The Experts below are selected from a list of 303 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Stephen Harris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Accumulation of anticoagulant Rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Environmental Pollution, 2009Co-Authors: Claire V. Dowding, Andrew Worgan, Philip J Baker, Richard F. Shore, Stephen HarrisAbstract:Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant Rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 Rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.
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Accumulation of anticoagulant Rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Environmental Pollution, 2009Co-Authors: Claire V. Dowding, Andrew Worgan, Philip J Baker, Richard F. Shore, Stephen HarrisAbstract:Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant Rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 Rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.
Robert H. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exposure of non target small mammals to Rodenticides short term effects recovery and implications for secondary poisoning
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: C. R. Brakes, Robert H. SmithAbstract:Summary 1Monitoring of exposure to pesticides in many countries shows extensive exposure of predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides, which are used to control rats. Many predators and scavengers are declining in numbers, and exposure to Rodenticides might therefore be of importance in conservation biology. 2Predators and scavengers of poisoned rats are at most risk of secondary poisoning. However, several predatory species of conservation concern rarely eat rats, implicating non-target small mammals as the major route of exposure. For the first time, this research investigated the importance of non-target small mammals as routes of exposure to Rodenticide for predators and scavengers in the UK. 3Exposure studies of non-target small mammals were carried out alongside routine rat control at five sites, around agricultural buildings (n = 2) and feed hoppers for game birds (n = 3). 4Three non-target rodent species fed on Rodenticide from bait boxes during routine rat control treatments. A large proportion (48·6%) of individuals in local populations ate the bait: woodmice Apodemus sylvaticus were most exposed, followed by bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus then field voles Microtus agrestis. 5Local populations of non-target small mammals declined significantly following rodenticidal rat control but their relative proportions did not change significantly. Populations recovered partially after 3 months, depending on the time of the year relative to the breeding cycle. 6Synthesis and applications. Our results clearly demonstrate that routine rat control reduced local populations of non-target small mammals. This may limit the food supply of some specialist predators. Most importantly, this demonstrates a significant route of exposure of predators and scavengers of small mammals to secondary poisoning. Rodenticides are applied on farms and game estates across the UK. Hence the results of this study are indicative of non-target Rodenticide exposure nationally. Mitigation requires a shift from the current reliance on Rodenticides to ecologically based rodent management, involving improvements in site management and the adoption of good farming practice.
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Exposure of non‐target small mammals to Rodenticides: short‐term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: C. R. Brakes, Robert H. SmithAbstract:Summary 1Monitoring of exposure to pesticides in many countries shows extensive exposure of predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides, which are used to control rats. Many predators and scavengers are declining in numbers, and exposure to Rodenticides might therefore be of importance in conservation biology. 2Predators and scavengers of poisoned rats are at most risk of secondary poisoning. However, several predatory species of conservation concern rarely eat rats, implicating non-target small mammals as the major route of exposure. For the first time, this research investigated the importance of non-target small mammals as routes of exposure to Rodenticide for predators and scavengers in the UK. 3Exposure studies of non-target small mammals were carried out alongside routine rat control at five sites, around agricultural buildings (n = 2) and feed hoppers for game birds (n = 3). 4Three non-target rodent species fed on Rodenticide from bait boxes during routine rat control treatments. A large proportion (48·6%) of individuals in local populations ate the bait: woodmice Apodemus sylvaticus were most exposed, followed by bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus then field voles Microtus agrestis. 5Local populations of non-target small mammals declined significantly following rodenticidal rat control but their relative proportions did not change significantly. Populations recovered partially after 3 months, depending on the time of the year relative to the breeding cycle. 6Synthesis and applications. Our results clearly demonstrate that routine rat control reduced local populations of non-target small mammals. This may limit the food supply of some specialist predators. Most importantly, this demonstrates a significant route of exposure of predators and scavengers of small mammals to secondary poisoning. Rodenticides are applied on farms and game estates across the UK. Hence the results of this study are indicative of non-target Rodenticide exposure nationally. Mitigation requires a shift from the current reliance on Rodenticides to ecologically based rodent management, involving improvements in site management and the adoption of good farming practice.
Claire V. Dowding - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Accumulation of anticoagulant Rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Environmental Pollution, 2009Co-Authors: Claire V. Dowding, Andrew Worgan, Philip J Baker, Richard F. Shore, Stephen HarrisAbstract:Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant Rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 Rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.
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Accumulation of anticoagulant Rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Environmental Pollution, 2009Co-Authors: Claire V. Dowding, Andrew Worgan, Philip J Baker, Richard F. Shore, Stephen HarrisAbstract:Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant Rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 Rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.
C. R. Brakes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exposure of non target small mammals to Rodenticides short term effects recovery and implications for secondary poisoning
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: C. R. Brakes, Robert H. SmithAbstract:Summary 1Monitoring of exposure to pesticides in many countries shows extensive exposure of predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides, which are used to control rats. Many predators and scavengers are declining in numbers, and exposure to Rodenticides might therefore be of importance in conservation biology. 2Predators and scavengers of poisoned rats are at most risk of secondary poisoning. However, several predatory species of conservation concern rarely eat rats, implicating non-target small mammals as the major route of exposure. For the first time, this research investigated the importance of non-target small mammals as routes of exposure to Rodenticide for predators and scavengers in the UK. 3Exposure studies of non-target small mammals were carried out alongside routine rat control at five sites, around agricultural buildings (n = 2) and feed hoppers for game birds (n = 3). 4Three non-target rodent species fed on Rodenticide from bait boxes during routine rat control treatments. A large proportion (48·6%) of individuals in local populations ate the bait: woodmice Apodemus sylvaticus were most exposed, followed by bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus then field voles Microtus agrestis. 5Local populations of non-target small mammals declined significantly following rodenticidal rat control but their relative proportions did not change significantly. Populations recovered partially after 3 months, depending on the time of the year relative to the breeding cycle. 6Synthesis and applications. Our results clearly demonstrate that routine rat control reduced local populations of non-target small mammals. This may limit the food supply of some specialist predators. Most importantly, this demonstrates a significant route of exposure of predators and scavengers of small mammals to secondary poisoning. Rodenticides are applied on farms and game estates across the UK. Hence the results of this study are indicative of non-target Rodenticide exposure nationally. Mitigation requires a shift from the current reliance on Rodenticides to ecologically based rodent management, involving improvements in site management and the adoption of good farming practice.
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Exposure of non‐target small mammals to Rodenticides: short‐term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: C. R. Brakes, Robert H. SmithAbstract:Summary 1Monitoring of exposure to pesticides in many countries shows extensive exposure of predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides, which are used to control rats. Many predators and scavengers are declining in numbers, and exposure to Rodenticides might therefore be of importance in conservation biology. 2Predators and scavengers of poisoned rats are at most risk of secondary poisoning. However, several predatory species of conservation concern rarely eat rats, implicating non-target small mammals as the major route of exposure. For the first time, this research investigated the importance of non-target small mammals as routes of exposure to Rodenticide for predators and scavengers in the UK. 3Exposure studies of non-target small mammals were carried out alongside routine rat control at five sites, around agricultural buildings (n = 2) and feed hoppers for game birds (n = 3). 4Three non-target rodent species fed on Rodenticide from bait boxes during routine rat control treatments. A large proportion (48·6%) of individuals in local populations ate the bait: woodmice Apodemus sylvaticus were most exposed, followed by bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus then field voles Microtus agrestis. 5Local populations of non-target small mammals declined significantly following rodenticidal rat control but their relative proportions did not change significantly. Populations recovered partially after 3 months, depending on the time of the year relative to the breeding cycle. 6Synthesis and applications. Our results clearly demonstrate that routine rat control reduced local populations of non-target small mammals. This may limit the food supply of some specialist predators. Most importantly, this demonstrates a significant route of exposure of predators and scavengers of small mammals to secondary poisoning. Rodenticides are applied on farms and game estates across the UK. Hence the results of this study are indicative of non-target Rodenticide exposure nationally. Mitigation requires a shift from the current reliance on Rodenticides to ecologically based rodent management, involving improvements in site management and the adoption of good farming practice.
Richard F. Shore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poisoning of reintroduced red kites (Milvus Milvus) in England
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2017Co-Authors: Fieke M. Molenaar, Richard F. Shore, Jenny E. Jaffe, Ian Carter, Elizabeth A. Barnett, J. Marcus Rowcliffe, Anthony W. SainsburyAbstract:Programmes to reintroduce predatory birds are resource intensive and expensive, yet there are few long-term studies on the health of these reintroduced birds following release. A total of 326 red kites ( Milvus milvus ) were released at four sites in England between 1989 and 2006 as part of efforts to reintroduce this species to England and Scotland, resulting in the establishment of several rapidly expanding populations in the wild. Detailed post-mortem examinations were carried out on 162 individuals found dead between 1989 and 2007, involving both released and wild-fledged birds. Toxicological analysis of one or more compounds was performed on 110 of the 162 birds. Poisoning was diagnosed in 32 of these 110 kites, 19 from second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides, 9 from other pesticides and 6 from lead. Criteria for diagnosing anticoagulant Rodenticide poisoning included visible haemorrhage on gross post-mortem examination and levels of anticoagulant Rodenticide exceeding 100 ng/g, but levels were elevated above 100 ng/g in a further eight red kites without visible haemorrhages, suggesting poisoning may have occurred in more birds. The anticoagulant Rodenticides difenacoum and bromadiolone were the most common vertebrate control agents involved during this period. Poisoning of red kites may be slowing their rate of population recovery and range expansion in England. Simple modifications of human activity, such as best practice in rodent control campaigns, tackling the illegal use of pesticides and the use of non-toxic alternatives to lead ammunition, can reduce our impact on red kites and probably other populations of predatory and scavenging species.
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Accumulation of anticoagulant Rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Environmental Pollution, 2009Co-Authors: Claire V. Dowding, Andrew Worgan, Philip J Baker, Richard F. Shore, Stephen HarrisAbstract:Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant Rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 Rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.
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Accumulation of anticoagulant Rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Environmental Pollution, 2009Co-Authors: Claire V. Dowding, Andrew Worgan, Philip J Baker, Richard F. Shore, Stephen HarrisAbstract:Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant Rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 Rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant Rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.
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Second-generation Rodenticides and polecats (Mustela putorius) in Britain
Environmental pollution (Barking Essex : 1987), 1996Co-Authors: Richard F. Shore, J.d.s. Birks, P. Freestone, Andrew C. KitchenerAbstract:In Britain, polecats Mustela putorius hunt around farm buildings, especially in winter, and, as a result, may be secondarily exposed to Rodenticides by eating contaminated prey. This paper reports the first survey of second-generation Rodenticides in polecats. Twenty-nine adult polecats which had been killed either accidentally on roads (24) and in traps (4), or had died of an unknown cause (1) were collected during 1992–1994. The livers of 24 animals and the stomach walls of the remaining five, for which the livers were not available, were analysed for difenacoum, bromadiolone, brodifacoum and flocoumafen. In total, Rodenticide residues were detected in 31% of the polecats analysed. Residues were found in seven of the 24 livers (29%) and in two of the five stomachs analysed (40%). Difenacoum was detected most frequently (28% of animals), and was the only Rodenticide in the stomach, while bromadiolone and brodifacoum were detected in only 10% and 3% of polecats, respectively. Flocoumafen was not detected in any animals. More than one Rodenticide occurred in the livers of two animals; one contained difenacoum and bromadiolone, the other also contained brodifacoum. There was no sex bias in the proportion of animals containing Rodenticides. Animals with detectable residues came from more than one county and were collected only during January–April in each year.
