the CONOPT solver under GAMS by the minimization of the process total annualized cost. Thermal analysis is carried out to evaluate the effects of the feed salinity and geometrical parameters on system heat transfer performance. The results highlight the ability of the developed model to rigorously design SEE/MEE-MVR systems by improving their cost-effectively and reaching ZLD conditions.