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Richard A. Bryant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Current Evidence for Acute Stress Disorder.
Current Psychiatry Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Richard A. BryantAbstract:The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the current evidence pertaining to the course of Acute and chronic posttraumatic Stress, the diagnosis of Acute Stress disorder (ASD), and treatment of Acute Stress disorder and prevention of posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). Although Acute Stress disorder was introduced partly to predict subsequent PTSD, longitudinal studies indicate that ASD is not an accurate predictor of PTSD. Recent analytic approaches adopting latent growth mixture modeling have shown that trauma-exposed people tend to follow one of four trajectories: (a) resilient, (b) worsening, (c) recovery, and (d) chronically diStressed. The complexity of the course of posttraumatic Stress limits the capacity of the ASD diagnosis to predict subsequent PTSD. Current evidence indicates that the treatment of choice for ASD is trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy, and this intervention results in reduced chronic PTSD severity. Recent attempts to limit subsequent PTSD by early provision of pharmacological interventions have been promising, especially administration of corticosterone to modulate glucocorticoid levels. Although the ASD diagnosis does not accurately predict chronic PTSD, it describes recently trauma-exposed people with severe diStress. Provision of CBT in the Acute phase is the best available strategy to limit subsequent PTSD.
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Acute Stress disorder
Current opinion in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Richard A. BryantAbstract:Acute Stress disorder (ASD) was introduced in DSM-IV to describe posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms that (a) occur in the initial month after trauma and (b) predict subsequent PTSD. Longitudinal studies have shown that most people who develop PTSD do not initially meet ASD criteria, which led to the decision in DSM-5 to limit the ASD diagnosis to describing Acute Stress reactions without any predictive function. Controlled trials have shown that trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for ASD, and is superior to pharmacological interventions. Recent longitudinal studies have challenged previous conceptualizations of the course of posttraumatic Stress, and highlighted that people follow different trajectories of adaptation that are influenced by events that occur after the Acute posttraumatic period.
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The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology - Acute Stress disorder
Current Opinion in Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Richard A. BryantAbstract:Acute Stress disorder (ASD) was introduced in DSM-IV to describe posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms that (a) occur in the initial month after trauma and (b) predict subsequent PTSD. Longitudinal studies have shown that most people who develop PTSD do not initially meet ASD criteria, which led to the decision in DSM-5 to limit the ASD diagnosis to describing Acute Stress reactions without any predictive function. Controlled trials have shown that trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for ASD, and is superior to pharmacological interventions. Recent longitudinal studies have challenged previous conceptualizations of the course of posttraumatic Stress, and highlighted that people follow different trajectories of adaptation that are influenced by events that occur after the Acute posttraumatic period.
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Acute Stress disorder
The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Anne Malaktaris, Richard A. Bryant, Richard J Mcnally, Steven Jay LynnAbstract:Acute Stress disorder (ASD) first appeared in the DSM-IV as a diagnosis describing Acute Stress reactions occurring within a month following exposure to trauma. In response to accumulating evidence, DSM-5 no longer places the same emphasis on dissociative symptoms, and does not require a specific number of any cluster of symptoms for a diagnosis of ASD. Instead, it requires the presence of 9 of any of 14 potential symptoms of ASD, and prohibits the diagnosis until 3 days have elapsed post trauma. Although ASD predicts the onset of posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), relative to trauma-exposed people who do not develop ASD, most individuals with PTSD do not meet ASD diagnostic criteria prior to the diagnosis of PTSD. Accordingly, the DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD intends to describe severe Acute reactions rather than predict subsequent PTSD. Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces the rate of subsequent PTSD in individuals with ASD. Keywords: psychology of Stress; psychopathology; post-traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD)
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New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry - Acute Stress reactions
New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Anke Ehlers, Allison G. Harvey, Richard A. BryantAbstract:Exceptionally Stressful life events can cause severe psychological symptoms, including anxiety, feelings of derealization and depersonalization, and hyperarousal. In one of the first studies to comprehensively document Acute reactions to extreme Stress, Lindemann observed that the symptoms reported by survivors of the Coconut Grove Fire included avoidance, re-experiencing scenes from the fire, reports of derealization, and the experience of anxiety when exposed to reminders of the event. Similarly, Acute responses reported by soldiers who fought in the First and Second World Wars included re-experiencing symptoms and dissociative responses such as numbing, amnesia, and depersonalization. The International Classification of Diseases has recognized Acute Stress reactions since 1948 (ICD-6). In the most recent edition (ICD-10), early reactions to exceptionally Stressful life events are diagnosed as Acute Stress reaction, one of the diagnoses in the section headed ‘reactions to severe Stress, and adjustment disorders’. The diagnoses of Acute Stress reactions in ICD-10 and of Acute Stress disorder in DSM-IV have similarities in that they are caused by extreme Stress and have some overlap in symptom patterns. They can be considered as two separate points on a continuum from transient to more enduring symptoms. However, there are also differences in the underlying concepts, as we will discuss in this chapter.
David Spiegel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Review of Acute Stress Disorder in DSM-5
FOCUS, 2011Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, David Spiegel, Robert J. Ursano, Matthew J. Friedman, James J. StrainAbstract:Acute Stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into DSM-IV to describe Acute Stress reactions (ASRs) that occur in the initial month after exposure to a traumatic event and before the possibility of diagnosing posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), and to identify trauma survivors in the Acute phase who are high risk for PTSD. This review considers ASD in relation to other diagnostic approaches to Acute Stress responses, critiques the evidence of the predictive power of ASD, and discusses ASD in relation to Adjustment Disorder. The evidence suggests that ASD does not adequately identify most people who develop PTSD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary considerations to be considered for DSM-5. It is proposed that ASD be limited to describing severe ASRs (that are not necessarily precursors of PTSD). The evidence suggests that the current emphasis on dissociation may be overly restrictive and does not recognize the heterogeneity of early posttraumatic Stress responses. It is proposed that A...
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A review of Acute Stress disorder in DSM-5.
Depression and Anxiety, 2010Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, David Spiegel, Robert J. Ursano, Matthew J. Friedman, James J. StrainAbstract:Acute Stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into DSM-IV to describe Acute Stress reactions (ASRs) that occur in the initial month after exposure to a traumatic event and before the possibility of diagnosing posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), and to identify trauma survivors in the Acute phase who are high risk for PTSD. This review considers ASD in relation to other diagnostic approaches to Acute Stress responses, critiques the evidence of the predictive power of ASD, and discusses ASD in relation to Adjustment Disorder. The evidence suggests that ASD does not adequately identify most people who develop PTSD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary considerations to be considered for DSM-5. It is proposed that ASD be limited to describing severe ASRs (that are not necessarily precursors of PTSD). The evidence suggests that the current emphasis on dissociation may be overly restrictive and does not recognize the heterogeneity of early posttraumatic Stress responses. It is proposed that ASD may be better conceptualized as the severity of Acute Stress responses that does not require specific clusters to be present.
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Acute Stress reactions following the assassination of Mexican presidential candidate Colosio
Journal of traumatic stress, 2002Co-Authors: José R. Maldonado, Cheryl Koopman, Kathy Page, Lisa D. Butler, Heather Stein, David SpiegelAbstract:Considerable evidence suggests that exposure to traumatic events increases the risk of developing anxiety-spectrum disorders in response to later traumatization. We conducted a survey in Guadalajara, Mexico to assess factors associated with Acute Stress reactions to the assassination of a political figure. Participants included 86 adults who completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) and measures of the perceived impact of the assassination, exhibited emotional behavior following the assassination, and had exposure to a specific prior disaster (a gas pipeline explosion). The results suggest that Acute Stress reactions can occur in response to an assassination, and that those most susceptible are those most emotionally invested, those who engage in emotional behavioral responses, and those whose lives have been affected by a previous potentially traumatic event.
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Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of Acute Stress
Journal of traumatic stress, 2000Co-Authors: Etzel Cardeña, Cheryl Koopman, Catherine C. Classen, Lynn C. Waelde, David SpiegelAbstract:A reliable and valid measure is needed for assessing the psychological symptoms experienced in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Previous research suggests that trauma victims typically experience dissociative, anxiety and other symptoms, during or shortly after a traumatic event. Although some of these symptoms may protect the trauma victim from pain, they may also lead to Acute Stress, posttraumatic Stress, or other disorders. The Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) was developed to evaluate anxiety and dissociation symptoms in the aftermath of traumatic events, following DSM-IV criteria for Acute Stress disorder. We present data from multiple datasets and analyses supporting the reliability and construct, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the SASRQ.
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A review of Acute Stress reactions among victims of violence
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1999Co-Authors: Cheryl Gore-felton, Cheryl Koopman, Michele Gill, David SpiegelAbstract:This article reviews research pertaining to the psychological trauma occurring in the immediate aftermath of interpersonal violence. The literature surveyed includes studies of victims and observers of various forms of interpersonal violence: rape, threats by a patient, legal execution, terrorist attack, ambush, and assassination, mass shootings, and other forms of homicide. The empirical evidence indicates that individuals commonly experience disruptive psychological symptoms immediately following violence. Further, there is evidence that Acute Stress reactions can lead to posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). The limited amount of research conducted on treatment interventions on Acute Stress reactions to violence indicates that there is not one best intervention. However, the high prevalence of Acute Stress reactions among victims immediately following interpersonal violence, coupled with evidence that Acute Stress symptoms predict PTSD, underscore the importance of providing early intervention to victims of interpersonal violence.
Cheryl Koopman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acute Stress reactions following the assassination of Mexican presidential candidate Colosio
Journal of traumatic stress, 2002Co-Authors: José R. Maldonado, Cheryl Koopman, Kathy Page, Lisa D. Butler, Heather Stein, David SpiegelAbstract:Considerable evidence suggests that exposure to traumatic events increases the risk of developing anxiety-spectrum disorders in response to later traumatization. We conducted a survey in Guadalajara, Mexico to assess factors associated with Acute Stress reactions to the assassination of a political figure. Participants included 86 adults who completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) and measures of the perceived impact of the assassination, exhibited emotional behavior following the assassination, and had exposure to a specific prior disaster (a gas pipeline explosion). The results suggest that Acute Stress reactions can occur in response to an assassination, and that those most susceptible are those most emotionally invested, those who engage in emotional behavioral responses, and those whose lives have been affected by a previous potentially traumatic event.
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Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of Acute Stress
Journal of traumatic stress, 2000Co-Authors: Etzel Cardeña, Cheryl Koopman, Catherine C. Classen, Lynn C. Waelde, David SpiegelAbstract:A reliable and valid measure is needed for assessing the psychological symptoms experienced in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Previous research suggests that trauma victims typically experience dissociative, anxiety and other symptoms, during or shortly after a traumatic event. Although some of these symptoms may protect the trauma victim from pain, they may also lead to Acute Stress, posttraumatic Stress, or other disorders. The Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) was developed to evaluate anxiety and dissociation symptoms in the aftermath of traumatic events, following DSM-IV criteria for Acute Stress disorder. We present data from multiple datasets and analyses supporting the reliability and construct, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the SASRQ.
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A review of Acute Stress reactions among victims of violence
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1999Co-Authors: Cheryl Gore-felton, Cheryl Koopman, Michele Gill, David SpiegelAbstract:This article reviews research pertaining to the psychological trauma occurring in the immediate aftermath of interpersonal violence. The literature surveyed includes studies of victims and observers of various forms of interpersonal violence: rape, threats by a patient, legal execution, terrorist attack, ambush, and assassination, mass shootings, and other forms of homicide. The empirical evidence indicates that individuals commonly experience disruptive psychological symptoms immediately following violence. Further, there is evidence that Acute Stress reactions can lead to posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). The limited amount of research conducted on treatment interventions on Acute Stress reactions to violence indicates that there is not one best intervention. However, the high prevalence of Acute Stress reactions among victims immediately following interpersonal violence, coupled with evidence that Acute Stress symptoms predict PTSD, underscore the importance of providing early intervention to victims of interpersonal violence.
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Acute Stress Disorder as a Predictor of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
American Journal of Psychiatry, 1998Co-Authors: Catherine C. Classen, Cheryl Koopman, Robert E. Hales, David SpiegelAbstract:Objective: Using the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress disorder, the authors examined whether the Acute psychological effects of being a bystander to violence involving mass shootings in an office building predicted later posttraumatic Stress symptoms. Method: The participants in this study were 36 employees working in an office building where a gunman shot 14 persons (eight fatally). The Acute Stress symptoms were assessed within 8 days of the event, and posttraumatic Stress symptoms of 32 employees were assessed 7 to 10 months later. Results: According to the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, 12 (33%) of the employees met criteria for the diagnosis of Acute Stress disorder. Acute Stress symptoms were found to be an excellent predictor of the subjects’ posttraumatic Stress symptoms 7‐10 months after the traumatic event. Conclusions: These results suggest not only that being a bystander to violence is highly Stressful in the short run, but that Acute Stress reactions to such an event further predict later posttraumatic Stress symptoms. (Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:620‐624)
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Acute Stress Disorder Following Diagnosis of Cancer
International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 1998Co-Authors: Elizabeth L. Mcgarvey, Cheryl Koopman, Randolph J. Canterbury, Gail J. Clavet, Roger Cohen, Kimberly Largay, David SpiegelAbstract:We conducted a study to examine prevalence, predictors, and concomitants of Acute Stress disorder (ASD) following diagnosis of cancer among 89 patients. In addition to other measures, each participant completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ). One-third (33%) of the sample met all ASD symptom criteria. Significantly more women than men met criteria for ASD. For women, predictors for ASD symptoms included being of a younger age, having no prior life-threatening illness, perceiving less social support from friends, and reporting less satisfaction with how the diagnosis got communicated to them. A statistical trend was evident between higher religious/spiritual commitment and fewer ASD symptoms. For men, no factors were significantly related to ASD symptoms. Overall among cancer patients, those who met symptom criteria for ASD reported significantly more impulsive spending, desire to run away to avoid contact with people, giving away personal belongings, thinking about suicide, and forgetting medical information following cancer diagnosis than did cancer patients who did not meet criteria for ASD.
Anthony G. Phillips - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acute Stress impairs set-shifting but not reversal learning
Behavioural brain research, 2013Co-Authors: K.a. Butts, Stan B. Floresco, Anthony G. PhillipsAbstract:The ability to update and modify previously learned behavioral responses in a changing environment is essential for successful utilization of promising opportunities and for coping with adverse events. Valid models of cognitive flexibility that contribute to behavioral flexibility include set-shifting and reversal learning. One immediate effect of Acute Stress is the selective impairment of performance on higher-order cognitive control tasks mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) but not the hippocampus. Previous studies show that the mPFC is required for set-shifting but not for reversal learning, therefore the aim of the present experiment is to assess whether exposure to Acute Stress (15 min of mild tail-pinch Stress) given immediately before testing on either a set-shifting or reversal learning tasks would impair performance selectively on the set-shifting task. An automated operant chamber-based task, confirmed that exposure to Acute Stress significantly disrupts set-shifting but has no effect on reversal learning. Rats exposed to an Acute Stressor require significantly more trials to reach criterion and make significantly more perseverative errors. Thus, these data reveal that an immediate effect of Acute Stress is to impair mPFC-dependent cognition selectively by disrupting the ability to inhibit the use of a previously relevant cognitive strategy.
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hippocampal long term depression mediates Acute Stress induced spatial memory retrieval impairment
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007Co-Authors: Tak Pan Wong, Anthony G. Phillips, John G Howland, Julie M Robillard, Andrea K Titterness, Karen Brebner, Lidong Liu, Joanne Weinberg, Brian R Christie, Yu Tian WangAbstract:Acute Stress impairs memory retrieval and facilitates the induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region of the adult rodent brain. However, whether such alterations in synaptic plasticity cause the behavioral effects of Stress is not known. Here, we report that two selective inhibitors of the induction or expression of Stress-enabled, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent hippocampal LTD also block spatial memory retrieval impairments caused by Acute Stress. Additionally, we demonstrate that facilitating the induction of hippocampal LTD in vivo by blockade of glutamate transport mimics the behavioral effects of Acute Stress by impairing spatial memory retrieval. Thus, the present study demonstrates that hippocampal LTD is both necessary and sufficient to cause Acute Stress-induced impairment of spatial memory retrieval and provides a new perspective from which to consider the nature of cognitive deficits in disorders whose symptoms are aggravated by Stress.
Rachel M. Guthrie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Treating Acute Stress Disorder Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Rachel M. Guthrie, Michelle L. Moulds, Reginald D. V. NixonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Acute Stress disorder permits early identification of trauma survivors who are at risk of developing chronic posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to prevent PTSD in people who developed Acute Stress disorder after a mild brain injury by early provision of cognitive behavior therapy. METHOD: Twenty-four civilian trauma survivors with Acute Stress disorder were given five individually administered sessions of either cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling within 2 weeks of their trauma. RESULTS: Fewer patients receiving cognitive behavior therapy than supportive counseling met criteria for PTSD at a posttreatment evaluation (8% versus 58%, respectively). There were also fewer cases of PTSD at a 6-month follow-up evaluation among those receiving cognitive behavior therapy (17%) than among those receiving supportive counseling (58%). Patients in the cognitive behavior therapy condition displayed less reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms at the follow-up evaluation tha...
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Hypnotizability in Acute Stress Disorder
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Rachel M. Guthrie, Michelle L. MouldsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationship between Acute dissociative reactions to trauma and hypnotizability. METHOD: Acutely traumatized patients (N=61) with Acute Stress disorder, subclinical Acute Stress disorder (no dissociative symptoms), and no Acute Stress disorder were administered the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale within 4 weeks of their trauma. RESULTS: Although patients with Acute Stress disorder and patients with subclinical Acute Stress disorder displayed comparable levels of nondissociative psychopathology, Acute Stress disorder patients had higher levels of hypnotizability and were more likely to display reversible posthypnotic amnesia than both patients with subclinical Acute Stress disorder and patients with no Acute Stress disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The findings may be interpreted in light of a diathesis-Stress process mediating trauma-related dissociation. People who develop Acute Stress disorder in response to traumatic experience may have a stronger ability to experience diss...
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Acute Stress Disorder Scale : A self-report measure of Acute Stress disorder
Psychological Assessment, 2000Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Michelle L. Moulds, Rachel M. GuthrieAbstract:The Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) is a self-report inventory that (a) indexes Acute Stress disorder (ASD) and (b) predicts posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). The ASDS is a 19-item inventory that is based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria. The ASDS possessed good sensitivity (95%) and specificity (83%) for identifying ASD against the ASD Interview on 99 civilian trauma survivors. Test-retest reliability of the ASDS scores between 2 and 7 days was strong (r = .94). The ASDS predicted 91% of bushfire survivors who developed PTSD and 93% of those who did not; one third of those identified by the ASDS as being at risk did not develop PTSD, however. The ASDS shows promise as a screening instrument to identify Acutely traumatized individuals who warrant more thorough assessment for risk of PTSD.
