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Mehmet Karasu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a rare type of suicide attempt in east turkey acute Zinc Phosphide poisoning
Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Mehmet Tahir Gokdemir, Halil Kaya, Ozgur Sogut, Murat Orak, Mehmet Ustundag, Mehmet KarasuAbstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to predict the clinic and demographic profile of patients who attempt suicide by poisoning with Zinc Phosphide. Material and Methods: All cases presenting to the ED from January 1 st 2009 to April 30 th 2011 due to Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All cases had taken the pharmaceutical product in an attempt to commit suicide. The average age of the cases was 25.4 years. Sixteen of the cases were female (76%), and five (24%) were male; all of the cases who died were female. In terms of marital status, 4 (19%) of the cases were single or unmarried. A total of 8 (38%) cases were unconscious and had low pH levels (<7.35), and 9 (43%) cases had signs of shock, such as hypotension and tachycardia. The average level of bicarbonate in the arterial blood gas of the cases was 23.20 mmol/L and the average amount of time (admission time) taken to bring the patients from the place where they were poisoned to the ED was 2.40 hours. According to the autopsy results of the dead patients, there were findings of liver congestion, liver necrosis, pancreatic edema and hemorrhagic points together with inflammation in the kidneys . Conclusion: Although it is a rare form of suicide attempt, the mortality rate for patients with Zinc Phosphide poisoning is high. Early resuscitation can have positive effects on morbidity and mortality. Patients who suffer from Zinc Phosphide poisoning must be monitored under intensive care conditions.
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A Rare Type of Suicide Attempt in East Turkey: Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning
Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Mehmet Tahir Gokdemir, Halil Kaya, Ozgur Sogut, Murat Orak, Mehmet Ustundag, Mehmet KarasuAbstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to predict the clinic and demographic profile of patients who attempt suicide by poisoning with Zinc Phosphide. Material and Methods: All cases presenting to the ED from January 1 st 2009 to April 30 th 2011 due to Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All cases had taken the pharmaceutical product in an attempt to commit suicide. The average age of the cases was 25.4 years. Sixteen of the cases were female (76%), and five (24%) were male; all of the cases who died were female. In terms of marital status, 4 (19%) of the cases were single or unmarried. A total of 8 (38%) cases were unconscious and had low pH levels (
Steve B. Orloff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy and nontarget impact of Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage as a ground squirrel management tool.
Pest management science, 2019Co-Authors: Roger A. Baldwin, Heather Halbritter, Ryan Meinerz, Laura K. Snell, Steve B. OrloffAbstract:BACKGROUND Effective management of ground squirrels relies on an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Rodenticides may be included in an IPM program, but they must be efficacious with minimal impact on nontarget species. A Zinc Phosphide-coated green bait may meet these requirements. We established a study in northeastern California to test Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage as a management tool for Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). We specifically addressed factors that would influence the efficacy of a baiting program, as well as potential exposure risk to nontarget species. RESULTS We found that prebaiting was an important application strategy, and efficacy increased as ground squirrel abundance increased. Efficacy was also greater in western portions of the study area, likely due to greater bait consumption at western sites. Belding's ground squirrels fed most heavily on cabbage during mid-morning and late afternoon; bait applications shortly before these time periods would increase bait consumption while minimizing nontarget risk. Bait uptake was greatest around burrow entrances. The only nontarget species observed feeding on cabbage was the California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus), although they were never observed feeding on treated cabbage. CONCLUSION Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage can be an efficacious tool for managing ground squirrels, but there will be limitations on where and how it can be used effectively. It posed a low risk to nontarget species present in our study area, but nontarget risk could vary regionally. The use of a Zinc Phosphide-coated green bait should only be one part of an IPM strategy for managing ground squirrels. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Zinc Phosphide-coated Cabbage for Managing Belding’s Ground Squirrels (Abstract)
Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 2018Co-Authors: Roger A. Baldwin, Benjamin G. Abbo, David A. Goldade, Heather Halbritter, Ryan Meinerz, Laura K. Snell, Steve B. OrloffAbstract:Author(s): Baldwin, Roger A.; Halbritter, Heather; Meinerz, Ryan; Snell, Laura K.; Abbo, Benjamin G.; Goldade, David A. A.; Orloff, Steve B. | Abstract: Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) cause extensive damage in alfalfa and other hay crops throughout substantial portions of the Intermountain West. Recent management efforts have largely focused on shooting, burrow fumigation, and occasionally grain baits. However, these tools are often either too costly to implement or ineffective. In 2015, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation approved a Special Local Needs permit to use Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage for managing Belding’s ground squirrels in Siskiyou, Modoc, and Lassen Counties. This baiting strategy could provide a cost effective and efficacious management approach, although efficacy data were lacking. Therefore, we established a study to assess the importance of spatial variability of location sites, prebaiting, and ground squirrel density on efficacy of Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage for Belding’s ground squirrel management across impacted hay-growing regions in northeastern CA. We also assessed potential differences in bait mixing strategies (in a tub via hand mixing vs. the use of a commercial-style cement mixer) on targeted Zinc Phosphide concentrations, as well as the degradation rate of Zinc Phosphide and moisture content of cabbage under environmental conditions. We did not detect a significant difference between hand and mechanical mixing. However, mechanical mixing was closer to the target level (mean = 101% vs. 115% for mechanical and hand mixing, respectively), was more precise, and allowed for the mixing of larger batches. As such, mechanical mixing was the strategy we used for field application. Furthermore, both moisture content (0.29% loss per hour) and Zinc Phosphide concentration (31% loss in 48 hours) steadily declined during a three-day observation period, indicating a fairly minimal window of exposure for nontarget species. See Baldwin et al. (2018) for additional details on lab testing of mixing methods and residual Zinc Phosphide levels associated with cabbage bait. During field trials, we found that prebaiting increased overall efficacy by approximately 18%, with efficacy 23% greater in the western (eastern Siskiyou and western Modoc Counties) vs. eastern portions (south-central Modoc County) of the study area. The tested bait was also substantially more efficacious when initial ground squirrel populations were larger, presumably due to a greater need for forage at high densities. Ground squirrel activity was relatively consistent throughout the day, although peaks were noted from 09:00 to 11:00 and from 13:00 to 15:00. Consumption of cabbage bait diminished throughout the day after initial application. Consumption was again high the following morning, but again diminished throughout the remainder of the day. Ideal times for bait application were likely before 09:00 and again before 13:00, although ground squirrels continued to feed on bait throughout the day. Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage bait appears to be an effective management option when prebaiting is used in Siskiyou County and in western portions of Modoc County. Additional research is needed to determine methods to increase efficacy in central and eastern Modoc County. See Baldwin et al. (2019) for additional details on this study.
Angela Leukers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy and attractiveness of Zinc Phosphide bait in common voles (Microtus arvalis)
Pest management science, 2009Co-Authors: Jens Jacob, Mechthild Budde, Angela LeukersAbstract:BACKGROUND: Minimising the concentration of active ingredient in rodenticide bait is desirable economically and for the protection of the agroecosystem. This study aimed to identify a Zinc Phosphide concentration that balances palatability and efficacy for common vole (Microtus arvalis Pall.) management and to compare the attractiveness of two bait carriers. RESULTS: Bait uptake of voles was reduced by 87–98% compared with plain bait when bait contained 0.4–3.2% Zinc Phosphide. There was an almost 50% decrease in the uptake of Zinc Phosphide when the Zinc Phosphide concentration of bait was doubled. Red dye used in commercially available bait decreased bait consumption by 10%. Daily consumption of Zinc Phosphide bait on days 2 to 5 was half the consumption on the first day of exposure. In bait choice tests, wheat kernels were preferred initially, but within 12 h similar amounts of wheat-based pellets and wheat kernels were eaten. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results from the laboratory trial, a Zinc Phosphide concentration of 2.1% seemed to balance uptake/efficacy best and may be most appropriate for the management of common vole populations. This concentration is substantially lower than the concentration used in many registered products. A reduced concentration of active ingredient and the use of pellet bait instead of wheat which is highly attractive for birds may have advantages for agroecosystem health when applying Zinc Phosphide for rodent control. © Jens Jacob, Mechthild Budde and Angela Leukers, employees of the Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Germany. Printed with permission.
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Preference of birds for Zinc Phosphide bait formulations.
Pest management science, 2007Co-Authors: Jens Jacob, Angela LeukersAbstract:BACKGROUND: Zinc Phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. The base for rodent baits containing Zinc Phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. In this study, wheat-based pellets of different shapes and colours without Zinc Phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica Temm. & Schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (Corvus monedula L., Corvus corone L., Pica pica L.) in the field. RESULTS: In aviaries, wheat was clearly preferred over other bait. In the field, some bait formulations were avoided by birds in certain conditions. However, no formulation was avoided consistently across species to lower the potential uptake of Zinc Phosphide below the LD50 for highly susceptible bird species (8 mg kg−1 body weight). The formulations that were not rapidly eaten by birds (blue granules, red lentil-shaped pellets) were not avoided consistently at low and high vegetative cover. CONCLUSIONS: The bait formulations tested may not considerably enhance the safety of birds when using Zinc Phosphide for rodent control. Field testing other combinations of bait colour and shape to minimise background contrast may result in bait with higher potential for bird protection. Copyright Jens Jacob and Angela Leukers, employees of the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Germany. Printed with permission
Mehmet Tahir Gokdemir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a rare type of suicide attempt in east turkey acute Zinc Phosphide poisoning
Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Mehmet Tahir Gokdemir, Halil Kaya, Ozgur Sogut, Murat Orak, Mehmet Ustundag, Mehmet KarasuAbstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to predict the clinic and demographic profile of patients who attempt suicide by poisoning with Zinc Phosphide. Material and Methods: All cases presenting to the ED from January 1 st 2009 to April 30 th 2011 due to Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All cases had taken the pharmaceutical product in an attempt to commit suicide. The average age of the cases was 25.4 years. Sixteen of the cases were female (76%), and five (24%) were male; all of the cases who died were female. In terms of marital status, 4 (19%) of the cases were single or unmarried. A total of 8 (38%) cases were unconscious and had low pH levels (<7.35), and 9 (43%) cases had signs of shock, such as hypotension and tachycardia. The average level of bicarbonate in the arterial blood gas of the cases was 23.20 mmol/L and the average amount of time (admission time) taken to bring the patients from the place where they were poisoned to the ED was 2.40 hours. According to the autopsy results of the dead patients, there were findings of liver congestion, liver necrosis, pancreatic edema and hemorrhagic points together with inflammation in the kidneys . Conclusion: Although it is a rare form of suicide attempt, the mortality rate for patients with Zinc Phosphide poisoning is high. Early resuscitation can have positive effects on morbidity and mortality. Patients who suffer from Zinc Phosphide poisoning must be monitored under intensive care conditions.
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A Rare Type of Suicide Attempt in East Turkey: Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning
Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Mehmet Tahir Gokdemir, Halil Kaya, Ozgur Sogut, Murat Orak, Mehmet Ustundag, Mehmet KarasuAbstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to predict the clinic and demographic profile of patients who attempt suicide by poisoning with Zinc Phosphide. Material and Methods: All cases presenting to the ED from January 1 st 2009 to April 30 th 2011 due to Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All cases had taken the pharmaceutical product in an attempt to commit suicide. The average age of the cases was 25.4 years. Sixteen of the cases were female (76%), and five (24%) were male; all of the cases who died were female. In terms of marital status, 4 (19%) of the cases were single or unmarried. A total of 8 (38%) cases were unconscious and had low pH levels (
Roger A. Baldwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy and nontarget impact of Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage as a ground squirrel management tool.
Pest management science, 2019Co-Authors: Roger A. Baldwin, Heather Halbritter, Ryan Meinerz, Laura K. Snell, Steve B. OrloffAbstract:BACKGROUND Effective management of ground squirrels relies on an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Rodenticides may be included in an IPM program, but they must be efficacious with minimal impact on nontarget species. A Zinc Phosphide-coated green bait may meet these requirements. We established a study in northeastern California to test Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage as a management tool for Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). We specifically addressed factors that would influence the efficacy of a baiting program, as well as potential exposure risk to nontarget species. RESULTS We found that prebaiting was an important application strategy, and efficacy increased as ground squirrel abundance increased. Efficacy was also greater in western portions of the study area, likely due to greater bait consumption at western sites. Belding's ground squirrels fed most heavily on cabbage during mid-morning and late afternoon; bait applications shortly before these time periods would increase bait consumption while minimizing nontarget risk. Bait uptake was greatest around burrow entrances. The only nontarget species observed feeding on cabbage was the California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus), although they were never observed feeding on treated cabbage. CONCLUSION Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage can be an efficacious tool for managing ground squirrels, but there will be limitations on where and how it can be used effectively. It posed a low risk to nontarget species present in our study area, but nontarget risk could vary regionally. The use of a Zinc Phosphide-coated green bait should only be one part of an IPM strategy for managing ground squirrels. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Comparison of mixing methods and associated residual levels of Zinc Phosphide on cabbage bait for rodent management
Crop Protection, 2018Co-Authors: Roger A. Baldwin, Benjamin G. Abbo, David A. GoldadeAbstract:Abstract Zinc Phosphide is a toxicant that is used extensively for rodent management throughout many parts of the world. Some rodent species, such as Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi Merriam, 1888), often avoid Zinc Phosphide grain baits, leaving green vegetation such as cabbage as the only viable carrier for rodenticides. However, to date, ambiguity has existed as to the most appropriate mixing strategy for Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage baits, and it is unknown how rapidly Zinc Phosphide degrades on these green carriers. Following laboratory and field-enclosure trials, we detected no significant difference in mean Zinc Phosphide concentrations or variability in Zinc Phosphide concentrations between mechanical and hand mixing strategies. However, the use of a mechanical mixer was determined to be the more practical option given that it is quicker and requires less effort for mixing large quantities of bait, it minimized worker exposure to phosphine, and because it yielded mean concentrations that were closer to target values. Both the moisture content of cabbage and Zinc Phosphide concentrations diminished over time, resulting in a fairly minimal window of exposure for non-target wildlife. Field investigation of this exposure risk, as well as an assessment of efficacy of Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage baits for Belding's ground squirrel management, are warranted.
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Zinc Phosphide-coated Cabbage for Managing Belding’s Ground Squirrels (Abstract)
Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 2018Co-Authors: Roger A. Baldwin, Benjamin G. Abbo, David A. Goldade, Heather Halbritter, Ryan Meinerz, Laura K. Snell, Steve B. OrloffAbstract:Author(s): Baldwin, Roger A.; Halbritter, Heather; Meinerz, Ryan; Snell, Laura K.; Abbo, Benjamin G.; Goldade, David A. A.; Orloff, Steve B. | Abstract: Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) cause extensive damage in alfalfa and other hay crops throughout substantial portions of the Intermountain West. Recent management efforts have largely focused on shooting, burrow fumigation, and occasionally grain baits. However, these tools are often either too costly to implement or ineffective. In 2015, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation approved a Special Local Needs permit to use Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage for managing Belding’s ground squirrels in Siskiyou, Modoc, and Lassen Counties. This baiting strategy could provide a cost effective and efficacious management approach, although efficacy data were lacking. Therefore, we established a study to assess the importance of spatial variability of location sites, prebaiting, and ground squirrel density on efficacy of Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage for Belding’s ground squirrel management across impacted hay-growing regions in northeastern CA. We also assessed potential differences in bait mixing strategies (in a tub via hand mixing vs. the use of a commercial-style cement mixer) on targeted Zinc Phosphide concentrations, as well as the degradation rate of Zinc Phosphide and moisture content of cabbage under environmental conditions. We did not detect a significant difference between hand and mechanical mixing. However, mechanical mixing was closer to the target level (mean = 101% vs. 115% for mechanical and hand mixing, respectively), was more precise, and allowed for the mixing of larger batches. As such, mechanical mixing was the strategy we used for field application. Furthermore, both moisture content (0.29% loss per hour) and Zinc Phosphide concentration (31% loss in 48 hours) steadily declined during a three-day observation period, indicating a fairly minimal window of exposure for nontarget species. See Baldwin et al. (2018) for additional details on lab testing of mixing methods and residual Zinc Phosphide levels associated with cabbage bait. During field trials, we found that prebaiting increased overall efficacy by approximately 18%, with efficacy 23% greater in the western (eastern Siskiyou and western Modoc Counties) vs. eastern portions (south-central Modoc County) of the study area. The tested bait was also substantially more efficacious when initial ground squirrel populations were larger, presumably due to a greater need for forage at high densities. Ground squirrel activity was relatively consistent throughout the day, although peaks were noted from 09:00 to 11:00 and from 13:00 to 15:00. Consumption of cabbage bait diminished throughout the day after initial application. Consumption was again high the following morning, but again diminished throughout the remainder of the day. Ideal times for bait application were likely before 09:00 and again before 13:00, although ground squirrels continued to feed on bait throughout the day. Zinc Phosphide-coated cabbage bait appears to be an effective management option when prebaiting is used in Siskiyou County and in western portions of Modoc County. Additional research is needed to determine methods to increase efficacy in central and eastern Modoc County. See Baldwin et al. (2019) for additional details on this study.
