The Experts below are selected from a list of 10272 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Liam Keegan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ADAR rna editing in innate immune response phasing in circadian clocks and in sleep
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2019Co-Authors: Ketty Sinigaglia, Dagmara M. Wiatrek, Anzer Khan, David Michalik, Nagraj Sambrani, Jiří Sedmík, Dragana Vukic, Mary A Oconnell, Liam KeeganAbstract:Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in dsRNA. ADAR editing in pre-mRNAs recodes open reading frames and alters splicing, mRNA structure and interactions with miRNAs. Here, we review ADAR gene expression, splice forms, posttranslational modifications, subcellular localizations and functions of ADAR protein isoforms. ADAR1 edits cellular dsRNA to prevent aberrant activation of cytoplasmic antiviral dsRNA sensors; ADAR1 mutations lead to aberrant expression of interferon in Aicardi Goutieres syndrome (AGS), a human congenital encephalopathy. We review related studies on mouse ADAR1 mutant phenotypes, their rescues by preventing signaling from the antiviral RIG-I-like Sensors (RLRs), as well as ADAR1 mechanisms in innate immune suppression and other roles of ADAR1, including editing-independent effects. ADAR2, expressed primarily in CNS, edits glutamate receptor transcripts; regulation of ADAR2 activity in response to neuronal activity mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity of vertebrate AMPA and kainite receptors. In Drosophila, synapses and synaptic proteins show dramatic decreases at night during sleep; Drosophila ADAR, an orthologue of ADAR2, edits hundreds of mRNAs; the most conserved editing events occur in transcripts encoding synapse-associated proteins. ADAR mutant flies exhibit locomotion defects associated with very increased sleep pressure resulting from a failure of homeostatic synaptic processes. A study on ADAR2 mutant mice identifies a new role in circadian rhythms, acting indirectly through miRNAs such as let-7 to modulate levels of let-7 target mRNAs; ADAR1 also regulates let-7 miRNA processing. Drosophila ADAR, an orthologue of vertebrate ADAR2, also regulates let-7 miRNA levels and ADAR mutant flies have a circadian mutant phenotype.
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ADAR RNA editing in innate immune response phasing, in circadian clocks and in sleep.
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms, 2018Co-Authors: Ketty Sinigaglia, Dagmara M. Wiatrek, Anzer Khan, David Michalik, Nagraj Sambrani, Jiří Sedmík, Dragana Vukić, Mary A. O’connell, Liam KeeganAbstract:Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in dsRNA. ADAR editing in pre-mRNAs recodes open reading frames and alters splicing, mRNA structure and interactions with miRNAs. Here, we review ADAR gene expression, splice forms, posttranslational modifications, subcellular localizations and functions of ADAR protein isoforms. ADAR1 edits cellular dsRNA to prevent aberrant activation of cytoplasmic antiviral dsRNA sensors; ADAR1 mutations lead to aberrant expression of interferon in Aicardi Goutières syndrome (AGS), a human congenital encephalopathy. We review related studies on mouse ADAR1 mutant phenotypes, their rescues by preventing signaling from the antiviral RIG-I-like Sensors (RLRs), as well as ADAR1 mechanisms in innate immune suppression and other roles of ADAR1, including editing-independent effects. ADAR2, expressed primarily in CNS, edits glutamate receptor transcripts; regulation of ADAR2 activity in response to neuronal activity mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity of vertebrate AMPA and kainite receptors. In Drosophila, synapses and synaptic proteins show dramatic decreases at night during sleep; Drosophila ADAR, an orthologue of ADAR2, edits hundreds of mRNAs; the most conserved editing events occur in transcripts encoding synapse-associated proteins. ADAR mutant flies exhibit locomotion defects associated with very increased sleep pressure resulting from a failure of homeostatic synaptic processes. A study on ADAR2 mutant mice identifies a new role in circadian rhythms, acting indirectly through miRNAs such as let-7 to modulate levels of let-7 target mRNAs; ADAR1 also regulates let-7 miRNA processing. Drosophila ADAR, an orthologue of vertebrate ADAR2, also regulates let-7 miRNA levels and ADAR mutant flies have a circadian mutant phenotype.
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ADAR rna editing in human disease more to it than meets the i
Human Genetics, 2017Co-Authors: Angela Gallo, Dragana Vukic, David Michalik, Mary A Oconnell, Liam KeeganAbstract:We review the structures and functions of ADARs and their involvements in human diseases. ADAR1 is widely expressed, particularly in the myeloid component of the blood system, and plays a prominent role in promiscuous editing of long dsRNA. Missense mutations that change ADAR1 residues and reduce RNA editing activity cause Aicardi–Goutieres Syndrome, a childhood encephalitis and interferonopathy that mimics viral infection and resembles an extreme form of Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus (SLE). In ADAR1 mouse mutant models aberrant interferon expression is prevented by eliminating interferon activation signaling from cytoplasmic dsRNA sensors, indicating that unedited cytoplasmic dsRNA drives the immune induction. On the other hand, upregulation of ADAR1 with widespread promiscuous RNA editing is a prominent feature of many cancers and particular site-specific RNA editing events are also affected. ADAR2 is most highly expressed in brain and is primarily required for site-specific editing of CNS transcripts; recent findings indicate that ADAR2 editing is regulated by neuronal excitation for synaptic scaling of glutamate receptors. ADAR2 is also linked to the circadian clock and to sleep. Mutations in ADAR2 could contribute to excitability syndromes such as epilepsy, to seizures, to diseases involving neuronal plasticity defects, such as autism and Fragile-X Syndrome, to neurodegenerations such as ALS, or to astrocytomas or glioblastomas in which reduced ADAR2 activity is required for oncogenic cell behavior. The range of human disease associated with ADAR1 mutations may extend further to include other inflammatory conditions while ADAR2 mutations may affect psychiatric conditions.
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ADAR RNA editing below the backbone
RNA (New York N.Y.), 2017Co-Authors: Liam Keegan, Anzer Khan, Dragana Vukić, Mary A. O’connellAbstract:ADAR RNA editing enzymes (adenosine deaminases acting on RNA) that convert adenosine bases to inosines were first identified biochemically 30 years ago. Since then, studies on ADARs in genetic model organisms, and evolutionary comparisons between them, continue to reveal a surprising range of pleiotropic biological effects of ADARs. This review focuses on Drosophila melanogaster, which has a single ADAR gene encoding a homolog of vertebrate ADAR2 that site-specifically edits hundreds of transcripts to change individual codons in ion channel subunits and membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. Drosophila ADAR is involved in the control of neuronal excitability and neurodegeneration and, intriguingly, in the control of neuronal plasticity and sleep. Drosophila ADAR also interacts strongly with RNA interference, a key antiviral defense mechanism in invertebrates. Recent crystal structures of human ADAR2 deaminase domain-RNA complexes help to interpret available information on Drosophila ADAR isoforms and on the evolution of ADARs from tRNA deaminase ADAT proteins. ADAR RNA editing is a paradigm for the now rapidly expanding range of RNA modifications in mRNAs and ncRNAs. Even with recent progress, much remains to be understood about these groundbreaking ADAR RNA modification systems.
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New Insights into the Biological Role of Mammalian ADARs; the RNA Editing Proteins
Biomolecules, 2015Co-Authors: Niamh Mannion, Liam Keegan, Fabiana Arieti, Angela Gallo, Mary A. O’connellAbstract:The ADAR proteins deaminate adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA which is one of the most abundant modifications present in mammalian RNA. Inosine can have a profound effect on the RNAs that are edited, not only changing the base-pairing properties, but can also result in recoding, as inosine behaves as if it were guanosine. In mammals there are three ADAR proteins and two ADAR-related proteins (ADAD) expressed. All have a very similar modular structure; however, both their expression and biological function differ significantly. Only two of the ADAR proteins have enzymatic activity. However, both ADAR and ADAD proteins possess the ability to bind double-strand RNA. Mutations in ADARs have been associated with many diseases ranging from cancer, innate immunity to neurological disorders. Here, we will discuss in detail the domain structure of mammalian ADARs, the effects of RNA editing, and the role of ADARs in human diseases.
Mary A. O'connell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The ADAR RNA editing enzyme controls neuronal excitability in Drosophila melanogaster
Nucleic Acids Research, 2013Co-Authors: Xianghua Li, Ian M. Overton, Richard A. Baines, Liam Keegan, Mary A. O'connellAbstract:RNA editing by deamination of specific adenosine bases to inosines during pre-mRNA processing generates edited isoforms of proteins. Recoding RNA editing is more widespread in Drosophila than in vertebrates. Editing levels rise strongly at metamorphosis, and ADAR(5G1) null mutant flies lack editing events in hundreds of CNS transcripts; mutant flies have reduced viability, severely defective locomotion and age-dependent neurodegeneration. On the other hand, overexpressing an adult dADAR isoform with high enzymatic activity ubiquitously during larval and pupal stages is lethal. Advantage was taken of this to screen for genetic modifiers; ADAR overexpression lethality is rescued by reduced dosage of the Rdl (Resistant to dieldrin), gene encoding a subunit of inhibitory GABA receptors. Reduced dosage of the Gad1 gene encoding the GABA synthetase also rescues ADAR overexpression lethality. Drosophila ADAR(5G1) mutant phenotypes are ameliorated by feeding GABA modulators. We demonstrate that neuronal excitability is linked to dADAR expression levels in individual neurons; ADAR-overexpressing larval motor neurons show reduced excitability whereas ADAR(5G1) null mutant or targeted ADAR knockdown motor neurons exhibit increased excitability. GABA inhibitory signalling is impaired in human epileptic and autistic conditions, and vertebrate ADARs may have a relevant evolutionarily conserved control over neuronal excitability.
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Solution structure of the N-terminal dsRBD of Drosophila ADAR and interaction studies with RNA
Biochimie, 2011Co-Authors: Pierre Barraud, Mary A. O'connell, Bret S. E. Heale, Frédéric H.-t. AllainAbstract:Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADAR) catalyze adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates. Inosine is read as guanosine by the translation machinery; therefore A-to-I editing events in coding sequences may result in recoding genetic information. Whereas vertebrates have two catalytically active enzymes, namely ADAR1 and ADAR2, Drosophila has a single ADAR protein (dADAR) related to ADAR2. The structural determinants controlling substrate recognition and editing of a specific adenosine within dsRNA substrates are only partially understood. Here, we report the solution structure of the N-terminal dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD) of dADAR and use NMR chemical shift perturbations to identify the protein surface involved in RNA binding. Additionally, we show that Drosophila ADAR edits the R/G site in the mammalian GluR-2 pre-mRNA which is naturally modified by both ADAR1 and ADAR2. We then constructed a model showing how dADAR dsRBD1 binds to the GluR-2 R/G stem-loop. This model revealed that most side chains interacting with the RNA sugar-phosphate backbone need only small displacement to adapt for dsRNA binding and are thus ready to bind to their dsRNA target. It also predicts that dADAR dsRBD1 would bind to dsRNA with less sequence specificity than dsRBDs of ADAR2. Altogether, this study gives new insights into dsRNA substrate recognition by Drosophila ADAR.
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Regulation and functions of ADAR in drosophila.
Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 2011Co-Authors: Simona Paro, Mary A. O'connell, Liam KeeganAbstract:Drosophila melanogaster has a single ADAR gene encoding a protein related to mammalian ADAR2 that edits transcripts encoding glutamate receptor subunits. We describe the structure of the Drosophila ADAR locus and use ModENCODE information to supplement published data on ADAR gene transcription, and splicing. We discuss the roles of ADAR in Drosophila in terms of the two main types of RNA molecules edited and roles of ADARs as RNA-binding proteins. Site-specific RNA editing events in transcripts encoding ion channel subunits were initially found serendipitously and subsequent directed searches for editing sites and transcriptome sequencing have now led to 972 edited sites being identified in 597 transcripts. Four percent of D. melanogaster transcripts are site-specifically edited and these encode a wide range of largely membrane-associated proteins expressed particularly in CNS. Electrophysiological studies on the effects of specific RNA editing events on ion channel subunits do not suggest that loss of RNA editing events in ion channels consistently produce a particular outcome such as making ADAR mutant neurons more excitable. This possibility would have been consistent with neurodegeneration seen in ADAR mutant fly brains. A further set of ADAR targets are dsRNA intermediates in siRNA generation, derived from transposons and from structured RNA loci. Transcripts with convergent overlapping 3′ ends are also edited and the first discovered instance of RNA editing in Drosophila, in the Rnp4F transcript, is an example. There is no evidence yet to show that ADAR antagonizes RNA interference in Drosophila. Evidence has been obtained that catalytically inactive ADAR proteins exert effects on microRNA generation and RNA interference. Whether all effects of inactive ADARs are due to RNA-binding or to even further roles of these proteins remains to be determined.
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RNA Editing by Mammalian ADARs
Advances in genetics, 2011Co-Authors: Marion C. Hogg, Simona Paro, Liam Keegan, Mary A. O'connellAbstract:The main type of RNA editing in mammals is the conversion of adenosine to inosine which is translated as if it were guanosine. The enzymes that catalyze this reaction are ADARs (adenosine deaminases that act on RNA), of which there are four in mammals, two of which are catalytically inactive. ADARs edit transcripts that encode proteins expressed mainly in the CNS and editing is crucial to maintain a correctly functioning nervous system. However, the majority of editing has been found in transcripts encoding Alu repeat elements and the biological role of this editing remains a mystery. This chapter describes in detail the different ADAR enzymes and the phenotype of animals that are deficient in their activity. Besides being enzymes, ADARs are also double-stranded RNA-binding proteins, so by binding alone they can interfere with other processes such as RNA interference. Lack of editing by ADARs has been implicated in disorders such as forebrain ischemia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and this will also be discussed.
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Evidence for ADAR-induced hypermutation of the Drosophila sigma virus (Rhabdoviridae)
BMC genetics, 2009Co-Authors: Jennifer A. Carpenter, Mary A. O'connell, Liam Keegan, Lena Wilfert, Francis M. JigginsAbstract:ADARs are RNA editing enzymes that target double stranded RNA and convert adenosine to inosine, which is read by translation machinery as if it were guanosine. Aside from their role in generating protein diversity in the central nervous system, ADARs have been implicated in the hypermutation of some RNA viruses, although why this hypermutation occurs is not well understood. Here we describe the hypermutation of adenosines to guanosines in the genome of the sigma virus--a negative sense RNA virus that infects Drosophila melanogaster. The clustering of these mutations and the context in which they occur indicates that they have been caused by ADARs. However, ADAR-editing of viral RNA is either rare or edited viral RNA are rapidly degraded, as we only detected evidence for editing in two of the 104 viral isolates we studied. This is the first evidence for ADARs targeting viruses outside of mammals, and it raises the possibility that ADARs could play a role in the antiviral defences of insects.
Anne L. Sapiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unbiased Identification of trans Regulators of ADAR and A-to-I RNA Editing
Cell reports, 2020Co-Authors: Emily C. Freund, Anne L. Sapiro, Sandra Linder, James J. Moresco, John R. YatesAbstract:Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes that deaminate adenosine to inosine. Although many RNA editing sites are known, few trans regulators have been identified. We perform BioID followed by mass spectrometry to identify trans regulators of ADAR1 and ADAR2 in HeLa and M17 neuroblastoma cells. We identify known and novel ADAR-interacting proteins. Using ENCODE data, we validate and characterize a subset of the novel interactors as global or site-specific RNA editing regulators. Our set of novel trans regulators includes all four members of the DZF-domain-containing family of proteins: ILF3, ILF2, STRBP, and ZFR. We show that these proteins interact with each ADAR and modulate RNA editing levels. We find ILF3 is a broadly influential negative regulator of editing. This work demonstrates the broad roles that RNA binding proteins play in regulating editing levels, and establishes DZF-domain-containing proteins as a group of highly influential RNA editing regulators.
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Zinc Finger RNA-Binding Protein Zn72D Regulates ADAR-Mediated RNA Editing in Neurons.
Cell reports, 2020Co-Authors: Anne L. Sapiro, Emily C. Freund, Lucas Restrepo, Huan-huan Qiao, Amruta Bhate, Timothy J. MoscaAbstract:Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, alters RNA sequences from those encoded by DNA. These editing events are dynamically regulated, but few trans regulators of ADARs are known in vivo. Here, we screen RNA-binding proteins for roles in editing regulation with knockdown experiments in the Drosophila brain. We identify zinc-finger protein at 72D (Zn72D) as a regulator of editing levels at a majority of editing sites in the brain. Zn72D both regulates ADAR protein levels and interacts with ADAR in an RNA-dependent fashion, and similar to ADAR, Zn72D is necessary to maintain proper neuromuscular junction architecture and fly mobility. Furthermore, Zn72D's regulatory role in RNA editing is conserved because the mammalian homolog of Zn72D, Zfr, regulates editing in mouse primary neurons. The broad and conserved regulation of ADAR editing by Zn72D in neurons sustains critically important editing events.
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Unbiased identification of trans regulators of ADAR and A-to-I RNA editing
2019Co-Authors: Emily C. Freund, Anne L. Sapiro, Sandra Linder, James J. Moresco, John R. YatesAbstract:AbstractAdenosine-to-Inosine RNA editing is catalyzed by ADAR enzymes that deaminate adenosine to inosine. While many RNA editing sites are known, few trans regulators have been identified. We perform BioID followed by mass-spectrometry to identify trans regulators of ADAR1 and ADAR2 in HeLa and M17 neuroblastoma cells. We identify known and novel ADAR-interacting proteins. Using ENCODE data we validate and characterize a subset of the novel interactors as global or site-specific RNA editing regulators. Our set of novel trans regulators includes all four members of the DZF-domain-containing family of proteins: ILF3, ILF2, STRBP, and ZFR. We show that these proteins interact with each ADAR and modulate RNA editing levels. We find ILF3 is a global negative regulator of editing. This work demonstrates the broad roles RNA binding proteins play in regulating editing levels and establishes DZF-domain containing proteins as a group of highly influential RNA editing regulators.
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Zinc finger RNA binding protein Zn72D regulates ADAR-mediated RNA editing in neurons
2019Co-Authors: Anne L. Sapiro, Emily C. Freund, Lucas Restrepo, Huan-huan Qiao, Amruta Bhate, Timothy J. MoscaAbstract:AbstractAdenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes, alters RNA sequences from those encoded by DNA. These editing events are dynamically regulated, but few trans regulators of ADARs are known in vivo. Here, we screen RNA binding proteins for roles in editing regulation using in vivo knockdown experiments in the Drosophila brain. We identify Zinc-Finger Protein at 72D (Zn72D) as a regulator of editing levels at a majority of editing sites in the brain. Zn72D both regulates ADAR protein levels and interacts with ADAR in an RNA-dependent fashion, and similar to ADAR, Zn72D is necessary to maintain proper neuromuscular junction architecture and motility in the fly. Furthermore, the mammalian homolog of Zn72D, Zfr, regulates editing in mouse primary neurons, demonstrating the conservation of this regulatory role. The broad and conserved regulation of ADAR editing by Zn72D in neurons represents a novel mechanism by which critically important editing events are sustained.
Timothy J. Mosca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Zinc Finger RNA-Binding Protein Zn72D Regulates ADAR-Mediated RNA Editing in Neurons.
Cell reports, 2020Co-Authors: Anne L. Sapiro, Emily C. Freund, Lucas Restrepo, Huan-huan Qiao, Amruta Bhate, Timothy J. MoscaAbstract:Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, alters RNA sequences from those encoded by DNA. These editing events are dynamically regulated, but few trans regulators of ADARs are known in vivo. Here, we screen RNA-binding proteins for roles in editing regulation with knockdown experiments in the Drosophila brain. We identify zinc-finger protein at 72D (Zn72D) as a regulator of editing levels at a majority of editing sites in the brain. Zn72D both regulates ADAR protein levels and interacts with ADAR in an RNA-dependent fashion, and similar to ADAR, Zn72D is necessary to maintain proper neuromuscular junction architecture and fly mobility. Furthermore, Zn72D's regulatory role in RNA editing is conserved because the mammalian homolog of Zn72D, Zfr, regulates editing in mouse primary neurons. The broad and conserved regulation of ADAR editing by Zn72D in neurons sustains critically important editing events.
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Zinc finger RNA binding protein Zn72D regulates ADAR-mediated RNA editing in neurons
2019Co-Authors: Anne L. Sapiro, Emily C. Freund, Lucas Restrepo, Huan-huan Qiao, Amruta Bhate, Timothy J. MoscaAbstract:AbstractAdenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes, alters RNA sequences from those encoded by DNA. These editing events are dynamically regulated, but few trans regulators of ADARs are known in vivo. Here, we screen RNA binding proteins for roles in editing regulation using in vivo knockdown experiments in the Drosophila brain. We identify Zinc-Finger Protein at 72D (Zn72D) as a regulator of editing levels at a majority of editing sites in the brain. Zn72D both regulates ADAR protein levels and interacts with ADAR in an RNA-dependent fashion, and similar to ADAR, Zn72D is necessary to maintain proper neuromuscular junction architecture and motility in the fly. Furthermore, the mammalian homolog of Zn72D, Zfr, regulates editing in mouse primary neurons, demonstrating the conservation of this regulatory role. The broad and conserved regulation of ADAR editing by Zn72D in neurons represents a novel mechanism by which critically important editing events are sustained.
Marie Ohman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ADARs and editing: The role of A-to-I RNA modification in cancer progression.
Seminars in cell & developmental biology, 2017Co-Authors: Kajsa Fritzell, Jens Lagergren, Marie OhmanAbstract:Cancer arises when pathways that control cell functions such as proliferation and migration are dysregulated to such an extent that cells start to divide uncontrollably and eventually spread throughout the body, ultimately endangering the survival of an affected individual. It is well established that somatic mutations are important in cancer initiation and progression as well as in creation of tumor diversity. Now also modifications of the transcriptome are emerging as a significant force during the transition from normal cell to malignant tumor. Editing of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), is one dynamic modification that in a combinatorial manner can give rise to a very diverse transcriptome. Since the cell interprets inosine as guanosine (G), editing can result in non-synonymous codon changes in transcripts as well as yield alternative splicing, but also affect targeting and disrupt maturation of microRNA. ADAR editing is essential for survival in mammals but its dysregulation can lead to cancer. ADAR1 is for instance overexpressed in, e.g., lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and chronic myoelogenous leukemia, which with few exceptions promotes cancer progression. In contrast, ADAR2 is lowly expressed in e.g. glioblastoma, where the lower levels of ADAR2 editing leads to malignant phenotypes. Altogether, RNA editing by the ADAR enzymes is a powerful regulatory mechanism during tumorigenesis. Depending on the cell type, cancer progression seems to mainly be induced by ADAR1 upregulation or ADAR2 downregulation, although in a few cases ADAR1 is instead downregulated. In this review, we discuss how aberrant editing of specific substrates contributes to malignancy.
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ADAR related activation of adenosine to inosine rna editing during regeneration
Stem Cells and Development, 2013Co-Authors: Nevin Witman, Marie Ohman, Mikaela Behm, Jamie MorrisonAbstract:Urodele amphibians possess an amazing regenerative capacity that requires the activation of cellular plasticity in differentiated cells and progenitor/stem cells. Many aspects of regeneration in Urodele amphibians recapitulate development, making it unlikely that gene regulatory pathways which are essential for development are mutually exclusive from those necessary for regeneration. One such post-transcriptional gene regulatory pathway, which has been previously shown to be essential for functional metazoan development, is RNA editing. RNA editing catalyses discrete nucleotide changes in RNA transcripts, creating a molecular diversity that could create an enticing connection to the activated cellular plasticity found in newts during regeneration. To assess whether RNA editing occurs during regeneration, we demonstrated that GABRA3 and ADAR2 mRNA transcripts are edited in uninjured and regenerating tissues. Full open-reading frame sequences for ADAR1 and ADAR2, two enzymes responsible for adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, were cloned from newt brain cDNA and exhibited a strong resemblance to ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) enzymes discovered in mammals. We demonstrated that ADAR1 and ADAR2 mRNA expression levels are differentially expressed during different phases of regeneration in multiple tissues, whereas protein expression levels remain unaltered. In addition, we have characterized a fascinating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of ADAR1 in a variety of different cell types during regeneration, which could provide a mechanism for controlling RNA editing, without altering translational output of the editing enzyme. The link between RNA editing and regeneration provides further insights into how lower organisms, such as the newt, can activate essential molecular pathways via the discrete alteration of RNA sequences.
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spatio temporal regulation of ADAR editing during development in porcine neural tissues
RNA Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Morten T Veno, Marie Ohman, Jesper B Bramsen, Christian Bendixen, Frank Panitz, Ida Elisabeth Holm, Jorgen KjemsAbstract:Editing by ADAR enzymes is essential for mammalian life. Still, knowledge of the spatio-temporal editing patterns in mammals is limited. By use of 454 amplicon sequencing we examined the editing status of 12 regionally extracted mRNAs from porcine developing brain encompassing a total of 64 putative ADAR editing sites. In total 24 brain tissues, dissected from up to five regions from embryonic gestation day 23, 42, 60, 80, 100 and 115, were examined for editing. Generally, editing increased during embryonic development concomitantly with an increase in ADAR2 mRNA level. Notably, the Gria2 (GluR-B) Q/R site, reported to be ~100% edited in previous studies, is only 54% edited at embryonic day 23. Transcripts with multiple editing sites in close proximity to each other exhibit coupled editing and an extraordinary incidence of long-range coupling of editing events more than 32 kb apart is observed for the kainate glutamate receptor 2 transcript, Grik2. Our study reveals complex spatio-temporal ADAR editing patterns of coordinated editing events that may play important roles in the development of the mammalian brain.
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rna editing and alternative splicing the importance of co transcriptional coordination
EMBO Reports, 2006Co-Authors: Jurga Laurencikiene, Annika M Kallman, Nova Fong, David Bentley, Marie OhmanAbstract:The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II) is essential for several co-transcriptional pre-messenger RNA processing events, including capping, 3′-end processing and splicing. We investigated the role of the CTD of RNA pol II in the coordination of A to I editing and splicing of the ADAR2 (ADAR: adenosine deaminases that act on RNA) pre-mRNA. The auto-editing of ADAR2 intron 4 by the ADAR2 adenosine deaminase is tightly coupled to splicing, as the modification of the dinucleotide AA to AI creates a new 3′ splice site. Unlike other introns, the CTD is not required for efficient splicing of intron 4 at either the normal 3′ splice site or the alternative site created by editing. However, the CTD is required for efficient co-transcriptional auto-editing of ADAR2 intron 4. Our results implicate the CTD in site-selective RNA editing by ADAR2 and in coordination of editing with alternative splicing.
