Affluence

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Scott Atran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • What motivated the Industrial Revolution: England's libertarian culture or Affluence per se?
    The Behavioral and brain sciences, 2019
    Co-Authors: Scott Atran
    Abstract:

    What impelled the Industrial Revolution's spectacular economic growth? Life History Theory, Baumard argues, explains how England's world-supreme Affluence psychologically fostered innovation; moreover, wherever similar Affluence abounds, a "civilizing process" bringing enlightenment and democracy is apt to evolve. Baumard insightfully analyzes a "constellation of Affluence" but proffers somewhat whiggish history given England's prior and unique proto-capitalist culture of economic liberty and individualism.

  • what motivated the industrial revolution england s libertarian culture or Affluence per se
    Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2019
    Co-Authors: Scott Atran
    Abstract:

    What impelled the Industrial Revolution's spectacular economic growth? Life History Theory, Baumard argues, explains how England's world-supreme Affluence psychologically fostered innovation; moreover, wherever similar Affluence abounds, a "civilizing process" bringing enlightenment and democracy is apt to evolve. Baumard insightfully analyzes a "constellation of Affluence" but proffers somewhat whiggish history given England's prior and unique proto-capitalist culture of economic liberty and individualism.

Matthias Richter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the association between family Affluence and smoking among 15 year old adolescents in 33 european countries israel and canada the role of national wealth
    Addiction, 2015
    Co-Authors: Timokolja Pfortner, Irene Moor, Katharina Rathmann, Anne Hublet, Michal Molcho, Anton E Kunst, Matthias Richter
    Abstract:

    Aims To examine the role of national wealth in the association between family Affluence and adolescent weekly smoking, early smoking behaviour and weekly smoking among former experimenters. Design and Participants Data were used from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in 2005/2006 in 35 countries from Europe and North America that comprises 60 490 students aged 15 years. Multi-level logistic regression was conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC) to explore whether associations between family Affluence and smoking outcomes were dependent upon national wealth. Measurement Family Affluence Scale (FAS) as an indicator for the socio-economic position of students. Current weekly smoking behaviour is defined as at least weekly smoking (dichotomous). Early smoking behaviour is measured by smoking more than a first puff before age 13 years (dichotomous). Weekly smoking among former experimenters is restricted to those who had tried a first puff in the past. Findings The logistic multi-level models indicated an association of family Affluence with current weekly smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.088; 95% credible interval (CrI) = 1.055–1.121, P < 0.001], early smoking behaviour (OR = 1.066; CrI = 1.028–1.104, P < 0.001) and smoking among former experimenters (OR = 1.100; CrI = 1.071–1.130; P < 0.001). Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was associated positively and significantly with the relationship between family Affluence and current weekly smoking (OR = 1.005; CrI = 1.003–1.007; P < 0.001), early smoking behaviour (OR = 1.003; CrI = 1.000–1.005; P = 0.012) and smoking among former experimenters (OR = 1.004; CrI = 1.002–1.006; P < 0.001). The association of family Affluence and smoking outcomes was significantly stronger for girls. Conclusions The difference in smoking prevalence between rich and poor is greater in more affluent countries.

  • high agreement on family Affluence between children s and parents reports international study of 11 year old children
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2008
    Co-Authors: Anette Andersen, Candace Currie, Matthias Richter, Rikke Krolner, Lorenza Dallago, Agota Orkenyi, Bjorn Evald Holstein
    Abstract:

    Objective: To examine the agreement between parents’ and children’s reports on four items of family Affluence: number of cars, own bedroom, number of family holidays and number of computers, and to analyse predictors of disagreement. Design: Cross-sectional child–parent validation study of selected items from an internationally standardised questionnaire. Setting: Survey conducted in schools in Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Scotland. Participants: 972 11-year-old children and their parents responded to the questionnaires. Results: The child item response rates were high (above 93%). The per cent agreement was low for holidays spent with family (52.5%), but high for the other three items of family Affluence (76.2–88.1%). The kappa coefficients were good or excellent for all items (between 0.41 and 0.74) and the gamma coefficients were strong for all items (between 0.56 and 0.96). Children from single-parent families were more likely to over-report family Affluence (OR 2.67; CI 1.83 to 3.89). Conclusions: Young adolescents’ self-reports of family Affluence are fairly valid across the six countries. This finding suggests that the variables measured can be used in epidemiological studies that aim at ranking children according to socioeconomic position.

Candace Currie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • psychometric validation of the revised family Affluence scale a latent variable approach
    Child Indicators Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Torbjørn Torsheim, Christina W. Schnohr, Franco Cavallo, Kate A Levin, Joanna Mazur, Birgit Niclasen, Candace Currie
    Abstract:

    The aim was to develop and test a brief revised version of the family Affluence scale. A total of 7120 students from Denmark, Greenland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Scotland and Slovakia reported on a list of 16 potential indicators of Affluence. Responses were subject to item screening and test of dimensionality. Bifactor analysis revealed a strong general factor of Affluence in all countries, but with additional specific factors in all countries. The specific factors mainly reflected overlapping item content. Item screening was conducted to eliminate items with low discrimination and local dependence, reducing the number of items from sixteen to six: Number of computers, number of cars, own bedroom, holidays abroad, dishwasher, and bathroom. The six-item version was estimated with Samejima’s graded response model, and tested for differential item functioning by country. Three of the six items were invariant across countries, thus anchoring the scale to a common metric across countries. The six-item scale correlated with parental reported income groups in six out of eight countries. Findings support a revision to six items in the family Affluence scale.

  • Equating the HBSC Family Affluence Scale across survey years: a method to account for item parameter drift using the Rasch model
    Quality of Life Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Guido Makransky, Torbjørn Torsheim, Christina Warrer Schnohr, Candace Currie
    Abstract:

    Purpose To investigate the measurement invariance (MI) of the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) measured in the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, and to describe a method for equating the scale when MI is violated across survey years. Methods This study used a sample of 14,076 Norwegian and 17,365 Scottish adolescents from the 2002, 2006 and 2010 HBSC surveys to investigate the MI of the FAS across survey years. Violations of MI in the form of differential item functioning (DIF) due to item parameter drift (IPD) were modeled within the Rasch framework to ensure that the FAS scores from different survey years remain comparable. Results The results indicate that the FAS is upwardly biased due to IPD in the computer item across survey years in the Norwegian and Scottish samples. Ignoring IPD across survey years resulted in the conclusion that family Affluence is increasing quite consistently in Norway and Scotland. However, the results show that a large part of the increase in the FAS scores can be attributed to bias in the FAS because of IPD across time. The increase in the FAS was more modest in Scotland and slightly negative in Norway once the DIF in the computer item was accounted for in this study. Conclusions When the comparison of family Affluence is necessary over different HBSC survey years or when the longitudinal implications of family Affluence are of interest, it is necessary to account for IPD in interpretation of changes in family Affluence across time.

  • Absolute and relative family Affluence and psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents.
    Social science & medicine (1982), 2013
    Co-Authors: Frank J. Elgar, Bart De Clercq, Christina W. Schnohr, Phillippa Bird, Kate E. Pickett, Torbjørn Torsheim, Felix Hofmann, Candace Currie
    Abstract:

    Previous research on the links between income inequality and health and socioeconomic differences in health suggests that relative differences in Affluence impact health and well-being more than absolute Affluence. This study explored whether self-reported psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents relate more closely to relative Affluence (i.e., relative deprivation or rank Affluence within regions or schools) than to absolute Affluence. Data on family material assets and psychosomatic symptoms were collected from 48,523 adolescents in eight countries (Austria, Belgium, Canada, Norway, Scotland, Poland, Turkey, and Ukraine) as part of the 2009/10 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. Multilevel regression analyses of the data showed that relative deprivation (Yitzhaki Index, calculated in regions and in schools) and rank Affluence (in regions) (1) related more closely to symptoms than absolute Affluence, and (2) related to symptoms after differences in absolute Affluence were held constant. However, differences in family material assets, whether they are measured in absolute or relative terms, account for a significant variation in adolescent psychosomatic symptoms. Conceptual and empirical issues relating to the use of material Affluence indices to estimate socioeconomic position are discussed.

  • high agreement on family Affluence between children s and parents reports international study of 11 year old children
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2008
    Co-Authors: Anette Andersen, Candace Currie, Matthias Richter, Rikke Krolner, Lorenza Dallago, Agota Orkenyi, Bjorn Evald Holstein
    Abstract:

    Objective: To examine the agreement between parents’ and children’s reports on four items of family Affluence: number of cars, own bedroom, number of family holidays and number of computers, and to analyse predictors of disagreement. Design: Cross-sectional child–parent validation study of selected items from an internationally standardised questionnaire. Setting: Survey conducted in schools in Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Scotland. Participants: 972 11-year-old children and their parents responded to the questionnaires. Results: The child item response rates were high (above 93%). The per cent agreement was low for holidays spent with family (52.5%), but high for the other three items of family Affluence (76.2–88.1%). The kappa coefficients were good or excellent for all items (between 0.41 and 0.74) and the gamma coefficients were strong for all items (between 0.56 and 0.96). Children from single-parent families were more likely to over-report family Affluence (OR 2.67; CI 1.83 to 3.89). Conclusions: Young adolescents’ self-reports of family Affluence are fairly valid across the six countries. This finding suggests that the variables measured can be used in epidemiological studies that aim at ranking children according to socioeconomic position.

  • indicators of socioeconomic status for adolescents the who health behaviour in school aged children survey
    Health Education Research, 1997
    Co-Authors: Candace Currie, Rob Elton, J Todd, Stephen Platt
    Abstract:

    Many indicators of socioeconomic status used for adults are inappropriate for use in research on adolescents. In a school-based survey of 4079 Scottish schoolchildren using a self-completio n questionnaire, over 20% of 11-15 year olds were unable to provide a substantive response on father's occupation. In contrast, indicators derived to construct a family Affluence scale, which included car ownership, telephone ownership and the child having their own unshared bedroom, resulted in a 98% response rate; and 92% of children responded to a question on their weekly spending money. The intercorrelations between the conventional indicator of father's occupation and each family Affluence and spending money were examined, and their associations with a range of health indicators and health behaviour measures compared. Father's occupational status and family Affluence were moderately correlated and showed broadly similar patterns of association with the selected health measures although there were also some distinct differences. Child's spending money was only weakly correlated with father's occupation and showed rather different patterns of association with health measures. A case is made for the use of multiple indicators of socioeconomic status in adolescent health surveys, and it is argued that that the family Affluence scale pro

Fiona Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Assessing socioeconomic status in adolescents: the validity of a home Affluence scale
    Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2002
    Co-Authors: Jane Wardle, Kathryn A. Robb, Fiona Johnson
    Abstract:

    Study objective: To examine the completion rate, internal reliability, and external validity of a home Affluence scale based on adolescents' reports of material circumstances in the home as a measure of family socioeconomic status.Design: Cross sectional survey.Setting: Data were collected from a school based study in seven schools in the north of England Cheshire over a five month period from September 1999 to January 2000.Participants: 1824 students (1248 girls, 567 boys) aged 13-15 years who were attending normal classes in Years 9 and 10 in 7 schools on the days of data collection.Main results: Comparatively poor completion rates were found for questions on parental education and occupation while material deprivation items had much higher completion rates. There was evidence that students with poorer material circumstances were less able to report parental education and occupation whereas material based questions showed less bias. A home Affluence scale composed of material items was found to have adequate internal reliability and good external validity.Conclusions: A home Affluence scale based on material markers provides a useful alternative in assessing family Affluence in adolescents. Additionally, it prevents exclusion of those less materially well off adolescents who fail to complete conventional socioeconomic status items.

Thomas Dietz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Driving the human ecological footprint
    Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2007
    Co-Authors: Thomas Dietz, Eugene A Rosa, Richard York
    Abstract:

    This comparative analysis shows that population size and Affluence are the principal drivers of anthro- pogenic environmental stressors, while other widely postulated drivers (eg urbanization, economic structure, age distribution) have little effect. Similarly, increased education and life expectancy do not increase envi- ronmental stressors, suggesting that some aspects of human well-being can be improved with minimal envi- ronmental impact. Projecting to 2015, we suggest that increases in population and Affluence will likely expand human impact on the environment by over one-third. Countering these driving forces would require increases in the efficiency of resource use of about 2% per year.

  • effects of population and Affluence on co2 emissions
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997
    Co-Authors: Thomas Dietz, Eugene A Rosa
    Abstract:

    We developed a stochastic version of the Impact = Population·Affluence·Technology (IPAT) model to estimate the effects of population, Affluence, and technology on national CO2 emissions. Our results suggest that, for population, there are diseconomies of scale for the largest nations that are not consistent with the assumption of direct proportionality (log–linear effects) common to most previous research. In contrast, the effects of Affluence on CO2 emissions appear to reach a maximum at about $10,000 in per- capita gross domestic product and to decline at higher levels of Affluence. These results confirm the general value of the IPAT model as a starting point for understanding the anthropogenic driving forces of global change and suggest that population and economic growth anticipated over the next decade will exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions.